Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T08:20:31.137Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Escherichia coli in extra-intestinal infections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2009

Ida Ørskov  and
Frits Ørskov
Ida Ørskov
Affiliation:
International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre (WHO), Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark
Frits Ørskov
Affiliation:
International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre (WHO), Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

When Theodor Escherich (1885a, b) first described Escherichia coli he looked on it as a saprophytic organism. Soon several investigators found that colibacteria could be isolated from intestinal infections and from many infections outside the intestine, like urinary tract infections (UTI), cholecystitis, wound infections, meningitis, septicaemia, pulmonary infections, and many more. Uhlenhuth (1897) showed that coli strains from pathological processes were more pathogenic in animal experiments than strains isolated from the normal intestine. Smith (1927), who examined strains from white scours in calves, showed that spontaneous acapsular mutants could be obtained from certain colibacteria, and that such mutants were less virulent when injected intra-peritoneally into guinea-pigs.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Hygiene , Volume 95 , Issue 3 , December 1985 , pp. 551 - 575
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

References

REFERENCES

Achtman, M., Mercer, A., Kusecek, B., Pohl, A.. Heuzenroeder, M., Aronson, W., Sutton, A. & Silver, R. P. (1983). Six widespread clones among Escherichia coli K 1 isolates. Injection and Immunity 39, 315–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Sharit, Z., Ofek, I., Goldman, D., Mirelman, D. & Sharon, X. (1977). Mannose residues on phagocytes as receptors for the attachment of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Biomedical and Biophysical Research Communication 78, 455—160.Google Scholar
Barry, G. T. & Goebel, W. F. (1957). Colominic acid, a substance of bacterial origin related to sialic acid. Nature (London) 179, 206–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergström, T., Lincoln, K., Orskov, F., Orskov, I. & Winherg, J. (1967). Studies of urinary tract infections in infancy and childhood. Journal of Pediatrics 71, 13–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bettelheim, K. A. & Taylor, J. (1969). A study of Escherichia coli isolated from chronic urinary infections. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2, 225–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Björksten, B., Bortolussi, R., Gothefors, L. & Quie, P. G. (1976). Interaction of E. coli strains with human serum: Lack of relationship to K 1 antigen. Journal of Pediatrics 89, 892–899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Björkstén, B. & Kaijser, B. (1978). Interaction of human serum and neutrophils with Escherichia coli strains: difference between strains isolated from urine of patients with pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. Infection and Immunity 22, 308–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumenstock, E. & Jann, K. (1982). Adhesion of piliated Eschericia coli strains to phagocytes: difference between bacteria with mannose-sensitive pili and those with mannose-resistant pili. Infection and Immunity 35, 264–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolanos, R. & De Witt, C. W. (1966). Isolation and characterization of the K1 (L) antigen of Escherichia coli. Journal of Iiacteriology 91, 987–996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bollgren, I. & Winherg, J. (1976). The periurethral aerobic bacterial flora in girls highly susceptible to urinary infections. Ada Paediatrica Scandinavica 65, 81–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bortolussi, R., Ferrieri, P., BjörkstéN, B. & Quie, P. B. (1979). Capsular K1 polysaccharide of Escherichia coli. Relationship to virulence in newborn rats and resistance to phagocytosis. Infection and Immunity 25, 293–298.Google ScholarPubMed
Braun, V. (1981). Escherichia coli cells containing the plasmid Col V produce the iron ionophore aerobactin. FEMS Microbiology Letters 11, 225–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, C. C. Jr, Buzzell, A. & Lauffer, M. A. (1954). Electrophoresis and phage susceptibility studies on a filament-producing variant of the E. coli B bacterium. Biochemical and Biophysical Ada 15, 533–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, H. J. L., O'guady, F., McSherry, A. & Cattell, W. R. (1980). Uropathogenic properties of Escherichia coli in recurrent urinary tract infection. Journal of Medical Microbiology 13, 57–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caugant, D. A., Levin, B. R. & Selander, R. K. (1981). Genetic diversity and temporal variation in the E. coli population of a human host. Genetics 98, 467–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavalieri, S. J. & Snyder, I. S. (1982 a). Cytotoxic activity of partially purified Escherichia coli alpha haemolysin. Journal of Medical Microbiology 15, 11–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavalieri, S. J. & Snyder, I. S. (1982 b). Effect of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin on human peripheral leucocyte viability in vitro. Infection and Immunity 36, 455–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavalteri, S. J. & Snyder, I. S. (1982 c.) Effect of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin on human peripheral leucocyte function in vitro. Infection and Immunity 37, 966–974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheasty, T., Gross, R. J. & Rowe, B. (1977). Incidence of K 1 antigen in Escherichia cdli isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the United Kingdom. Journal of Clinical