Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T20:36:44.412Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Spatial management of deep-sea seamount fisheries: balancing sustainable exploitation and habitat conservation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2012

MALCOLM R. CLARK  and
MATTHEW R. DUNN
MALCOLM R. CLARK*
Affiliation:
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
MATTHEW R. DUNN
Affiliation:
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
*
*Correspondence: Dr Malcolm Clark e-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Seamounts throughout the world's oceans can support diverse and abundant fish communities. Many have been subject to commercial deep-sea bottom trawl fisheries and have exhibited ‘boom and bust’ characteristics. There is growing concern about the effect of fishing on fragile and vulnerable benthic invertebrate species. This review examines why deep-sea fisheries have generally failed, and recommends measures that are necessary to improve their sustainability. Much is based on lessons learned in the south-west Pacific that may be more generally applicable to global deep-sea fisheries. Sustainable fisheries require highly precautionary feature-based catch limits, and credible and timely stock assessment advice. Management also needs to consider fishing impacts on the benthic habitat, and while reducing and spreading fishing effort on seamounts is beneficial for fish stocks, it can have a negative effect on the benthos. To balance exploitation and conservation, elements of spatial management are required, whereby some seamounts are protected before any fishing has occurred. Protected areas should include entire seamounts, and multiple seamounts in a network. A management regime should incorporate closed seamounts, open seamounts for fishing, and management of adjacent slope areas where these are important for the productivity of fish and invertebrate populations.

Keywords

managementorange roughyprotected areasseamountsvulnerable marine ecosystems
Type
THEMATIC SECTION: Temperate Marine Protected Areas
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 39 , Issue 3: Thematic section. Temperate Marine Protected Areas , September 2012 , pp. 204 - 214
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, O.F. (2011) Fish and invertebrate bycatch and discards in orange roughy and oreo fisheries from 1990–91 until 2008–09. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 67. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=22866 Google Scholar
Anderson, O.F. & Dunn, M.R. (2008) Descriptive analysis of catch and effort data from New Zealand orange roughy fisheries in ORH 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B and 7B to the end of the 2006–07 fishing year. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Report 2008/58: 76 pp. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=17181 Google Scholar
Anderson, T.J., Nichol, S.L., Syms, C., Przeslawski, R. & Harris, P.T. (2011) Deep-sea bio-physical variables as surrogates for biological assemblages, an example from the Lord Howe Rise. Deep-Sea Research II 58: 979–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auster, P.J. (2007) Linking deep-water corals and fish populations. In: Conservation and Adaptive Management of Seamount and Deep-sea Coral Ecosystems, ed. George, R.Y. & Cairns, S.D., pp. 93–100. Miami, FL, USA: University of Miami.Google Scholar
Auster, P.J., Gjerde, K., Heupel, E., Watling, L., Grehan, A. & Rogers, A.D. (2011) Definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the ‘move-on’ rule. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68: 254–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baco, A.R. & Shank, T.M. (2005) Population genetic structure of the Hawaiian precious coral Corallium lauuense (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) using microsatellites. In: Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems, ed. Freiwald, A. & Roberts, J.M., pp. 663–678. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bax, N.J., Tilzey, R., Lyle, J., Wayte, S.E., Kloser, R. & Smith, A.D.M. (2005) Providing management advice for deep-sea fisheries: lessons learned from Australia's orange roughy fisheries. In: Deep Sea 2003: Conference on the Governance and Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. Part 1: Conference papers, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 3/1, ed. Shotton, R., pp. 259–272. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
Benn, A.R., Weaver, P.P., Billet, D.S.M., van den Hove, S., Murdock, A.P., Doneghan, G.B. & Le Bas, T. (2010) Human activities on the deep seafloor in the North East Atlantic: an assessment of spatial extent. PLoS ONE 5 (9): E12730. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012730 [www document]. URL http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012730 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, D.C., Kirchner, C.H., McAllister, M.K., Staby, A. & Staalesen, B. (2001) The orange roughy fishery of Namibia: lessons to be learned about managing a developing fishery. South African Journal of Marine Science 23: 205–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, T.A. (2001) A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries, estimation methods, biology and stock structure. South African Journal of Marine Science 23: 181–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterworth, D.S. & Punt, A.E. (1999) Experiences in the evaluation and implementation of management procedures. ICES Journal of Marine Science 56: 985–998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, J., Shephard, S., Coughlan, J., Trueman, C.N., Rogan, E. & Cross, T.F. (2011) Fine-scale population structure in a deep-sea teleost (orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus). Deep-Sea Research I 58: 627–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R. (2001) Are deepwater fisheries sustainable? The example of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in New Zealand. Fisheries Research 51: 123–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R. (2009) Deep-sea seamount fisheries: a review of global status and future prospects. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 37: 501–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R. & Koslow, J.A. (2007) Impacts of fisheries on seamounts. In: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, ed. Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B, Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. & Santos, R.S., pp. 413–441. Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R. & Rowden, A.A. (2009) Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep Sea Research I 56: 1540–1554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R. & Tittensor, D.P. (2010) An index to assess the risk to stony corals from bottom trawling on seamounts. Marine Ecology 31 (supplement 1): 200–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R., Anderson, O.F., Francis, R.I.C.C. & Tracey, D.M. (2000) The effects of commercial exploitation on orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) from the continental slope of the Chatham Rise, New Zealand, from 1979 to 1997. Fisheries Research 45: 217–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R., Bull, B. & Tracey, D.M. (2001) The estimation of catch levels for new orange roughy fisheries on seamounts: a meta-analysis of seamount data. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report No. 2001/75: 40 pp. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=17441 Google Scholar
Clark, M.R., Dunn, M.R. & Anderson, O.F. (2010 b) Development of estimates and sustainable catches for orange roughy fisheries in the New Zealand region outside the EEZ: CPUE analyses, and application of the ‘seamount meta-analysis’ approach. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2010/19. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=22296 Google Scholar
Clark, M.R., Rowden, A.A., Schlacher, T., Williams, A., Consalvey, M., Stocks, K.I., Rogers, A.D., O'Hara, T.D., White, M., Shank, T.M. & Hall-Spencer, J. (2010 a) The ecology of seamounts: structure, function, and human impacts. Annual Review of Marine Science 2: 253–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, M.R., Schlacher, T.A., Rowden, A.A., Stocks, K.I. & Consalvey, M. (2012) Science priorities for seamounts: research links to conservation and management. PLoS ONE 7 (1): e29232. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, M.R., Vinnichenko, V.I., Gordon, J.D.M., Beck-Bulat, G.Z., Kukharev, N.N. & Kakora, A.F. (2007) Large scale distant water trawl fisheries on seamounts. In: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, ed. Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B., Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. & Santos, R.S., pp. 361–399. Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.R., Watling, L., Rowden, A.A., Guinotte, J.M. & Smith, C.R (2011) A global seamount classification to aid the scientific design of marine protected area networks. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Management 54: 19–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Committee on the Evaluation, Design, and Monitoring of Marine Reserves and Protected Areas in the United States (2001) Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press: 288 pp.Google Scholar
Costello, M.J., McCrea, M., Freiwald, A., Lundalv, T., Jonsson, L., Bett, B.J., van Weering, T.C.E., de Haas, H., Roberts, J.M. & Allen, D. (2005) Role of cold-water Lophelia pertusa coral reefs as fish habitat in the NE Atlantic. In: Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems, ed. Freiwald, A. & Roberts, J.M., pp. 771–805. Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, M.J., Cheung, A. & De Hauwere, N. (2010) The surface area, and the seabed area, volume, depth, slope, and topographic variation for the world's seas, oceans and countries. Environmental Science and Technology 44: 8821–8828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, A.J. & Guinotte, J.M. (2011) Global habitat suitability for framework-forming cold-water corals. PLoS ONE 6 (4): e18483. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018483 [www document]. URL http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018483 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, A., Roberts, J.M., & Hall-Spencer, J.M. (2007) Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biological Conservation 138: 299–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayton, P.K., Thrush, S.F., Agardy, M.T. & Hofman, R.J. (1995) Viewpoint: environmental effects of marine fishing. Aquatic Conservation 5: 205–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Onghia, G., Maiorano, P., Sion, L., Giove, A., Capezzuto, F., Carlucci, R. & Tursi, A. (2010) Effects of deep-water coral banks on the abundance and size structure of the megafauna in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 57: 397–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doonan, I.J. & Dunn, M.R. (2011) Trawl survey for Mid-East Coast orange roughy: March–April 2010. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2011/20: 61 pp. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=22823 Google Scholar
