Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T01:17:50.548Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Population, Environment, and Development*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Norman Myers
Norman Myers
Affiliation:
Visiting Fellow, Green College, Oxford University, and Senior Fellow, World Wildlife Fund–US; Consultant in Environment and Development, Upper Meadow, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 8SZ, England, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

We face major and intimately interlinked problems of population, environment, and development. They are so profound and pervasive that they surely represent a uniquescale challenge for Humankind. The issues and policy responses will preoccupy the best understanding on the part of political leaders and scientists alike during the planning process leading up to the United Nations Conference on Population and Development which is to be held in Cairo from 5–13 September 1994.

Scientific aspects are to be addressed at an earlier conference that is to be attended by representatives of some 80 of the world's academies in New Delhi in late October 1993. The present paper reviews the principal factors and analyses relating to the three problems, with emphasis upon their interactive relationships. It concludes with an extended list of strategies to reduce both population growth and environmental degradation—twin challenges to be tackled within a framework of sustainable development, to which both will make critical contributions.

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , Autumn 1993 , pp. 205 - 216
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abernethy, V.D. (1993). Population Politics: The Choices That Shape Our Future. Insight Books-Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA: xix + 350 pp.Google Scholar
Bongaarts, J. (1990). The measurement of wanted fertility. Population and Development Review, 16, pp. 487–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bongaarts, J. (1992). Population growth and global warming. Population and Development Review, 18(2), pp. 299–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bongaarts, J. (1993). The Fertility Impact of Family Planning Programs. The Population Council, New York, NY, USA: 26 pp.Google Scholar
Braun, J. von & Paulino, L. (1990). Food in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends and Policy Challenges for 1990s. Food Policy, 15, pp. 505–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, L.R., Burning, A., Flavin, C., French, H., Jacobson, J., Lowe, M., Postel, S., Renner, M., Starke, L. & Young, J. (1990). State of the World 1990. W.W. Norton, New York, NY, USA: xvi + 253 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Brown, L.R., Flavin, C. & Kane, H. (1992). Vital Signs 1992: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC, USA: 131 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Brown, L.R., Durning, A., Flavin, C., French, H., Jacobson, J., Lenssen, N., Lowe, M., Postel, S., Renner, M., Starke, L., Weber, P. & Young, J. (1993). State of the World 1993. W.W. Norton, New York, NY, USA: xix + 268 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Caul, I. & Menon, S. (1993). Human Development: From Concept to Action. Human Development Report Office, United Nations Development Programme, New York, NY, USA: 25 pp.Google Scholar
Chao, D. & Allen, K.B. (1984). A cost-benefit analysis of Thailand's family planning programme. International Family Planning Perspectives, 10, pp. 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, R.S. & Emlen, J.S. (Eds) (1992). Halving World Hunger by the Year 2000. World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Chou, N.-T. & Dregne, H.E. (1993). Desertification control: cost/ benefit analysis. Desertification Control Bulletin, 22, pp. 20–6.Google Scholar
Christmas, J. & Rooy, C. de (1991). The Water Decade and Beyond. Water International, 16, pp. 127–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daily, G.C. & Ehrlich, P.R. (1990). An exploratory model on the impact of rapid climate change on the world food situation. Proceedings of Royal Society of London B, 241, pp. 232–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Daily, G.C., Ehrlich, A.H. & Ehrlich, P.R. (in press). Optimum Human Population Size. Paper for Optimum Population Conference, Cambridge, England, UK, 9–11 August 1993.Google Scholar
Daly, H.E. (1991). Elements of environmental macroeconomics. Pp. 32–46 in Ecological Economics (Ed. Costanza, R.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA: xiii + 525 pp., illustr.Google ScholarPubMed
Daly, H.E. & Cobb, J.B. Jr, (1989). For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment and a Sustainable Future. Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts, USA: viii + 482 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, P. (1992). Population, resources, and poverty. Ambio 21(1), pp. 95–101.Google Scholar
Davis, K. & Bernstam, M.S. (Eds) (1991). Resources, Environment, and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xii + 421 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Dregne, H., Kassas, M. & Rosanov, B. (1992). Anew assessment of the world's status of desertification. Desertification Control Bulletin, 20, pp. 6–18.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P.R. & Ehruch, A.H. (1990). The Population Explosion Simon & Schuster, New York, NY, USA: 320 pp.Google ScholarPubMed
Ehrlich, P.R. & Ehrlich, A.H. (1991). Healing the Planet: Strategies for Resolving the Environmental Crisis. Addison-Wesle Publishing Co. Inc., Menlo Park, California, USA: xv + 366 ppGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, P.R. & Holdren, J.P. (Eds) (1988). The Cassandra Conference: Resources and the Human Predicament. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas, USA: xi + 330 pp.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P.R., Daily, G.C., Ehrlich, A.H., Matson, P. & Vitousek, P. (1989). In Global Change and Our Common Future (Ed. Defries, R. & Malone, T.). National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Estauoh, V. & Wheatly, J. (1991). Family Planning and Family Well-Being. Family Policy Studies Centre, London, England UK: 11 pp.Google Scholar
