Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T15:46:40.191Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

M. S. Hughes*
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Queen's University, Belfast
P. V. Coyle
Affiliation:
Regional Virus Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast
J. H. Connolly
Affiliation:
Regional Virus Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast
*
*Dr M. S. Hughes. Bacteriology Department, Veterinary Sciences Division. Stoney Road. Stormont. Belfast BT4 3SD. N. Ireland.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Virus surveillance of Northern Ireland recreational waters, between April 1986 and May 1989 demonstrated widespread enteroviral contamination of coastal and inland waters. In 1986, enteroviruses were detected in 4 of 46 (8·7%) water samples, collected from 6 coastal bathing waters. In 1987, 49 of 107 (45·8%) samples, from 16 coastal bathing waters, yielded enteroviruses; 33 of the enterovirus positive samples passed one or both of the coliform standards outlined by the European Economic Community (EEC) bathing water directive (76/160/EEC). Enteroviruses were also detected in 33 of 39 (84·6%) samples tested from 3 inland recreational waters.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

References

REFERENCES

1.Tyler, JM. Occurrence in water of viruses of public health significance. J Appl Bacteriol Symp Suppl 1985: 37S46S.Google ScholarPubMed
2.Freeman, L. Keeping the viruses at bay. Water 1978; 20: 1113.Google Scholar
3.Slade, JS. Enteroviruses in slow sand filtered water. J Inst Wat Engr Sci 1978; 32: 530–5.Google Scholar
4.Payment, P, Fortin, S, Trudel, M. Ferric chloride flocculation for nonflocculating beef extract preparations. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47: 591–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Barron, AL, Olshevsky, C, Cohen, MM. Characteristics of the BGM line of cells from African Green Monkey Kidney. Arch Virusforsch 1970; 32: 389–92.Google Scholar
6.Dahling, DR, Wright, BA. Optimization of suspended cell method and comparison with cell monolayer techniques for virus assays. J Virol Meth 1988; 20: 169–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Cooper, PD. A method for producing plaques in agar suspensions of animal cells. Virology 1955; 1: 397401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Slade, JS, Chisholm, RG, Harris, NR. Detection of enteroviruses in water by suspended-cell cultures. In: Grainger, JM.Lynch, JL, eds. Microbiological methods for environmental biotechnology. London: Academic Press. 1984: 365–74.Google Scholar
9.Berg, G, Dahling, DR, Brown, GA, Berman, D. Validity of fecal conforms, total coliforms and fecal streptococci as indicators of viruses in chlorinated and primary sewage effluents. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978; 36: 880–4.Google Scholar
10.Payment, P, Lemieux, M, Trudel, M. Bacteriological and virological analysis of water from four fresh water beaches. Water Res 1982; 16: 939–43.Google Scholar
11.Vaughn, JM, Landry, EF, Thomas, MZ. Entrainment of viruses from septic tank leach fields through a shallow soil aquifer. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45: 1474–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Rao, VC, Melnick, JL. Environmental virology. Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co Ltd. 1986; 19: 4154.Google Scholar
13.Shuval, HI. Water needs and usage. In: Berg, G, Bodily, HL, Lennette, EH, Melnick, JL, Metcalf, TG, eds. Viruses in water. Washington. DC: American Public Health Association Ind., 1976: 21–2.Google Scholar
14.Schiff, GM, Stefanovic, GM, Young, B, Pennekamp, JK. Minimum human infectious dose of enteric virus (echovirus– 12) in drinking water. In: Melnick, JL ed. Enteric viruses in water. Monographs in Virology, Vol. 15. New York. Basel: Karger. 1984: 222–9.Google Scholar
15.Smith, EM, Gerba, CP, Melnick, JL. Role of sediment in the persistence of enteroviruses in the estuarine environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 43: 1440–50.Google Scholar
16.Dahling, DR, Safferman, RS. Survival of enteric viruses under natural conditions in a subarctic river. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 38: 1103–10.Google Scholar
17.Goyal, SM, Adams, WN, O'Malley, ML, Lear, DW. Human pathogenic viruses at sewage sludge disposal sites in the middle Atlantic region. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48: 758–63.Google Scholar
18.Rao, VC, Seidel, KM, Goyal, SM, Metcalf, TG, Melnick, JL. Isolation of enteroviruses from water, suspended solids and sediments from Galveston Bay: survival of poliovirus and rotavirus adsorbed to sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48: 404–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Dane, DS, Dick, GWA, Briggs, EM et al. , Changes in Sabin type 1 oral vaccine virus after multiplication in the intestinal tract. Br Med J 1961; 2: 259–65.Google Scholar
20.Minor, PD, John, A, Ferguson, M, Icenogle, JP. Antigenic and molecular evolution of the vaccine strain of type 3 poliovirus during the period of excretion by a primary vaccinee. J Gen Virol 1986; 67: 693706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Minor, PD, Dunn, G. The effect of sequences in the 5′ non-coding region of the replication of polioviruses in the human gut. J Gen Virol 1988; 69: 1091–6.Google Scholar
22.Dunn, G, Begg, NT, Cammack, N, Minor, PD. Virus excretion and mutation by infants following primary vaccination with live oral poliovaccine from two sources. J Med Virol 1990; 32: 92–5.Google Scholar
23.Nakano, JH, Hatch, MH, Thieme, ML. Parameters for differentiating vaccine-derived and wild poliovirus strains. Prog Med Virol 1978; 24: 178206.Google ScholarPubMed
24.Minor, PD. Comparative biochemical studies of wild type 3 poliovirus. J Virol 1980; 34: 7384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Ferguson, M, Magrath, DI, Minor, PD, Schild, GC. WHO collaborative study on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the intratypic differentiation of poliovirus strains. Bull WHO 1986; 64: 239–46.Google Scholar