Pathology 30, 945–950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chick, S., Harber, M. J., MacKenzie, R. & Asscher, A. W. (1981). Modified method for studying bacterial adhesion to isolated uroepithelial cells and uromucoid. Infection and Immunity 34, 256–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooke, E. M. & Ewins, S. P. (1975). Properties of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from a variety of sources. Journal of Medical Microbiology 8, 107–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, A. S., Gemski, P., Sadoff, J. C., Ørskov, F. & Ørskov, I. (1984). The importance of the K 1 capsule in invasive infections caused by Escherichia coli. Journal of Infectious Diseases 149, 184–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Boy, J. M., Wachsmuth, J. K. & Davis, B. R. (1980). Hemolytic activity in enterotoxigenic and non enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 12, 193–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudgeon, L. S., Wordley, E. & Bawtree, F. (1921). On Bacillus coli infections of the urinary tract, especially in relation to haemolytic organisms. Journal of Hygiene A20, 137–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duguid, J. P. & Gillies, R. R. (1957). Fimbriae and adhesive properties of dysentery bacilli. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 74, 397–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duguid, J. P. & Old, D. C. (1980). Adhesive properties of Enterobacteriaceae. In Receptors and Recognition (ed. Beachy, E. H.), series B, vol. 6, pp. 185–217. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Emödy, L., Pal, N., Safonova, N. V., Kuch, B. & Golutva, N. K. (1980). Alpha-haemolysin: an additive virulence factor in Escherichia coli. Ada Microbiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 27, 333–342.Google ScholarPubMed
Escherich, T. (1885 a). Die Darmbakterien des Neugeborenen und Siiuglings. Fortschritte der Medizin 3, 515–522.Google Scholar
Escherich, T. (1885 b). Die Darmbakterien des Neugeborenen und Siiuglings. Fortschrilte der Medizin 3, 547–554.Google Scholar
Evans, D. J., Evans, D. G., Höhne, C., Noble, M. A., Haldane, E. V., Lior, H. & Young, L. S. (1981). Hemolysin and K antigens in relation to serotype and hemagglutination type of Escherichia coli isolated from extraintestinal infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 13, 171–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewertsen, H. W. (1946). Dyreexperimentelle Undersogelser over Colibacillernes Patogenitet og Ejfekten af Coliserum, pp. 1–192. Copenhagen: Arnold Busck.Google Scholar
Fowler, J. E. Jr & Stamey, T. A. (1977). Studios of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. VII. The role of bacterial adherence. Journal of Urology 117, 472–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadeherg, O. V. & Ørskov, I. (1984). In vitro cytotoxic oftoot of a-hemolvtic Escherichia coli on human blood granulocytes. Infection and Immunity 45, 255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadeberg, O. V., Ørskov, I. & Rhodes, J. M. (1983). Cytotoxic effect of an alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli strain on human blood monocytes and granulocytes in vitro. Infection and Immunity 41, 358–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girson, F. & Magrath, D. I. (1969). The isolation and characterization of a hydroxatnie acid (aerobactin) formed by Aerobacter aerogenes 62–1. Biochemical and Biophysical Ada 192, 175–184.Google Scholar
Glynn, A. A., Brumfitt, W. & Howard, C. J. (1971). K antigens of Escherichia coli and renal involvment in urinary tract infections. Lancet i, 514–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glynn, A. A. & Howard, C. J. (1970). The sensitivity to complement of strains of Escherichia coli related to their K antigens. Immunology 18, 331–346.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldhar, J., Perry, R. & Ofek, I. (1984). Extraction and properties of nonfimbrial mannoseresistant hemagglutinin from a urinary isolate of Escherichia coli. Current Microbiology 11, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, R. C., Joiner, K. & Leive, L. (1984). Serum resistant mutants of Escherichia coli O111 contain increased lipopolysaccharide, lack an O antigen containing capsule and have more of their lipid A core with O antigen. Journal of Bacteriology 159, 877–882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gower, P. E., Taylor, P. W., Koutsaimanis, K. G. & Roberts, A. P. (1972). Serum bactericidal activity in patients with upper and lower urinary tract infections. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 43, 13–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Grados, O. & Ewing, W. H. (1970). Antigenic relationship between Escherichia coli and Neisseria meningitidis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 122, 100–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, R. J., Cheasty, T. & ROWE, B. (1977). Isolation of bacteriophages specific for the K 1 polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 6. 548–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, N. & Leive, L. (1984). Complement activation via the alternative pathway by purified Salmonella lipopolysaccharide is affected by its structure but not its O antigen length. Journal of Immunology 132, 376–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grüneberg, R. N. (1969). Relationship of infecting urinary organisms to the fecal flora in patients with symptomatic urinary infection. Lancet ii, 766–768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grüneberg, R. N., Leigh, D. A. & Brumfitt, W. (1968). Escherichia coli serotypes in urinary infection: studies in domiciliary, antenatal and hospital practice. In Urinary Tract Infection (ed. O'Grady, F. & Brumfitt, W.), pp. 68–79. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hacker, J., Schröter, G., Schrettenbrunner, A., Hughes, C. & Goebel, W. (1983). Hemolytic Escherichia coli strains in the human fecal flora as potential urinary pathogens. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Hygiene(I. Abt. Orig. A) 254. 370–378.Google Scholar