Faeth, P., Repetto, R., Kroll, K., Dai, Q. & Helmers, G. (1991) Paying the Farm Bill: US Agricultural Policy and the Transitior to Sustainable Agriculture. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA: ix + 70 pp.Google Scholar
Falkenmark, M. & Suprapto, R.A. (1992). Population-landscape interactions in development: a water perspective to environmental sustainability. Ambio, 21(1), pp. 31–6.Google Scholar
Food & Agriculture Organization (1984). Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in the Developing World. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Food & Agriculture Organization (1993). Forest Resources Assessment for the Tropical World. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy: 14 pp.Google Scholar
Food & Agriculture Organization (in press). Agriculture 2010 Food & Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Forrest, J.D. & Singh, D. (1990). Public sector savings resulting from expenditures for contraceptive services. Family Planning Perspectives, 22(1), pp. 6–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freedman, R. (1990). Family planning programs in the Third World Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Special Issue, Vol. 510. [Not available for checking.]Google Scholar
Gleason, J.F. & 13 others (1993). Record low global ozone in 1992 Science, 260, pp. 523–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grainger, G. (1993). Controlling Tropical Deforestation. Earthscan Publications, London, England, UK: [not available for check ing].Google Scholar
Grant, J.P. (1992). State of the World's Children. 1992. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: 128 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Grant, J.P. (1993). Children and Women - The Trojan Horse Agains Mass Poverty? UNICEF, New York, NY, USA: 11 pp.Google Scholar
Haq, M. (1992). Human Development in a Changing World. Human Development Report Office, United Nations Development Programme, New York, NY, USA: 4 pp.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1993). Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos. Oxford University Press, New York, USA [not available for checking].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, P. (1992). The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World. I.B. Tauris and Co. Ltd, London England, UK: xi + 359 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Harrison, P. & Rowley, J. (1984). Human Numbers, Human Needs International Planned Parenthood Federation, London, England UK: 64 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
High Level Committee on Floods, Government of India (1983) Report on the Emergent Crisis. High Level Committee or Floods, Government of India, New Delhi, India: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Holdren, J.P. (1990). Energy in transition. Scientific American 263(3), pp. 108–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdren, J.P. (1991). Population and the energy problem. Population and Environment, 12, pp. 231–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICF Inc. (1992). Regulatory Impact Analysis: Compliance with Section 604 of the Clean Air Act for the Phaseout of Ozone Depleting Chemicals: Addendum. Prepared for the Global Change Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, ICF Inc., Washington, DC, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (Eds Houghton, J.T., Callender, B.A. & Barbey, S.K.) (1992 a). Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA: xii + 200 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1992 b). Global Climate Change and the Rising Challenge of the Sea. IPCC Coastal Zone Management Subgroup, Rijkswaterstaat, Netherlands: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Kasperson, J. & Kates, R.W. (Eds) (1990). Overcoming hunger in the 1990s. Food Policy, 15(4), pp. 274–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kassas, M., Ahmad, Y. & Rosanov, B. (1991). Desertification and drought: an ecological and economic analysis. Desertification Control Bulletin, 20, pp. 19–29.Google Scholar
Kates, R.W. & Haarman, V. (1991). Poor People and Threatened Environment: Global Overviews, Country Comparisons, and Local Studies. World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA: 70 pp.Google Scholar
Kaul, — See Caul.Google Scholar
Kendall, H. & Pimentel, D. (in press). Constraints on the expansion of the global food supply. Ambio.Google Scholar
Kessler, E. (Ed.). (1992). Population, Natural Resources and Development. Ambio, 21(1), Special Issue, 123 pp.Google Scholar
Keyhtz, N. (1991 a). Population growth can prevent the development that would slow population growth. Pp. 39–77 in Preserving the Global Environment: The Challenge of Shared Leadership (Ed. Mathews, J.T.). W.W. Norton, New York, NY, USA: 362 pp.Google Scholar
Keyfitz, N. (1991 b). The Impact of Population Growth on the Physical Environment. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Keyfitz, N. (1992). Completing the worldwide demographic transition: the relevance of past experience. Ambio, 21(1), pp. 26–30.Google Scholar
Kosmo, M. (1987). Money to Burn? The High Costs of Energy Subsidies. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA: vii + 68 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Laing, W.A. (1982). Family Planning: The Benefits and Costs. Policy Studies Institute, London, England, UK: 16 pp.Google Scholar
Leonard, H.J., Browder, J.O., Campbell, T., Boer, A.J. de, Jolly, A., Stryker, J.D. & Yudelman, M. (1989). Environment and the Poor: Development Strategies for a Common Agenda. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: x + 222 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Little, P.O. & Horowitz, M.M. (Eds) (1987). Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
McNamara, R.S. (1990). Population and Africa's development crisis. Populi, 17(4), pp. 35–43.Google Scholar
McNamara, R.S. (1991 a). A Global Population Policy to Advance Human Development in the 21st Century. Rafael M. Salas Memorial Lecture, United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA: 56 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
McNamara, R.S. (1991 b). Toward a new world order. EcoDecision, 2, pp. 14–9.Google Scholar
