Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T19:47:08.233Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

In Absentia Benefits of Nature Preserves: A Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Samuel Haff Pearsall III
Samuel Haff Pearsall III
Affiliation:
Director, Tennessee Natural Heritage Program, 701 Broadway, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Nature preserves are lands which are protected in order to provide hoped-for perpetuation of natural features within the context of a relatively unmodified natural environment. Nature preserves are typically justified on the basis of benefits to communities of plants or animals (biocentric benefits) or to Mankind (anthropocentric benefits). Anthropocentric benefits are usually described in terms of on-site uses of nature preserves for recreation, quiet enjoyment, scientific research, education, and/or resource-banking. These benefits are not, however, by any means the only effects which accrue to humans because of nature preserves; indeed some of them include the potential to damage the natural integrity of the preserves.

The majority of benefits which accrue to humans from nature preserves are in absentia benefits, or benefits which do not require the presence of the beneficiaries on the site. In absentia benefits include residual benefits, or benefits which persist or develop after visiting a preserve, vicarious benefits, or benefits which exist for one or more people (or society) because of someone else's visit to a preserve, and non-use benefits, or benefits which exist for people without anyone necessarily having visited the preserve. In addition there are ecosystem services, maintaining vital gene-pools and natural nutrient and hydrological cycles, as the most important category of non-use benefits. Of these four categories of in absentia benefits, non-use benefits are, by far, the largest. Non-use benefits provide the majority of anthropocentric values accruing from nature preserves.