Hagberg, L., Engberg, I., Freter, R., Lam, J., Olling, S. & Svanborg Edén, C. (1983 a). Ascending, unobstructed urinary tract infection in mice caused by pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli of human origin. Infection and Immunity 40, 273–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagberg, L., Hull, R., Hull, S., Falkow, S., Freter, R. & Svanborg Edén, C. (1983 b)- Contribution of adhesin to bacterial persistence in the mouse urinary tract. Infection and Immunity 40, 265–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagberg, L., Hull, R., Hull, S., McGhee, J. R., Michalek, S. M. & Svanborg Edén, C.. (1984). Difference in susceptibility to gram-negative urinary tract infection between C3H/He.I and C3H/HeN mice. Infection and Immunity 46, 839–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagberg, L., Jodal, U., Korhonen, T. K., Lidin-Janson, G., Lindrerg, U. & Svanborg Edén, C. (1981). Adhesion, haemagglutination, and virulence of Escherichia colicausing urinary tract infections. Infection and Immunity 31, 564–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handrück, W., Steinrück, H., Spencker, F.-B., Braun, W. & Vogtman, C. (1982). Infektionen durch E. coli in der Neonatalperiode. II. Bericht über 61 Erkrankungen. Deutsches Gesundheitsicesen 37, 2212–2219.Google Scholar
Hanson, L. Å., Ahlstedt, S., Fasth, A., Jodal, U., Kaijser, B.. Larsson, P., Lindberg, C., Olling, S., Sohl-Åkerlund, A. & Svanborg-Eden, C. (1977). Antigens of Escherichia coli. human immune response, and the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 136, Suppl. S 144–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harber, M. J., Chick, S., MacKenzie, R. & Asscher, A. W. (1982). Lack of adherence to epithelial cells by freshly isolated urinary pathogens. Lancet i. 586–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HENKEL, W. (1970). Serumresistenz und Nephropathogenitiit antigenetisch definierten Stämme von E. coli. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und lmmunologie 156. 44–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, C, Phillips, R. & Roberts, A. P. (1982). Serum resistance among Escherichia coli strains causing urinary tract infection in relation to O type and the carriage of hemolysin. eolicin, and antibiotic resistance determinants. Infection and Immunity 35. 270–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HULL, R. A., Gill, R. E., HSU, P., Minshew, B. H. & FALKOW, S. (1981). Construction and expression of recombinant plasmids encoding type 1, or D-mannose-resistant pili from a urinary tract infection Escherichia coli isolate. Injection and Immunity 33, 933–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jann, K. & Jann, B. (1983). The K antigens of Escherichia coli. Progress in Allergy 33, 53–79.Google Scholar
Jann, K., Jann, B. & Schmidt, G. (1981). SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and serological analysis of pili from Escherichia coliof different pathogenic origin. FEMS Microbiology Letters 11, 21–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaijser, B. (1973). Immunology of Escherichia coli: K antigen and its relation to urinary-tract infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 127, 670–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaijser, B., Hanson, L. Å., JODAL, U., Lidin-Janson, G. & ROBbiNS, J. B. (1977). Frequency of E. coli K antigens in urinary-tract infections in children. Lancet i, 663–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Källenius, G. & Möllby, R. (1979). Adhesion of Escherichia coli to human periurethral cells correlated to mannose-resistant agglutination of human erythrocytes. FEMS Microbiology Letters 5, 295–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Källenius, G., Möllby, R. & Winberg, J. (1980). In vitro adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to human periurethral cells. Infection and Immunity 28, 972–980, 1980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Källenius, G., Mollby, R., Svenson, S. B., Winberg, J. & Hultberg, H. (1980). Identification of a carbohydrate receptor recognized by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection, Suppl. 3, S 288–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Källenius, G., Svenson, S. B., Hultberg, H., Mollby, R., Helin, I., Cedergren, B. & Winberg, J. (1981). Occurrence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coliin urinary tract infections. Lancet ii, 1369–1372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffmann, F. (1940). Zur Serologie des I-Antigens in der Salmonella Gruppe. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica 17, 135–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffmann, F. (1943). Ober neue thermolabile Korperantigene der Coli-Bakterien. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica 20, 21–44.Google Scholar
Kauffmann, F. (1944 a). Zur Serologie der Coli-Gruppe. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica 21, 20–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffmann, F. (1944 b). Untersuchungen über die Körper-Antigene der Coli-Bakterien. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica 21, 46–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffmann, F. (1947). The serology of the Coli group. Journal of Immunology 57, 71–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kauffmann, F. & Vahlne, G. (1945). Über die Bedeutung des serologischen Formenwechsels für de Bakteriophagenvvirkung in der Coli-Gruppe. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scaridinavka 22, 119–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kétyi, I. (1981). Suckling mouse model of urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Acta Microbiologica Academiae Scientiamtn Hungaricae 28, 393–399.Google ScholarPubMed
Kétyi, I., Emödy, L., Kontrohr, T., Vertenyi, A., Pacsa, S., Avdeeva, T. A., Safonova, N. V. & Golutova, N. K. (1978). Mouse lung oedema caused by a toxic substance of Escherichia coli strains. Acta Microbiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 25, 307–317.Google ScholarPubMed
Kétyi, I., Naumann, G. & Nimmich, W. (1983). Urinary tract infectivity of R strains of Escherichia coli carrying various virulence factors. Acta Microbiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 30, 155–161.Google ScholarPubMed
Klemm, P., Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, F. (1983). Isolation and characterization of F12 adhesive fimbrial antigen from uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Infection and Immunity 40, 91–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knipschildt, H. E. (1945). Undersogelser over Coligruppens Serologi, pp. 1–156. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Arnold Busck.Google Scholar
Korhonen, T. K., Leffler, H. & Svanborg Eden, C. (1981). Binding specificity of piliated strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to epithelial cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity 32, 796–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korhonen, T. K., Väisänen, V., Saxén, H., Hultberg, H. & Svenson, S. B. (1982). P-antigen-recognizing limbriae from human uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Infection and Immunity 37, 286–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korhonen, T. K., Väisänen-Rhen, V., Rhen, M., Pere, A., Parkkinen, J. & Finne, J. (1984). Escherichia coli fimbriae recognizing sialyl galactosides. Journal of Bacteriology 159, 762–766, 1984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korhonen, T. K., Valtonen, M. V., Parkkinen, J., Väisänen-Rhen, V., Finne, J., Ørskov, F., Ørskov, I., Svenson, S. B. & Mäkelä, P. H. (1985) Escherichia colistrains associated with neonatal sepsis and meningitis: Serotypes, hemolysin production and receptor recognition. Infection and Immunity 48, 486–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
kreger, B. E., Craven, D. E., Carling, P. C. & McCabe, W. R., (1980). Gram-negative bacteremia. III. Reassessment of etiology, epidemiology and ecology in G12 patients. American Journal of Medicine 68, 332–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunin, C. M. (1982). Urinary tract infection: new information concerning pathogenesis and management. Journal of Urology 128, 1233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunin, C. M., Deutscher, R. & Paquin, A. (1964). Urinary tract infection in school children: an epidemiological, clinical and laboratory study. Medicine 43, 91–130.Google ScholarPubMed
Labigne-Roussel, A. F., Lark, D., Schoolnik, G. & Falkow, S. (1984). Cloning and expression of an afimbrial adhesin (AFA-I) responsible for P blood group-independent, mannose-resistant hemagglutination from a pyelonephritic Escherichia colistrain. Infection and Immunity 46, 251–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leffler, H. & Svanborg Edén, C. (1981). Chemical identification of a glycosphincolipid receptor for Escherichia coli attaching to human urinary epithelial cells and agglutinating human erythrocytes. FEMS Microbiology Letters 8, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidin-Janson, G., Hanson, L. Å., Kaijser, B., Lincoln, K., Lindberg, U., Olling, S. & Wedel, H. (1977). Comparison of Escherichia coli from bacteriuric patients with those from faeces of healthy school children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 136, 346–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, U., Hanson, L. Å., Jodal, U., Lidin-Janson, G., Lincoln, K. & Olling, S. (1975 a). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. II. Differences in Escherichia coli causing asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria. Acta Paediatrica Scayidinavica 64, 432–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, U., Jodal, U., Hanson, L. Å. & Kauser, B. (1975 b). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. IV. Difficulties of level diagnosis and the possible relation to the character of infecting bacteria. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 64, 574–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linggood, M. A. & Ingram, P. L. (1982). The role of alpha haemolysin in the virulence of Escherichia coli for mice. Journal of Medical Microbiology 15, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lomberg, H., Hellström, M., Jodal, U., Leffler, H., Lincoln, K. & Svanborg Eden, C. (1984). Virulence-associated traits in Escherichia colicausing first and recurrent episodes of urinary tract infection in children with or without reflux. Journal of Infectious Diseases 150, 561–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mabeck, C. E., Ørskov, F. & Ørskov, I. (1971 a). Escherichia coli serotypes and renal involvement in urinary tract infection. Lancet i, 1312–1314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabeck, C. E., Ørskov, F. & Ørskov, I. (1971 b). Studies in urinary tract infections. VIII. Escherichia coli O: H serotypes in recurrent infections. Acta Medico Scandinavica 190, 279–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCabe, W. R., Carling, P. C., Bruins, S. & Greely, A. (1975). The relation of K antigen to virulence of coli. Journal of Infectious Diseases 131, 6–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, W. R., Kaijser, B., Ollings, J., Uwaydah, M. & Hanson, L. Å. (1978). Escherichia coli in bacteremia: K and O antigens and serum sensitivity of strains from adults and neonates. Journal of Infectious Diseases 138, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCracken, G. H., Sarff, L. D., Glode, M. P., Mize, S. G.. Schiffer, M. S., Robbins, J. B.. Gotschlich, E. C.Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, F. (1974). Relation between Escherichia coli Kl capsular polysaccharide antigen and clinical outcome in neonatal meningitis. Lancet ii, 246–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGeachie, J. (1965). Serological grouping of urinary Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Pathology 18, 428–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maiztegui, J. I., Biegeleisen, J. Z. Jr. Cherry, W. B. & Kaas, E. H. (1965). Bacteriemia due to gram-negative rods. A clinical bacteriologic, serologic, and immunofluoreseent study. New England Journal of Medicine 272. 222–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangan, D. F. & Snyder, I. S. (1970). Mannose-sensitive interaction of Escherichia coli with human peripheral leucocytes in vitro. Infection and Immunity 26, 520–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minshew, B., Jorgensen, J., Counts, G. W. & Falkow, S. (1978). Association of hemolysin production, hemagglutination of human erythrocytes. and virulence for chicken embryos of extraintestinal Escherichia coliisolates. Infection and Immunity 20. 50–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moll, A., Manning, P. A. & Timmis, K. N. (1980). Plasmid-determined resistance to serum activity: a major membrane protein, the tra7'gene product is responsible for plasmid specified serum resistance in Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 28. 359–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulder, C. J. J., Van Alimien, L. & Zanen, H. C. (1984). Neonatal meningitis caused by Escherichia coli in The Netherlands. Journal of Infectious Diseases 150, 935–940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulder, C. J. J. & Zanen, H. C. (1984). A study of 280 cases of neonatal meningitis in The Netherlands. Journal of Infection 8. 177–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myerowitz, R. L., Alhers, A. C., Yee, R. B. & Ørskov, F. (1977). Relationship of K1 antigen to biotypo in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 6, 124–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowicki, B., Rhen, M., Väisänen-Rhen, V., Pere, A. & Korhonen, T. K. (1984). Immunofluoreseence study of fimbrial phase variation in Escherichia coli KS71. Journal of Bacteriology 160, 691–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'hanley, P., Lark, D., Falkow, S. & Schoolnik, G. (1985). Molecular basis of Escherichia coli colonization of the upper urinary tract in BALB/c mice: gal-gal pili immunization prevents E. coli pyelonephritis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 75, 347–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olling, S. (1977). Sensitivity of gram-negative bacilli to the serum bactericidal activity: A marker of host-parasite relationship in acute and persisting infections. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Suppl. 10, 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olling, S., Hanson, L. A., Holmgren, J., Jodal, U., Lincoln, K. & Lindkerg, U. (1973). The bactericidal effect of normal human serum on E. colistrains from normals and from patients with urinary tract infections. Infection 1, 24–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opal, S., Cross, A. & Gemski, P. (1982). K antigen and serum sensitivity of rough Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 37, 956–960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, I., Birch-Andersen, A., Duguid, J., Stenderup, J. & Ørskov, F. (1985). An adhesive protein capsule of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 47, 191–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, I., Kerencz, A. & Ørskov, F. (1980). Tamm-Horsfall protein or uromucoid is the normal urinary slime that traps type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli. Lancet i, 887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ørskov, F. & Ørskov, I. (1967). In: Round table conference on non-obstructive urinary tract infections in children. Proceedings of the 15th Northern Pediatric Congress, Bergen, 1967. Ada Paedialrica Scandinavica, suppl. 177, 44–45.Google Scholar
Ørskov, F. & Ørskov, I. (1975). Escherichia coli O: H serotypes isolated from human blood. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica B 83, 585–600.Google Scholar
Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, F. (1983). Serology of Escherichia coli fimbriae. Progress in Allergy 33, 80–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, F. (1985). Some Escherichia coliadhesins. In Seminars in Infectious Diseases. Vol. V. Bacterial Vaccines. (In the Press.)Google Scholar
Ørskov, I., Ørskov, F. & Birch-Andersen, A. (1980). Comparison of coli fimbrial antigen F7 with type 1 fimbriae. Infection and Immunity 27, 657–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, I., Ørskov, F., Birch-Andersen, A., Kanamori, M. & Svanborg Edén, C. (1982 b). O, K, H and fimbrial antigens in Escherichia coliserotypes associated with pyelonephritis and cystitis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, suppl. 33, 18–25.Google Scholar
Ørskov, I., Ørskov, F., Birch-Andersen, A., Klemm, P. & Svanborg Edén, C. (1982 a). Protein attachment factors: fimbriae in adhering Escherichia coli. In Seminars in Infectious Diseases. Vol. IV. Bacterial Vaccines, pp. 97–103. New York: Thieme-Stratton.Google Scholar
Ørskov, F., Ørskov, I., Evans, D. J., Sack, R. B., Sack, P. A. & Wadström, T. (1976). Special Escherichia coli serotypes among enterotoxigenic strains from diarrhoea in adults and children. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 162, 73–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, F., Ørskov, I., Jann, B. & Jann, K. (1971). Immunoelectrophoretic patterns of extracts from all Escherichia coli O and K antigen test strains. Correlation with pathogenicity. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica, B, 79, 142–152.Google Scholar
Ørskov, I., Ørskov, F., Jann, B. & Jann, K. (1977). Serology, chemistry, and genetics of O and K antigens of Escherichia coli. Bacteriological Reviews 41, 667–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ørskov, F., Ørskov, I., Sutton, A., Schneerson, R., Lin, W., Eoen, W., Hoff, G. E. & Rohmns, J. B. (1979). Form variation in Escherichia coli K1: Determined by O-acetylation of the capsular polysaccharide. Joxirnal of Experimental Medicine 149, 669–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkkinen, J., Finne, J., Achtman, M., Vaisanen, V. & Korhonen, T. K. (1983). Escherichia coli strains binding neuraminyl α2–3 galactosides. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 111, 456–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pluschke, G. & Achtman, M. (1984). Degree of antibody-independent activation of the classical complement pathway by K 1 Escherichia coli differs with O antigen type and correlates with virulence of meningitis in newborns. Infection and Immunity 43, 684–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pluschke, G., Mavden, J., Achtman, M. & Levine, R. P. (1983). Role of capsule and the O antigen in resistance of O 18: K 1 Escherichia coli to complement-mediated killing. Infection and Immunity 42, 907–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quackenbush, R. L. & Falkow, S. (1979). Relationship between Colicin V activity and virulence in Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 24, 562–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rantz, L. A. (1962). Serological grouping of Kscherichia coli. Archives of Internal Medicine 109. 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhen, M., Mäkelä, P. H. & Korhonen, T. K. (1983). P-fimbriae of Escherichia coli are subject to phase variation. FEMS Microbiology Letters 19, 207–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, J. B., Mc Cracken, G. H., Gotschlich, E. C, Øhskov, F., Øhskov, I. & Hanson, L. Å. (1974 a). Escherichia coli K 1 capsularpolysaccharide associated with neonatal meningitis. New England Journal of Medicine 290, 1216–1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, J. B., Parke, J. C. Jr, Schneehson, R. & Whisnant, J. K. (1973). Quantitative measurement of ‘natural’ and immunization-induced Haemophilus influenzaetype b eapsular polysaccharide antibodies. Pediatric Research 7, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, J. B., Schneerson, R., Liu, T. Y., Schiffer, M. S., Schiffman, G., Myerowitz, R. L., McCracken, G. H., Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, F. (1974 b). Cross-reacting bacterial antigens and immunity to disease caused by encapsulated bacteria. 4th International Convocation on Immunology, Buffalo, N.Y., 1974 (ed. Neter, E. and Milgrom, F.), pp. 218–241. Basel: S. Karger.Google Scholar
Robbins, J. B., Schneerson, R., Parke, J. C., Liu, T. Y., Handzel, Z. T., Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, I. (1976). Escherichia coli O 75: Kf 147: H 5 cross reactive with eapsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type B: studies of the immunochemical relationship and properties of heteroimmunization in humans to prevent septicemic disease caused by H. influenzae type B. In The Role of Immunological Factors in Infections, Allergy and Autoimmune Processes(ed. Beers, R. F. Jr and Bassett, E. G.), pp. 103–120. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Rowley, D. (1968). Sensitivity of rough grain-negative bacteria to the bactericidal action of serum. Journal of Bacteriology 95, 1647–1650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sack, R. & Miller, C. E. (1969). Progressive changes of Vibrio serotypes in germ-free mice infected with Vibrio cholerae. Journal of Bacteriology 99, 688–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salit, I. E. & Ggtschlich, E. C. (1977). Type 1 Escherichia coli pili. characterization of binding to monkey kidney cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine 146: 1182–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarff, L. D., McCracken, G. H., Schiffer, M. S., Glode, M. P., Robbins, J. B.. Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, I. (1975). Epidemiology of Escherichia coli K 1 in healthy and diseased newborns. Lancet i, 1099–1104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaeffer, A. J., Amundsen, S. K. & Schmidt, L. N. (1979). Adherence of Escherichia coli to human urinary tract epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity 24: 753–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaeffer, A. J., Jones, J. M., Duncan, J. L., Chmiel, J. S., Plotkin, B. J. & Falkowski, W. S. (1982). Adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells from women with recurrent urinary tract infection. Infection 10, 186–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneerson, R., Bradshaw, M., Whinant, J. K., Myerowitz, R. L., C., Parke. J. Jr, & Robbins, J. B. (1972). An Escherichia coli antigen cross-reactive with eapsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Journal of Immunology 108, 1551–1562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sietzen, W. (1979). Typisierung von Escherichia-coli-O- und -K-Antigenen bei Patienten mit Harnwegsinfektionen. Infektion 7, Suppl. 2, S197–S206.Google Scholar