Mahar, D. (Ed.) (1985). Rapid Population Growth and Human Carrying Capacity. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 690, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Mink, S. (1991). Poverty, Population, and the Environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA: 46 pp.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1988). Environmental degradation and some economic consequences in the Philippines. Environmental Conservation, 15(3), pp. 205–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, N. (1991 a). The world's forests and human populations: the environmental interconnections. Pp. 237–51 in Resources, Environment and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options (Eds Davis, K. & Bernstam, M.S.). Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xii + 421 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1991 b). Population, Resources and the Environment: The Critical Challenges. Banson Books, London, for United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA: vi + 154 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1992 a). The Environmental Consequences for the European Community of Population Factors Worldwide and Within the Community. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium: 124 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1992 b). The Primary Source: Tropical Forests and Our Future (expanded edition). W.W. Norton, New York, NY, USA: xxxii + 416 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1992 c). Population/environment linkages: discontinuities ahead. Ambio, 21(1), pp. 116–8.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (Ed.) (1992 d). Tropical Forests and Climate. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands: vi + 265 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, N. (1993 a). Tropical forests: the main deforestation fronts. Environmental Conservation, 20(1), pp. 9–16, map and 3 tables.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, N. (1993 b). Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. W.W. Norton, New York, NY, USA: xi + 308 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (in press a). Environmental refugees: how many ahead? BioScience.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (in press b). Chapters in N. Myers & J. Simon, Scarcity or Abundance: A Debate on the Environment. W.W. Norton, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Ness, G.D., Drake, W.D. & Brechin, S.R. (Eds) (1993). Population-Environment Dynamics: Ideas and Observations. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: xv + 456 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Nortman, D.L., Halvas, J. & Rambago, A. (1986). A cost-benefit analysis of the Mexican social security administration's family planning program. Studies in Family Planning, 17, pp. 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearce, D.W. (1993). Economic Values and the Natural World. Earthscan Publications, London, England, UK: xi + 129 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Pearce, D.W. & Atkinson, G. (1992). Are National Economies Sustainable? Measuring Sustainable Development. Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, University College, London, UK: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Pearce, D.W., Markandya, A. & Barber, E.B. (1989). Blueprint for a Green Economy. Earthscan Publications, London, England, UK: xvi + 192 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Pearce, D.W., Barber, E.B., Markandya, A., Barrett, S., Turner, R.K. & Swanson, T. (1991). Blueprint 2: Greening the World Economy. Earthscan Publications, London, England, UK: 232 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Peskin, K.M. & Lutz, E. (1990). A Survey of Resource and Environmental Accounting in Industrialized Countries. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA: 74 pp.Google Scholar
Phillips, J.F. & Ross, J.A. (Eds) (1992). Family Planning Programmes and Fertility. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, UK: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Pimentel, D. (Ed.) (1993). World Soil Erosion and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, UK: xii + 349 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (1992). Global Perspectives for Food Production and Consumption. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA: 24 pp.Google Scholar
Polunin, N. (1993). Editorial: obscure can be supreme: a double lesson from the stratospheric ozone shield. Environmental Conservation, 20(2), p. 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, D. (1990). A Penny a Day. Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA: 16 pp.Google Scholar
Principe, P. (1989). The economic significance of plants and their constituents as drugs. Pp. 1–17 in Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 3 (Eds Wagner, H., Hiking, H. & Farns-Worth, N.). Academic Press, London, England, UK: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Principe, P. (in press). Monetizing the pharmacological benefits of plants. In Tropical Forest Medical Resources and the Conservation of Biodiversity (Eds M.J. Balick et al.). Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Purcell, J.M. (1993). Towards a Comprehensive Approach to the Migration Challenges of the 1990s. Office of the Director-General, International Organization for Migration, Geneva, Switzerland: 8 pp.Google Scholar
Qutub, S.A. (1993). Pakistan on collision course. People and the Planet, 2(2), pp. 24–5.Google Scholar
Raven, P.R. (1990). The politics of preserving biodiversity. BioScience, 40, pp. 769–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repetto, R. (1986). Skimming the Water: Rent-seeking and the Performance of Public Irrigation Systems. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA: 46 pp.Google Scholar
Repetto, R. (1987). Population, resources, environment: an uncertain future. Population Bulletin, 42(2) (Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC, USA): 44 pp.Google ScholarPubMed
Repetto, R. (1990). Deforestation in the tropics. Scientific American, 262(4), pp. 36–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repetto, R. & Gilus, M. (Eds) (1988). Public Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA: xiii + 432 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repetto, R., Margrath, W., Wells, M., Beer, C. & Rossini, R. (1989). Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA: vi + 68 pp.Google Scholar
Romm, J.J. (1992). The Once and Future Superpower. William Morrow & Co., New York, NY, USA: 320 pp.Google Scholar
Romm, J.J. & Lovins, A.B. (1992). Fueling a competitive economy. Foreign Affairs, 70(5), pp. 46–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, C. & Parry, M.L. (1992). Implications of Climate Change for International Agriculture: Global Food Trade and Vulnerable Regions. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, C., Parry, M.L., Fischer, G. & Fouberg, K. (1993). Climate Change and World Food Supplies. Environmental Change Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK: iii + 28 pp.Google Scholar
Royal Society [British] (1992). See US National Academy…Google Scholar
Sadik, N. (1991). Meeting the Population Challenge United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA: 48 pp.Google Scholar
Schneider, S.H. (1989). Global Warming: Are We Entering the Greenhouse Century? Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, California, USA: xiv + 317 pp.Google Scholar
Schreiber, G. & Cleaver, K. (1992). Sub-Saharan Africa: Population, Agriculture and Environment. The World Hank, Washington, DC, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Shaw, R.P. (1989). Rapid population growth and environmental degradation: ultimate versus proximate factors. Environmental Conservation, 16, pp. 199–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, R.P. (1992). The impacts of population growth on environment: the debate heals up. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 11, pp. 11–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinding, S.W. (1992). Getting to Replacement: Bridging the Gap Between Individual Rights and the Demographic Goal. The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA: 16 pp.Google Scholar
Sinding, S.W. (1993). The Demographic Transition in Kenya: A Portent for Africa? The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA: 15 pp.Google Scholar
Sivard, R.L. (1991). World Military and Social Expenditures 1991. World Priorities, Washington, DC, USA: 64 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Strong, M.F. (1992). Secretary-General's Speech to UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 4 June 1992. Secretariat of UN Conference on Environment and Development, Geneva, Switzerland: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Summers, L. (1992). The most influential investment. Scientific American, 267, p. 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolba, M.K. et al. (Eds) (1992). The World Environment 1972–1992. Chapman & Hall, London, England, UK: xi + 884 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Union of Concerned Scientists (1992). World Scientists' Warning to Humanity. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
United Nations (1992). Long-range World Population Projections: Two Centuries of Population Growth, 1950–2150. United Nations, New York, NY, USA: 35 pp.Google Scholar
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992). The Earth Summit's Agenda for Change: Agenda 21 and Other Rio Agreements. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Geneva, Switzerland: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (1991). Human Development Report 1991. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: 205 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (1992). Human Development Report 1992. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: 201 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (1993). Human Development Report 1993. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: 216 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Programme (1991). Status of Desertification and Implementation of the UN Plan of Action to Combat Desertification. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund (1992 a). The State of World Population 1992. United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA: 46 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund (1992 b). Population Growth and Economic Development: The Policy Response of Governments. United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund (1992 c). Recent Developments in Research Into the Relationship Between Population Growth and Economic Development. United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA: iv +64 pp.Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund (1993). The Stale of World Population 1993. United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA: 9 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
US National Academy of Sciencis & [British] RoyaL Society (1992). Population Growth, Resource Consumption, and a Sustainable World. US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA & Royal Society, London, England, UK: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Wilson, E.O. (1992). The Diversity of Life. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: 424 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Workd Bank (1990). World Development Report 1990: Poverty. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xii + 260 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
World Bank (1991). World Development Report 1991: The Challenge of Development. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xii + 290 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
World Bank (1992). World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xii + 308 pp.Google Scholar
World Bank (1993). World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xiii + 171 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xv + 400 pp.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992). Reproductive Health: A Key to a Brighter Future. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland: xiii + 171 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
World Resources Institute (1992). World Resources 1992–93. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xiv + 385 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Zahr, C.A. & Royston, E.A. (1993). Global Factbook on Maternal Mortality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland: [not available for checking].Google Scholar