Dunn, M. (2007). Orange roughy. What might the future hold? New Zealand Science Review 63: 70–75.Google Scholar
Dunn, M.R. & Devine, J.A. (2010) An holistic approach to determining stock structure of orange roughy on the Chatham Rise. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Report 2010/17. 65 pp. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=22294 Google Scholar
Dunn, M.R. & Forman, J.S. (2011) Hypotheses of spatial stock structure in orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus inferred from diet, feeding, condition, and reproductive activity. PLoS ONE 6 (11): e26704. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026704 [www document]. URL http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0026704 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, M.R., Rickard, G.J., Sutton, P.J.H. & Doonan, I.J. (2009) Nursery grounds of the orange roughy around New Zealand. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66: 871–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, M.R., Ardron, J.A., Gianni, M. & Menezes, G. (2011) Sustainability of deep-sea fisheries: orange roughy. In: Can ecosystem-based fishing be sustained? Report of a workshop held 31 August–3 September 2010, ed. L. Watling et al., pp. 24–34. University of Maine, USA [www document]. URL http://www.bloomassociation.org/bloom/download/bloomreport_lowfinal.pdf Google Scholar
Ehler, C. & Douvere, F. (2009) Marine spatial planning: a step-by-step approach towards ecosystem-based management. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. IOC manual and guides No 53. UNESCO, Paris, France: 99 pp. [www document]. URL http://www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be/msp_guide Google Scholar
FAO (2009) International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas. Rome, Italy: FAO: 73 pp. [www document]. URL http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm Google Scholar
Foley, M.M., Halpern, B.S., Micheli, F., Armsby, M.H., Caldwell, M.R., Crain, C.M., Prahler, E., Rohr, N., Sivas, D., Beck, M.W., Carr, M.H., Crowder, LB., Duffy, J.M., Hacker, S.D., McLeod, K.L., Palumbi, S.R., Peterson, C.H., Regan, H.M., Ruckelshaus, M.H., Sandifer, P.A. & Steneck, R.S. (2010) Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 34: 955–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, R.I.C.C. & Clark, M.R. (1998) Inferring spawning migrations of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) from spawning ogives. Marine and Freshwater Research 49: 103–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, R.I.C.C. & Clark, M.R. (2005) Sustainability issues for orange roughy fisheries. Bulletin of Marine Science 76: 337–351.Google Scholar
Glover, A.G. & Smith, C.R. (2003) The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 30: 219–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haedrich, R.L., Merrett, N.R. & O'Dea, N.R. (2001) Can ecological knowledge catch up with deep-water fishing? A North Atlantic perspective. Fisheries Research 51: 113–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall-Spencer, J.M., Tasker, M., Soffker, M., Christiansen, S., Rogers, S., Campbell, M. & Hoydal, K. (2009) Design of marine protected areas on high seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397: 305–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helson, J., Leslie, S., Clement, G., Wells, R. & Wood, R. (2010) Private rights, public benefits: industry-driven seabed protection. Marine Policy 34: 557–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husebo, A., Nottestad, L., Fossa, J.H., Furevik, D.M. & Jorgensen, S.B. (2002) Distribution and abundance of fish in deep-sea coral habitats. Hydrobiologia 471: 91–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICES (2011) Report of the working group on the biology and assessment of deep-sea fisheries resources (WGDEEP), 2–9 March 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark: ICES CM 2011/ACOM:17: 889 pp. [www document]. URL http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2011/WGDEEP/wgdeep%202011%20final.pdf Google Scholar
Japp, D.W. & James, A. (2005) Potential exploitable deepwater resources and exploratory fishing off the South African coast and the development of the deepwater fishery on the south Madagascar ridge. In: Deep Sea 2003: Conference on the Governance and Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. Part 1: Conference papers, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 3/1, ed. Shotton, R., pp. 162–168. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
Japp, D.W. & Wilkinson, S. (2007) Deep-sea resources and fisheries. Report and documentation of the expert consultation on deep-sea fisheries in the High Seas. FAO Fisheries Report 838: pp. 39–59. Rome, Italy: FAO [www document]. URL ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1341e/a1341e00.pdfGoogle Scholar
Johnston, P.A. & Santillo, D. (2004) Conservation of seamount ecosystems: application of a marine protected areas concept. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research 51: 305–319 Google Scholar
Kinlan, B.P. & Gaines, S.D. (2003) Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: a community perspective. Ecology 84: 2007–2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koslow, J.A. (2007) The Silent Deep. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press: 270 pp.Google Scholar
Koslow, J.A., Bax, N.J., Bulman, C.M., Kloser, R.J., Smith, A.D.M., Williams, A. (1997) Managing the fishdown of the Australian orange roughy resource. In: Developing and Sustaining World Fisheries Resources: The State of Science and Management, ed. Hancock, D.A., Smith, D.C., Grant, A., Beumer, J.P., pp. 558–562. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.Google Scholar
Koslow, J.A., Gowlett-Holmes, K., Lowry, J.K., O'Hara, T., Poore, G.C.B. & Williams, A. (2001) Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213: 111–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longhurst, A. (2002) Murphy's law revisited: longevity as a factor in recruitment to fish populations. Fisheries Research 56: 125–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries (2010) Report from the Fisheries Assessment Plenary, May 2010: stock assessments and yield estimates. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand: 1158 pp. [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=22428 Google Scholar
Morato, T. & Clark, M.R. (2007) Seamount fishes: ecology and life histories. In: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, ed. Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B, Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. & Santos, R.S., pp. 170–188. Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morato, T. & Pitcher, T.J. (2008) Reconciling fisheries with conservation on seamounts. In: Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation: Proceedings of the Fourth World Fisheries Congress, ed. Nielsen, J.L., Dodson, J.J., Friedland, K., Hamon, T.R., Musick, J. & Verspoor, E., pp. 1623–1634. Symposium 49. Bethesda, Maryland, USA: American Fisheries Society.Google Scholar
Morato, T., Pitcher, T.J., Clark, M.R., Menezes, G., Tempera, F., Porteiro, F., Giacomello, E. & Santos, R.S. (2010) Can we protect seamounts for research? A call for conservation. Oceanography 23: 190–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norse, E.A., Brooke, S., Cheung, W.W.L., Clark, C.W., Clark, M.R., Ekeland, I., Froese, R., Gjerde, K.M., Haedrich, R.L., Heppell, S.S., Morato, T., Morgan, L.E., Pauly, D., Sumaila, R. & Watson, R. (2011) Sustainability of deep-sea fisheries. Marine Policy 36: 307–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Driscoll, R.L. & Clark, M.R. (2005) Quantifying the relative intensity of fishing on New Zealand seamounts. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39: 839–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paya, I., Montecinos, M., Ojeda, V. & Cid, L. (2005) An overview of the orange roughy (Hoplostethus sp.) fishery off Chile. In: Deep Sea 2003: Conference on the Governance and Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. Part 1: Conference papers, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 3/1, ed. Shotton, R., pp. 97–116. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
PISCO (2007) The science of marine reserves. Second edition, international version [www document]. URL http://www.piscoweb.org/files/images/pdf/SMR_Intl_LowRes.pdf Google Scholar
Pitcher, T.J., Clark, M.R., Morato, T. & Watson, R. (2010) Seamount fisheries: do they have a future? Oceanography 23: 134–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Probert, P.K., Christiansen, S., Gjerde, K.M., Gubbay, S. & Santos, R.S. (2007) Management and conservation of seamounts. In: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, ed. Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B, Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. & Santos, R.S., pp. 442–475. Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Punt, A.E. (2005) The challenges of, and future prospects for, assessing deepwater marine resources: experience from Australia, New Zealand, Southern Africa and the United States. In: Deep Sea 2003: Conference on the Governance and Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. Part 1: Conference papers, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 3/1, ed. Shotton, R., pp. 138–148. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
Ramirez-Llodra, E., Tyler, P.A., Baker, M.C., Bergstad, O-A., Clark, M.R., Escobar, E., Levin, L.A., Menot, L., Rowden, A.A., Smith, C.R. & Van Dover, C.L. (2011) Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS ONE 6 (7): e22588. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022588 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, C.M. (2002) Deep impact: the rising toll of fishing in the deep sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 242–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, A.D. & Gianni, M. (2010) The implementation of UNGA Resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 in the management of deep-sea fisheries on the High Seas. Report prepared for the Deep-Sea Conservation Coalition. International Programme on the State of the Ocean, London, UK: 97 pp. [www document]. URL http://www.stateoftheocean.org/pdfs/61105-Implemention-finalreport.pdf Google Scholar
Rogers, A.D., Baco, A., Griffiths, H., Hart, T. & Hall-Spencer, J.M. (2007) Corals on seamounts. In: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, ed. Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B, Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. & Santos, R.S., pp. 141–169. Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowden, A.A., Clark, M.R. & Wright, I.C. (2005) Physical characterisation and a biologically focused classification of ‘seamounts’ in the New Zealand region. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39: 1039–1059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowden, A.A., Dower, J.F., Schlacher, T.A., Consalvey, M., & Clark, M.R. (2010a). Paradigms in seamount ecology: fact, fiction, and future. Marine Ecology 31 (supplement 1): 226–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowden, A.A., Schlacher, T.A., Williams, A., Clark, M.R., Stewart, R.. Althaus, F., Bowden, D.A., Consalvey, M., Robinson, W. & Dowdney, J. (2010b) A test of the seamount oasis hypothesis: seamounts support higher epibenthic megafaunal biomass than adjacent slopes. Marine Ecology 31 (supplement 1): 95–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samedi, S., Bottan, L., Macpherson, E., Richer de Forges, B. & Boisselier, M-C. (2006) Seamount endemism questioned by the geographical distribution and population genetic structure of marine invertebrates. Marine Biology 149: 1463–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlacher, T.A., Rowden, A.A., Dower, J.F. & Consalvey, M. (2010) Seamount science scales undersea mountains: new research and outlook. Marine Ecology 31 (supplement 1): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shephard, S. & Rogan, E. (2006) Seasonal distribution of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) on the Porcupine Bank west of Ireland. Fisheries Research 77: 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shephard, S., Trueman, C., Rickaby, R. & Rogan, E. (2007 a) Juvenile life history of NE Atlantic orange roughy. Deep-Sea Research I 54: 1221–1230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shephard, S., Connolly, P., Hareide, N.-R. & Rogan, E. (2007 b) Establishing stakeholder connections for management of the Irish orange roughy fishery. ICES Journal or Marine Science 64: 841–845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sissenwine, M.P. & Mace, P.M. (2007) Can deep water fisheries be managed sustainably? In: Report and documentation of the Expert Consultation on Deep-Sea fisheries in the High Seas. FAO Fisheries Report 838, pp. 61–111. FAO, Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Smith, M.H., Hart, A.C., McMillan, P.J. & Macaulay, G. (2008) Acoustic estimates of orange roughy abundance from the northwest Chatham Rise, June–July 2005: results from the wide area and hill surveys. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2008/13: 42 pp. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand [www document]. URL http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=113&dk=10543 Google Scholar
Smith, P.J. & Benson, P.G. (1997) Genetic diversity in orange roughy from the east of New Zealand. Fisheries Research 31: 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P.J., McVeagh, S.M., Mingoia, J.T. & France, S.C. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in deep-sea bamboo coral (Keratoisidinae) species in the southwest and northwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 144: 253–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soffker, M., Sloman, K.A. & Hall-Spencer, J.M. (2011) In situ observations of fish associated with coral reefs off Ireland. Deep-Sea Research I 58: 818–825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, P.D. & Collie, J.S. (1997) Patterns of population variability in marine fish stocks. Fisheries Oceanography 6: 188–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, G.S., Madin, L.P., Stocks, K., Hovermale, G., Hoagland, P., Schumacher, M., Etnoyer, P., Sotka, C. & Tausig, H. (2004) Seamount biodiversity, exploitation and conservation. In: Defying Ocean's End, ed. Glover, L.K. & Earle, S.A., pp. 45–70. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Sumaila, U.R., Khan, A., The, L., Watson, R., Tyedmers, P. & Pauly, D. (2010) Subsidies to high seas bottom trawl fleets and the sustainability of deep-sea demersal fish stocks. Marine Policy 34: 495–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thresher, R.E. & Proctor, C.H. (2007) Population structure and life history of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in the SW Pacific: inferences from otolith chemistry. Marine Biology 152: 461–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walters, C.L. & Martell, S.J.D. (2004) Fisheries Ecology and Management. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press: 399 pp.Google Scholar
Watling, L., Haedrich, R.L., Devine, J., Drazen, J., Dunn, M.R., Gianni, M., Baker, K., Cailliet, G., Figueiredo, I., Kyne, P.M., Menezes, G., Neat, F., Orlov, A., Duran, P., Perez, J.A., Ardron, J.A., Bezaury, J., Revenga, C. & Nouvian, C. (2011) Can ecosystem-based fishing be sustained? Report of a workshop held 31 August–3 September 2010. University of Maine, USA: 84 pp. [www document]. URL http://www.bloomassociation.org/bloom/download/bloomreport_lowfinal.pdf Google Scholar
White, T.A., Steffani, S., Stamford, J. & Hoelzel, A.R. (2009) Unexpected panmixia in a long-lived, deep-sea fish with well-defined spawning habitat and relatively low fecundity. Molecular Ecology 18: 2563–2573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A., Schlacher, T.A., Rowden, A.A., Althaus, F., Clark, M.R., Bowden, D.A., Stewart, R., Bax, N.J., Consalvey, M. & Kloser, R.J. (2010) Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from trawling impacts. Marine Ecology 31 (supplement 1): 183–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yesson, C., Clark, M.R., Taylor, M. & Rogers, A.D. (2011) The global distribution of seamounts based on 30-second bathymetry data. Deep Sea Research I 58: 442–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar