Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:52:57.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experiments on the spread of colds: II. Studies in volunteers with coxsackievirus A21

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

F. E. Buckland ,
M. L. Bynoe  and
D. A. J. Tyrrell
F. E. Buckland
Affiliation:
M.R.C. Common Cold Research Unit, Harvard Hospital, Salisbury, Wilts.
M. L. Bynoe
Affiliation:
M.R.C. Common Cold Research Unit, Harvard Hospital, Salisbury, Wilts.
D. A. J. Tyrrell
Affiliation:
M.R.C. Common Cold Research Unit, Harvard Hospital, Salisbury, Wilts.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The amount of virus in nasal and other secretions after infection with coxsackievirus A 21 has been measured daily in ten volunteers. Most virus was found in nasal secretion, less in throat secretion and small amounts were found intermittently in the saliva and faeces.

Virus administered as small drops or on a swab was more infectious for man if put on to the nasal mucosa than on to the throat or outside the nose. It was also infectious by the conjunctival route.

Virus was sprayed in droplets of about the same size range as those found in a natural sneeze. Virus survived better in larger (> 4 μ) than in smaller droplets. About one tissue culture infectious dose of virus in such droplets also infected volunteers.

The symptoms produced by these experimental infections have been analysed. The disease produced was largely independent of the dosage and route of infection. Those with pre-existing antibody resisted infection better than those with no antibody. Antibody rises were detected in about two-thirds of infected volunteers.

Volunteers with colds shed virus in large drops on sneezing, or into the handkerchief on blowing the nose, but virus was recovered from the air only after simulated sneezes by volunteers with high concentrations of virus in their nasal secretions. Virus died off rapidly on fabric at room temperature and humidity, and was only resuspended as airborne droplets when large doses such as 0·02 ml. of virus of high titre (107·5 TCD 50/ml.) were used.

Infection was transmitted from an infected volunteer to an uninfected partner living in the same flat in three out of twenty tests. Infection was not transmitted in experiments when volunteers mixed for a few hours with subjects with colds, or inhaled air into which a subject with a cold had just sneezed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Hygiene , Volume 63 , Issue 3 , September 1965 , pp. 327 - 343
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1965

References

Andrewes, C. H. (1948). Cantor Lecture. The common cold. Jl. R. Soc. Arts, 96, 200.Google Scholar
Bell, J. A., Ward, T. G., Huebner, R. J., Rowe, W. P., Suskind, R. G. & Paffenbarger, R. S. (1956). Studies of adenoviruses (APC) in Volunteers. Am. J. publ. Hlth, 46, 1130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, P. K. & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1964). Experiments on the sensitivity of strains of human fibroblasts to infection with rhinoviruses. Br. J. exp. Path. 45, 571.Google ScholarPubMed
Buckland, F. E. & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1964). Experiments on the spread of colds. 1. Laboratory studies on the dispersal of nasal secretion. J. Hyg., Camb., 62, 365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumbell, K. R. & Lovelock, J. E. (1949). Handkerchiefs in the transfer of respiratory infections. Lancet, i, 777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsyth, B. R., Bloom, H. H., Johnson, K. M. & Chanock, R. M. (1963). Patterns of illness in rhinovirus infections of military personnel. New Engl. J. Med. 269, 602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukumi, H., Nishikawa, F., Sonoguchi, T. & Shimizu, T. (1962). Further studies on epidemiology of Coe virus infection. Jap. J. med. Sci. Biol. 15, 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamburger, M., Green, M. J. & Hamburger, V. G. (1945). The problem of the ‘dangerous carrier’ of haemolytic streptococci. J. infect. Dis. 77, 68, 96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huebner, R. J., Bell, J. A., Rowe, W. P., Ward, T. G., Suskind, R. G., Hartley, J. W. & Paffenbarger, R. S. (1955). Studies of adenoidal pharyngeal conjunctival vaccines in volunteers. J. Am. med. Ass. 159, 986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, G. G., Dowling, H. F., Anderson, T. O., Riff, L., Saporta, J. & Turck, M. (1960). The susceptibility and immunity to common upper respiratory viral infections—the common cold. Ann. intern. Med. 53, 719.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, K. M., Bloom, H. H., Mufson, M. A. & Chanock, R. M. (1962). Acute respiratory disease associated with Coxsackie-A21 virus infection. J. Am. med. Ass. 179, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, V., Gerone, P. J., Griffith, R. B., Couch, T. R., Johnson, K. M., Lang, D. J., Evans, H. E., Spickard, A. & Kasel, J. A. (1963). Studies in volunteers with respiratory viral agents. Am. Rev. resp. Dis. 88, (2), 135.Google ScholarPubMed
Lennette, E. H., Fox, V. L., Schmidt, N. J. & Culver, J. O. (1958). The Coe virus. An apparently new virus recovered from patients with mild respiratory disease. Am. J. Hyg. 68, 272.Google ScholarPubMed
Lidwell, O. M. & Sommerville, T. (1951). Observations on the incidence and distribution of the common cold in a rural community during 1948 and 1949. J. Hyg., Camb., 49, 365.Google Scholar
Lovelock, J. E., Porterfield, J. S., Roden, A. T., Sommerville, T. & Andrewes, C. H. (1952). Further studies on the natural transmission of the common cold. Lancet, ii, 657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, J. C., Miller, D. L., Zuckerman, A. J. & Pereira, M. S. (1962). Coe (Coxsackie A21) virus, para-influenza virus and other respiratory virus infections in the R.A.F., 1958–60. J. Hyg., Camb., 60, 235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negus, Sir V. (1958). The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and para-nasal sinuses. Edinburgh and London: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Parsons, R., Bynoe, M. L., Pereira, M. S. & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1960). Inoculation of human volunteers with strains of Coe virus isolated in Britain. Br. med. J. i, 1776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, N., Buthala, D. A. & Walker, J. S. (1964). Controlled studies of coxsackie A21 virus in volunteers. J. infect. Dis. 114, 87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pereira, M. S. & Pereira, H. G. (1959). Coe virus—properties and prevalence in Great Britain. Lancet, ii, 539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, L. J. & Muench, H. (1938). Simple method of estimating 50 per cent endpoints. Am. J. Hyg. 27, 493.Google Scholar
Spickard, A., Evans, H., Knight, V. & Johnson, K. (1963). Acute respiratory disease in normal volunteers associated with Coxsackie A 21 viral infection. III. Response to nasopharyngeal and enteric inocululation. J. clin. Invest. 42, 840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takátsy, G. Y. (1955). The use of spiral loops in serological and virological micromethods. Acta microbiol. hung. 3, 191.Google ScholarPubMed