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , Spring 1984 , pp. 3 - 10
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, A. (1979). Yosemite and the Range of Light. New York Graphic Society, New York, NY, USA: 28 pp. + 116 plates, illustr.Google Scholar
Batisse, M. (1980). The relevance of MAB. Environmental Conservation, 7(3), pp. 73–84, map.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, A. (1972). Wilderness as a therapeutic behaviour setting. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 6(4), pp. 160–1, 185.Google Scholar
Bormann, F. & Likens, G. (1979). Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA: xi + 253 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromfield, L. (1945). Pleasant Valley. Harper & Row, New York, NY, USA: vii + 300 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Brower, D. (1964). Conflict and conscience. Pp. 52–64 & 73–4 in Wildlands in Our Civilization (Ed. Brower, D.). Sierra Club, San Francisco, California, USA: 175 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchinger, M. (1962). National parks and reserves are indispensable to research under undisturbed natural conditions. Pp. 68–76 in First World Conference on National Parks: Proceedings (Ed. Adams, A.B.). US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA: xxxiv + 471 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
California University Wildland Research Center (1962). Wilderness and Recreation—A Report on Resources, Values, and Problems. Report to the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, National Park Service, ORRRC Study Report No. 3, Washington, DC, USA: x + 352 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, C. & Freeman, M. (1971). Option demand and consumer surplus: further comment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 85, pp. 528–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, R., Hendee, J. & Campbell, F. (1971). Values, behavior, and conflict in modern camping culture. Journal of Leisure Research, 3, pp. 143–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, J.F. (1823). The Pioneers. Grossett & Dunlap, New York, NY, USA: 497 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Cowan, I.M. (1968). Wilderness—Concept, Function, and Management. (Horace M. Albright Lecture No. VIII.) University of California, Berkely, California, USA: 36 pp.Google Scholar
Daubert, T.F. & Ream, R.R. (1980). Wilderness and classrooms. Journal of Environmental Education, 11(3), pp. 16–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, F.H. & d'Harnooncourt, R. (1941). Indian Art of the United States. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA: 219 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Ehrenfeld, D. (1976). The conservation of non-resources. American Scientist, 64, pp. 648–56, illustr.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. & Ehrlich, A. (1981). Extinction. Random House, New York, NY, USA: xiv + 305 pp.Google Scholar
Ewers, J. (1965). Artists of the Old West. Doubleday, Garden City, New York, NY, USA: 240 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Ferlinghetti, L., McClure, M., Meltzer, D. & Snyder, G. (Ed.) (1978). Journal for the Protection of All Beings. Special edition of CoEvolution Quarterly No. 19, 144 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Fisher, A. & Krutilla, J. (1972). Determination of optimal capacity of resource-based recreation facilities. Natural Resources Journal, 12, pp. 417–44.Google Scholar
Frankel, O.H. & Soulé, M.E. (1981). Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, UK: vi + 327 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Franklin, J.F. (1977). The Biosphere Program in the United States. Science, 195, pp. 262–7.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, M. (1973). Progress in the modern era. Pp. 633–50 in vol. III of Dictionary of the History of Ideas (Ed. Wiener, P.). Scribners, New York, NY, USA: 5 vols, xxxi + 3066 pp.Google Scholar
Graber, L.H. (1976). Wilderness as Sacred Space. Monograph Series, Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC, USA: xiv + 124 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Grey, Z. (1904). Betty Zane. C. Francis, New York, NY, USA: xii + 291 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1981). Human use, effects on wilderness management being studied. Restoration and Management Notes, 1(1), p. 27.Google Scholar
Hendee, J.C. & Lucas, R. (1973). Mandatory wilderness permits: a necessary management tool. Journal of Forestry, 71, pp. 206–9, illustr.Google Scholar
Hendee, J.C., Catton, W.R. Jr, Marlow, L.D. & Brockam, C.F. (1968). Wilderness Users in the Pacific Northwest—Their Characteristics, Values, and Management Preferences. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-61, Washington, DC, USA: 92 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hendee, J.C., Stankey, G.H. & Lucas, R. (1978). Wilderness Management. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication No. 1365, Washington, DC, USA: xi + 381 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hendricks, G. (1974). Albert Bierstadt: Painter of the Old West. H.N. Adams, New York, NY, USA, in association with the Amon Carter Museum of Western Art: 360 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Houston, D. (1971). Ecosystems of national parks. Science, 172, pp. 648–51.Google Scholar
Jackson, C. (1974). William H. Jackson, Picture Maker of the Old West. Scribners, New York, NY, USA: x + 308 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Jeffers, R. (1977). The Double Axe, and Other Poems. Liveright, New York, NY, USA: xii + 197 pp.Google Scholar
Jenkins, R. (1977). Classification and inventory for the perpetuation of ecological diversity. Pp. 41–52 in Classification, Inventory, and Analysis of Fish and Wildlife Habitat (Ed. Marmelstein, A.). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA: 604 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Jenkins, R. & Bedford, W.B. (1973). The use of natural areas to establish environmental baselines. Biological Conservation, 5, pp. 168–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellert, S. (1979). Public Attitudes Toward Critical Wildlife and Natural Habitat Issues. Unpublished paper, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA: vi + 138 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Kilgore, B.M. (1964). Wilderness and the self-interest of Man. Pp. 111–4 in Wildlands in Our Civilization (Ed. Brower, D.). Sierra Club, San Francisco, California, USA: 175 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Kole, D. & Busse, H. (1969). Trail camping for delinquents. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 20, 150–3, illustr.Google ScholarPubMed
Krutilla, J. (1967). Conservation reconsidered. American Economic Review, 57, pp. 777–86.Google Scholar
Krutilla, J. & Fisher, A. (1975). The Economics of Natural Environments. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, for Resources For the Future: xviii + 292 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Leopold, A. (1949). The land ethic. Pp. 221–6 in A Sand County Almanac. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA: xiii + 226 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Leopold, A.S. (1964). Wilderness and culture. Pp. 81–5 in Wildlands in Our Civilization (Ed. Brower, ). Sierra Club, San Francisco, California, USA: 175 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Leopold, L. (1960). Ecological systems and the water resource. Pp. 32–9 in The Meaning of Wilderness to Science (Ed. Brower, D.). Sierra Club, San Francisco, California, USA: xi + 129 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Lloyd, D. & Virlis, F. (1972). Dispersed versus concentrated forest recreation as forest policy. Pp. 3729–37 in Proceedings of the Seventh World Forestry Congress (Buenos Aires) (Ed. Vorobev, G.). USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, USA: 5 vols, 6877 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, T.E. & Oren, D.C. (1981). The minimum critical size of ecosystems. Pp. 7–12 in Forest Dynamics in Man-dominated Landscapes (Ed. Burgess, R.L. & Sharpe, D.M.). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA: xiii + 310 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, R.C. (1981). Redistributing Wilderness Use Through Information Supplied to Visitors. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, USA: 15 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
McHarg, I. (1969). Design With Nature. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York, NY, USA: viii + 198 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Margules, C. & Usher, M.B. (1981). Criteria used in assessing wildlife conservation potential: a review. Biological Conservation, 21, pp. 79–109, illustr.Google Scholar
Muir, J. (in Teal, E., Ed.) (1954). The Wilderness World of John Muir. Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: xx + 332 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Nash, R. (1973). Wilderness and the American Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA: xvi + 300 pp.Google Scholar
Nature Conservancy, The (1975). Preserving Our Natural Heritage, Vol. I, Federal Activities. Report to the National Park Service, Washington, DC, USA: iii + 323 pp.Google Scholar
O'Keeffe, G. (1978). Georgia O'Keeffe. Viking, New York, NY, USA: 200 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Partridge, E. (Ed.) (1981). Responsibilities to Future Generations: Environmental Ethics. Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, NY, USA: ix + 319 pp.Google Scholar
Pickett, S.T.A. & Thompson, J.N. (1978). Patch dynamics and the design of nature preserves. Biological Conservation, 13, pp. 27–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, E. (1973). Appalachian Wilderness. Dutton, New York, NY, USA: 117 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, J. (Ed.) (1972). Shaking the Pumpkin: Traditional Poetry of the Indian North Americans. Doubleday, Garden City, New York, NY, USA: xxv + 475 pp.Google Scholar
Sax, J. (1980). Mountains Without Handrails. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: 152 pp.Google Scholar
Schneider, S. (1976). The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival. Plenum, New York, NY, USA: xxv + 419 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, N. (1974). Toward a psychology of wilderness experience. Natural Resources Journal, 14, pp. 231–7.Google Scholar
Snyder, G. (1968). The Back Country. New Directions, New York, NY, USA: 150 pp.Google Scholar
Spilhaus, A. (1968). Experimental city. Science, 159, pp. 710–5.Google Scholar
Stankey, G.H. (1973). Visitor Perception of Wilderness Recreation Carrying Capacity. Intermountain Forest and Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, USA: 62 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Stankey, G.H. & Baden, J. (1977). Rationing Wilderness Use: Methods, Problems, and Guidelines. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, USA: 20 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stankey, G.H., Lucas, R.C. & Lime, D.W. (1976). Crowding in parks and wilderness. Design and Environment, Fall 1976, reprinted by USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, USA: 4 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Stone, C. (1972). Should trees have standing?—Toward legal rights for natural objects. Southern California Law Review, 45, pp. 450–501.Google Scholar
Sweet, F. (1945). The Hudson River School and the Early American Landscape Tradition. Whitney Museum of Fine Art, New York, NY, USA: 123 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Talbot, L.M. (1962). The international role of parks in the conservation of endangered species. Pp. 295–304 in First World Conference on National Parks: Proceedings (Ed. Adams, A.B.). US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA: xxxiv + 471 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Thorstenson, C. & Heaps, R. (1973). Outdoor survival and its implications for rehabilitation. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 7(1), pp. 31–3.Google Scholar
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [cited as UNESCO] (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. UNESCO, Paris, France: 10 pp.Google Scholar