Silver, R. P., Finn, C. W., Vann, W. F., Aronson, W., Schneerson, R., Kretschmer, P. J. & Garon, C. F. (1981). Molecular cloning of the K 1 eapsular polysaccharide genes of E. coli. Nature (London) 289, 696–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silver, R. P., Vann, W. F. & Aronson, W. (1984). Genetic and molecular analysis of Escherichia coli K 1 antigen genes. Journal of Bacteriology 157, 568–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverblatt, F. J., Dreyer, J. S. & Schauer, S. (1979). Effect of pili on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to phagocytosis. Infection and Immunity 24, 218–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjöstkdt, S. (1946). Pathogenicity of certain serological types of A1, coli. Their mouse toxicity, hemolytic power, capacity for skin necrosis and resistance to phagocytosis and bactericidal faculties of human blood. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologies Scandinaviea, Suppl. 63, 1–148.Google Scholar
Smith, H. W. (1963). The haemolysins of Escherichia coli. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 83, 197–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, H. W. & Huggins, M. B. (1980). The association of 018, Ivl and H7 antigens and the Col V plasmid of a strain of Escherichia coli with its virulence and immunogenicity. Journal of General Microbiology 121, 387–400.Google Scholar
Smith, H. W. & Huggins, M. B. (1985). The toxic role of alphahaemolysin in the pathogenesis of experimental Escherichia coli infection in mice. Journal of General Microbiology 131, 395–403.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, H. W. & Linggood, M. A. (1971). Observations on the pathogenic properties of the K 88. Hly and Ent plasmids of Escherichia coli with particular reference to porcine diarrhoea. Journal of Medical Microbiology 4, 467–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T. (1927). Studies on pathogenic B. colifrom bovine sources. III. Normal and serological induced resistance to B. coli and its mutant. Journal of Experimental Medicine 46, 141–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamm, W. E., Counts, G. W., Running, K. R., Film, S., Turck, M. & Holmes, K. K. (1982). Diagnosis of coliform infection in acutely dysuric women. Neio England Journal of Medicine 307, 463–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, P., Chu, C. L. & Young, L. S. (1980). Kl antigen content and the presence of an additional sialic acid containing antigen among bacteriemic Kl Escherichia coli : correlation with susceptibility to opsonophagocytosis. Infection and Immunity 29, 1055–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, P., Huang, N.-Y., Wells, W. D. & Young, L. S. (1978). Restricted complement activation by Escherichia coli with Kl capsular serotype: a possible role in pathogenicity. Journal of Immunology 121, 2174–2180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svanborg Edén, C., Bjursten, L. M., Hull, R., Hull, S., Magnusson, K.-E., Moldovano, Z. & Leffler, H. (1984). Influence of adhesins on the interaction of Escherichia coli with human phagocytes. Infection and Immunity 44, 672–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svanborg Edén, C, Eriksson, B., Hanson, L. Å., Jodal, U., kaijser, B., Lidin Janson, G., Lindberg, U. & Olling, S. (1978). Adhesion to normal human uroepithelial cells of Escherichia coli from children with various forms of urinary tract infection. Journal of Pediatrics 93, 398–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svanborg Eden, C., Gotschlich, E. C., Korhonen, T. K., Leffler, H. & Schoolnik, G. (1983 a). Aspects on structure and function of pili on uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Progress in Allergy 33, 189–202.Google ScholarPubMed
Svanborg Edén, C., Hagberg, L., Hanson, L. Å., Lomberg, H., Ørskov, I. & Ørskov, F. (1982). Bacterial adherence and urinary tract infection. Lancet i, 961–962.Google Scholar
Svanborg Edén, C., Hagberg, L., Hanson, L. Å., Hull, S., Hull, R., Jodal, U., Leffler, H., Lomberg, H. & Straube, E. (1983 b). Bacterial adherence, a pathogenic mechanism in urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli. Progress in Allergy 33, 175–188.Google Scholar
Svanborg Edén, C. & Hansson, H. Å. (1978). Escherichia coli pili as possible mediators of attachment to human urinary tract epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity 21, 229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svanborg Edén, C, Hanson, L. Å., Jodal, U., Lindberg, U. & Akerlund, A. S. (1976). Variable adherence to normal human urinary-tract epithelial cells of Escherichia coli strains associated with various forms of urinary-tract infection. Lancet ii, 490–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svanborg Edén, C., Jodal, U., kaijser, B., Leffler, H., Lomberg, H., Ørskov, F. & Ørskov, I. (1985). Adhesive properties and O, K, H and F antigens of E. coli associated with recurrent pyelonephritis. In Seminars in Infections Diseases. Vol. V. Bacterial Vaccines. (In the Press.)Google Scholar
Taylor, P. W. (1974). Sensitivity of some smooth strains of E. coli to the bactericidal action of normal human serum. Journal of Clinical Pathology 27, 626–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, P. W. (1975). Genetical studies of serum resistance in Escherichia coli. Journal of General Microbiology 89, 57–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, P. W. (1976). Immunochemical investigations of lipopolysaccharides and acidic polysaccharides from serum-sensitive and serum-resistant strains of Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections. Journal of Medical Microbiology 9, 405–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, P. W. (1983). Bactericidal and bacteriolytic activity of serum against gram-negative bacteria. Microbiological Reviews 47, 46–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, P. W. & Parton, R. (1970). A protein associated with serum resistance in Escherichia coli. Journal of Medical Microbiology 10, 225–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, P. W. & Robinson, M. K. (1980). Determinants that increase the serum resistance of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 29, 278–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timmis, K. N., Manning, P. A., Echarti, C., Timmis, J. K. & Moll, A. (1981). Serum resistance in E. coli. In Molecular Biology, Pathogenicity and Ecology of Bacterial Plasmids (ed. Levy, S. B., Clowes, R. C. and Koenig, E. L.), pp. 133–144. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tullus, K., Horlin, K., Svenson, S. B. & Källenius, G. (1984). Epidemic outbreaks of acute pyelonephritis caused by nosocomal spread of P fimbriated Escherichia coli in children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 150, 728–736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turck, M., Petersdorf, R. G. & Fournier, M. R. (1962). The epidemiology of non-enteric Escherichia coli infections: prevalence of serologic groups. Journal of Clinical Investigation 41, 1760–1765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhlenhuth, P. (1897). Beiträge zur Pathogenität des Bacterium coli. Zeitschrifl für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten 26, 476–484.Google Scholar
Vahlne, G. (1945). Serological typing of the colon bacteria. Ada Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavka 62 (Suppl.), 1–127.Google Scholar
Valvano, M. A. & Crosa, J. H. (1984). Aerobactin iron transport genes commonly encoded by certain Col V plasmids occur in the chromosome of a human invasive strain of Escherichia coli K1. Infection and Immunity 46, 159–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Den Bosch, J. F., De Graaf, J. & MacLaren, D. M. (1979). Virulence of Escherichia coli in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis in mice. Infection and Immunity 25, 68–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Den Bosch, J. F., Emödy, L. & Ketyi, I. (1982). Virulence of haemolytic strains of Escherichia coli in various animal models. FEMS Microbiology Letters 13, 427–430.Google Scholar
Van Den Bosch, J. F., Postma, P., De Graaf, J. & MacLahen, D. M. (1981). Haemolysis by urinary Escherichia coli and virulence in mice. Journal of Medical Microbiology 14, 321–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dijk, W. C, Verbrugh, H. A., Peters, R., Van Der Tol, M. E., Peterson, P. K. & Verhoef, J. (1979). Escherichia coli K antigen in relation to serum induced lysis and phagocytosis. Journal of Medical Microbiology 12, 123–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varian, S. A. & Cooke, E. M. (1980). Adhesive properties of Escherichia coli from urinary-tract infections. Journal of Medical Microbiology 13, 111–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verweij-Van Vught, A. M. J. J., Van Den Bosch, J. F., Namavar, F., Sparrius, M. & MacLaren, D. M. (1983). K antigens of Escherichia coli and virulence in urinary-tract infection. Studies in a mouse model. Medical Microbiology 16, 147–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vosti, K. G., Goldberg, L. M., Monto, A. S. & Rantz, L. A. (1964). Host parasite interaction in patients with infections due to E. coli. I. The serogrouping of E. coli from intestinal and extraintestinal sources. Journal of Clinical Investigation 43, 2377–2385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Väisänen-Rhen, V. (1984). Fimbria-like hemagglutinin of Escherichia coli O 75 strains, hifection and Immunity46, 401–407.Google Scholar
Väisänen-Rhen, V., Elo, J., Vaisanen, E., Shtonen, A., Ørskov, I., Ørskov, F., Svenson, S. B., Mäkelä, P. H. & Korhonen, T. K. (1984). P-fimbriated clones among uropathogenic Eschericia coli strains, infection and Immunity 43, 149–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Väisänen, V., Korhonen, T. K., Jokinen, M., Gahmberg, C. G. & Ehnholm, C. (1982). Blood group M specific haemagglutinin in pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli. Lancet i, 1192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waalwijk, C. & De Graaf, J. (1983). Inactivation of haemolysin production in Escherichia coli by transposon insertion results in loss of virulence. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek; Journal of Microbiology and Serology 49, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waalwijk, C., MacLaren, D. M. & De Graaf, J. (1983). In vivo function of hemolysin in the nephropathogenicity of Escherichia coli. hifection and Immunity 42, 245–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waalwijk, C., Van Den Bosch, J. F., MacLaren, D. M. & De Graaf, J. (1982). Hemolysin plasmid coding for the virulence of a nephropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Infection and Immunity 35, 32–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, P. J., Williams, P. H., Bindeueif, A. & Neiland, J. H. (1981). Col V plasmid-specified aerobactin synthesis by invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity. 33, 540–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, L., Goodwin, C. S. & Green, J. (1982). O antigen loss by semirough E. colicausing recurrent urinary infections, analysed by gel column filtration and gas-liquid chromatography. Pathology 14, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, R. J. & Young, L. S. (1976). Neutrophil function in gram-negative rod bacteremia: the interaction between phagocytic cells, infecting organisms and humoral factors. Journal of Clinical Investigation 58, 190–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinstein, R. & Young, L. S. (1978). Phagocytic resistance of E. coliKl isolates and relationship to virulence. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 8, 748–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welch, R. A., Dellinoer, E. P., Minshew, B. & Falkow, S. (1981). Haemolysin contributes to virulence of extra-intestinal E. coli infections. Nature (Isondon) 293, 665–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, P. H. (1979). Novel iron uptake system specified by Col V plasmids: an important component in the virulence of invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 26. 925–932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar