Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T05:45:54.416Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rubella in Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

A. Galazka
A. Galazka
Affiliation:
Expanded Programme On Immunization, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Postnatal rubella is a mild illness, a disease which was considered to be of only minor importance for many years. The first authors to write about the disease as distinct from other exanthemata were German physicians; they differentiated rubella from measles and scarlet fever in the latter part of the eighteenth century and called the disease Rotheln. Hence the common English language eponym is ‘German measles’. Some consider that the term ‘German’ in German measles is probably of literary rather than of geographical significance and that it came from the old French ‘germain’ (derived from the Latin ‘germanus‘), meaning ‘closely akin to’ measles [1]. That it is not generally called by its German name, Rotheln, is due to Veale, a Scottish physician who in 1866 described 30 cases of rubella in the Edinburgh Medical Journal, and proposed ‘rubella’ as a short and euphonius name that could be easily pronounced [2].

Type
Research Article
Information
Epidemiology & Infection , Volume 107 , Issue 1 , August 1991 , pp. 43 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

References

REFERENCES

1.Christie, AB. Infectious diseases. Epidemiology and clinical practice, 4th ed. vol. 1. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1987; 581–2.Google Scholar
2.Horstman, DM. Rubella. In: Evans, AS, ed. Viral infections of humans. Epidemiology and control. 2nd ed.New York and London; Plenum Medical Book Company 1983: 519–39.Google Scholar
3.Witte, JJ, Karchmer, AW, Case, G. et al. Epidemiology of rubella. Amer J Dis Child 1989; 118: 107–11.Google Scholar
4.Plotkin, SA. Rubella vaccine. In: Plotkin, SA, Mortimer, EA, eds. Vaccines. Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo: Saunders Company 1988: 235–62.Google Scholar
5. Expanded Programme on Immunization. European conference on immunization policies. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1985; 60: 165–8.Google Scholar
6.Krohn, EF. Epidemiological aspects of rubella in Europe. Int J Epidemiol 1972; 1: 267–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Bytchenko, B. EPI overview in European Region.Presented at the 13th Meeting of the Expanded Programme on Immunization Global Advisory Group,14–18 October 1990,Cairo.Egypt. WHO Document EPI/GAG/90/WP.5.Google Scholar
8.Salisbury, DM. Elimination of congenital rubella.Presented at the Second Meeting of National Programme Managers on Expanded Programme on Immunization,Istanbul,23–26 May 1989.WHO Regional Office for Europe, Document ICP/EPI 021/8. 9 05 1989.Google Scholar
9.World Health Organization. Prevention of rubella. Report on a Working Group,Budapest12–16 June 1972. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen 1973.Google Scholar
10.Kantoch, M, Imbs, D. Postinfection and postvaccination antirubella immunity. Acta Virol 1986; 30: 381–9.Google ScholarPubMed
11.Lundstrom, R, Svedmyr, A, Hagbard, L, Kaijser, K. Rubella immunity as related to age and history of overt diseases. Acta Paediatr Scand 1967; 56: 279–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Mihneva, Z, Odiseev, H, Katev, P, et al. Immune status with respect to rubella infection in women of child bearing age in Bulgaria. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Infect Bol 1985; 22: 9–14.Google Scholar
13.Toth, M. Incidence of rubella virus neutralizing antibody in diiferent age groups. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 1968; 15: 119–24.Google Scholar
14.Assaad, F, Ljungars-Esteves, K. Rubella – world impact. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7, Suppl. 1: S29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Cockburn, WC. World aspects of the epidemiology of rubella. Amer J Dis Child 1969; 118: 112–22.Google ScholarPubMed
16.Kantoch, M, Fidzianska, E, Ziembinski, W, et al. Antibodies against rubella virus in selected regions of Poland. Exper Med Microbiol 1971; 23: 639–44.Google ScholarPubMed
17.Leerhoj, J. Neutralizing antibody to rubella virus in sera collected in Denmark. Danish Med Bull 1968; 15: 273–6.Google Scholar
18.Majer, R. Epidemiologische Untersuchungen und Erfarhrungen mit einem attenuierten Impfstoff (‘Cendehill strain’). Helv Paediatr Acta 1967; 6: 579–90.Google Scholar
19.Rawls, WE, Melnick, JL, Bradstreet, CMP, et al. WHO collaborative study on the sero-epidemiology of rubella. Bull WHO 1967; 37: 79–88.Google Scholar
20.Ukkonen, P, von Bonsdorf, C-H. Rubella immunity and morbidity: effects of vaccination in Finland. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 255–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Iorio, AM, Rivosecchi, P, Fanelli, M, Pitzurra, M. Distribuzione degli anticorpi contro il virus della rosolia in un camione di popolazione femminile del comune di Perugia a resultati sierologici di un esperimento di vaccinazione antirosolia. Boll Ist Sieroterap Milan 1972; 51: 405–9.Google Scholar
22.Enders-Ruckle, G. Seroepidemiology of rubella and reinfection. Amer J Dis Child 1969; 118: 139–42.Google ScholarPubMed
23.Imbs, D, Rudnicka, H, Diuwe, A. Seroepidemiological investigations on rubella in Polish population. Przegl Epidemiol 1985; 39: 193–8.Google Scholar
24.Andzhaparidze, OG, Desyatskova, RG, Chervonsky, GI, et al. Seroepidemiology of rubella in the USSR. Vop Virusol 1972; 4: 412–8.Google Scholar
25.Morgan-Capner, P, Wright, J, Miller, CL, Miller, E. Surveillance of antibody to measles, mumps and rubella by age. Brit Med J 1988; 297: 770–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Svedmyr, A. Acquisition and decline of rubella immunity. Problem of reinfections. Amer J Dis Child 1969; 118: 137–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Rudnicka, H. Rubella epidemiology in Poland. Przegl Epidemiol 1977; 31: 261–74.Google ScholarPubMed
28.Dudgeon, JA. Immunization against rubella. Intern Planned Parenthood Fed Med Bull 1983; 17: 2–4.Google Scholar
29.Hinman, AR, Bart, KJ, Orenstein, WA, Preblud, SR. Rational strategy for rubella vaccination. Lancet 1983; i: 39–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Miller, E. Measles, mumps and rubella: Present and future immunisation policy. Publ Hlth 1988; 102: 317–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Bottiger, M, Christenson, B, Taranger, J, Bergman, M. Mass vaccination programme aimed at eradicating measles, mumps and rubella in Sweden: vaccination of schoolchildren. Vaccine 1985; 3: 113–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Rabo, E, Taranger, J. Scandinavian model for eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella. Brit Med J 1984; 289: 1402–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Bottiger, M, Christenson, B, Romanus, V, Taranger, J, Strandell, A. Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella. Brit Med J 1987; 295: 1264–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.De la Mata, I, de Wals, P. Policies for immunization against rubella in European countries. Eur J Epidemiol 1988; 4: 175–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Miller, C, Salisbury, DM. Elimination of the congenital rubella syndrome.Third Meeting of National Programme Managers on Expanded Programme on Immunization,St Vincent,Italy,22–25 May 1990. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Document ICP/EPI 023/13. 17 05 1990.Google Scholar
36.Miller, CL, Miller, E, Sequeira, PJL, et al. Effect of selective vaccination on rubella susceptibility and infection in pregnancy. Brit Med J 1985; 291: 1398–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.World Health Organization. Third Meeting of National Programme Managers on the Expanded Programme on Immunization.Report on a WHO Meeting, St Vincent,Italy,22–25 May 1990. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, EUR/ICP/EPI 023, 1990.Google Scholar
38.Knox, EG. Theoretical aspects of rubella vaccination strategies. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7, Suppl. 1: S194–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Anderson, RM, May, RM. Two-stage vaccination programme against rubella. Lancet 1983; ii: 1416–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Bytchenko, B. Expanded Programme on Immunization in the European Region.Progress Report. Third European Meeting of the National Programme Managers on the Expanded Programme on Immunization,St Vincent,Italy,22–25 May 1990. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Document ICP/EPI/023/11, 16 05 1990.Google Scholar
41.Orenstein, WA, Preblud, SR, Bart, KJ, Hinman, AR. Methods of assessing the impact of congenital rubella infection. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7, Suppl. 1: S22–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed