Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:57:40.320Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparing culture and ecology: conservation planning of oak woodlands in Mediterranean landscapes of Portugal and California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2010

MARIA J. SANTOS  and
JAMES H. THORNE
MARIA J. SANTOS*
Affiliation:
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, USA
JAMES H. THORNE
Affiliation:
Information Center for the Environment, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, USA
*
*Correspondence: Ms Maria Santos e-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Mediterranean ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, however translating conservation need into implementation has been hindered by their function as working landscapes that integrate both human and natural components. This paper compares oak woodland working landscapes in California and Portugal: can conservation policy be reshaped to conserve Mediterranean oak woodland ecosystems with differing sociopolitical cultural contexts? Each oak woodland's cultural-historical legacy and socioecological system (SES) is described, and how each system can cross-inform improvements to conservation policies is assessed. The SES analysis shows that oak woodlands are managed to maximize revenue from one or more of four resources: forestry, rangeland, agriculture and natural areas. Sustainability of extractable resources may be threatened by replacement rate, land-use history and interdependence with other resources. Non-extractable resources (natural areas) are more volatile and sustainable management is dependent on the voluntary nature of collective-choice rules. Conservation planning and implementation require attention to the characteristic heterogeneity of oak woodlands and to the processes that generate biodiversity, such as fire and regeneration. Conservation plans should aim for the preservation of oak woodland functions (for example multiple use systems) and cultural characteristics (such as keeping people on the land), and governmental and public recognition of the value of preserving these woodlands.

Keywords

Californiaconservation planningecology and cultureMediterraneanPortugal
Type
Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 37 , Issue 2 , June 2010 , pp. 155 - 168
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acácio, V., Holmgren, M., Jansen, P.A. & Schrotter, O. (2007) Multiple recruitment limitation causes arrested succession in Mediterranean cork oak systems. Ecosystems 10: 1220–1230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acácio, V., Holmgren, M., Rego, F., Moreira, F. & Mohren, G.M.J. (2009) Are drought and wildfires turning Mediterranean cork oak forests into persistent shrublands. Agroforestry Systems 76: 389–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alagona, P.S. (2008) Homes on the range: cooperative conservation and environmental change on California's privately owned hardwood rangelands. Environmental History 13: 325–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, H.D. (2003) Response of past and present Mediterranean ecosystems to environmental change. Progress in Physical Geography 27 (3): 359–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M.K. (2007) Indigenous uses, management, and restoration of oaks of the far western United States. Technical Note, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington DC, USA.Google Scholar
Antrop, M. (1993) The transformation of the Mediterranean landscapes: an experience of 25 years of observations. Landscape and Urban Planning 24: 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araújo, M.B. (1999) Distribution patterns of biodiversity and the design of a representative reserve network in Portugal. Diversity and Distributions 5: 151–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araújo, M.B. (2003) The coincidence of people and biodiversity in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aronson, J., Pereira, J.S. & Pausas, J.G. (2009) Cork Oak Woodlands on the Edge: Ecology, Adaptive Management, and Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration International. Island Press Publishers.Google Scholar
Baeza, M.J. & Vallejo, V.R. (2008) Vegetation recovery after fuel management in Mediterranean shrublands. Applied Vegetation Science 11 (2): 151–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbero, M., Bonin, G., Loisel, R. & Quezel, P. (1990) Changes and disturbances of forest ecosystems caused by human activities in the western part of the Mediterranean base. Vegetatio 87: 151–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barros, M.C. & Sousa, E.M. (2006) Boas praticas de gestao em sobreiro e azinheira. Lisboa, Portugal: Direccao Geral dos Recursos Florestais.Google Scholar
Bartolome, J.W. (1989) Ecological history of the California Mediterranean-type landscape. In: Annual Range Management Short Course, ed. California Rangeland Resources Information Centre, pp. 1–10. Berkeley, USA: University of California.Google Scholar
Bartolome, J.W., Klukkert, S.E. & Barry, W.J. (1986) Opal phytoliths as evidence for displacement of native Californian grassland. Madrono 33: 217–222.Google Scholar
Blondel, J. (2006) The ‘design’ of Mediterranean landscapes: a millennial story of humans and ecological systems during the historic period. Human Ecology 34: 713–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blondel, J. (2008) On humans and wildlife in Mediterranean islands. Journal of Biogeography 35 (3): 509–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blondel, J. & Aronson, J. (1999) Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Borchert, M.I., Davis, F.W., Michaelsen, J. & Oyler, L.D. (1989) Interactions of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in California. Ecology 70: 389–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos-Palacin, P., Huntsinger, L., Standiford, R., Martin-Barroso, D., Mariscal-Lorente, P. & Starrs, P.F. (2002) Working woodlands: public demand, owner management, and government intervention in conserving Mediterranean ranches and dehesas. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. ed. Standiford, R.B. et al. , pp. 511–527. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184. Albany, CA, USA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Carmel, Y. & Naveh, Z. (2002) The paradigm of landscape and the paradigm of ecosystem: implications for land planning and management in the Mediterranean region. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 3 (2–3): 35–46.Google Scholar
Castro, M. (2009) Silvopastoral systems in Portugal: current status and future perspective. In: Agroforestry in Europe: Current Status and Future Perspectives, ed. Rigueiro-Rodriguez, A., McAdam, J. & Mosquera-Losada, M.R., p. 452. San Diego, CA, USA: Springer Science and Business Media.Google Scholar
Cody, M.L. & Mooney, H.A. (1978) Convergence versus nonconvergence in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9: 265–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, J.D. & D'Antonio, C.M. (2004) Competition between native perennial and exotic annual grasses: implications for an historical invasion. Ecology 85 (5): 1273–1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CRA (2001) The oak woodlands conservation act of 2001: program application and guidelines. Report of the California Resources Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Dallman, P.F. (1998) Plant Life in the World's Mediterranean Climates. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
DGRF (2007) Resultados do Inventario Florestal Nacional 2005/2006. In: Inventario Florestal Nacional, ed. Florestais, Direcção Geral dos Recursos, pp. 1–70. Lisboa, Portugal: Direcção Geral dos Recursos Florestais.Google Scholar
Diáz, M., Campos, P. & Pulido, J. (1997) The Spanish dehesas: a diversity in land-use and wildlife. In: Farming and Birds in Europe: the Common Agriculture Policy and its Implications for Bird Conservation, ed. Pain, D.J. & Pierkowski, M.W., pp. 178–209. London, UK: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dobbs, T.L. & Pretty, J. (2008) Case study of agri-environmental payments: the United Kingdom. Ecological Economics 65 (4): 765–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donald, P.F. & Evans, A.D. (2006) Habitat connectivity and matrix restoration: the wider implications of agri-environment schemes. Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (2): 209–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Commission (2005) Agri-environmental measures: overview on general principles, types of measures and application. European Union Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development, Brussels, Belgium: 22 pp.Google Scholar
Farina, A. (2000) The cultural landscape as a model for the integration of ecology and economics. BioScience 50 (4): 313–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farina, A. (2003) Human stewardship in ecological mosaics: linking people to landscape dynamics. In: Landscape Ecology and Resource Management: Linking Theory With Practice, ed. Bissonette, J.A. & Storch, I., p. 450. New York, NY, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Gaman, T. & Casey, K. (2002) Inventory of oaks in California's National Forest lands. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. ed. Standiford, R.B. et al. , pp. 625–637. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184. Albany, CA, USA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Giusti, G.A. & Merenlender, A.M. (2002) Inconsistent application of environmental laws and policies to California's oak woodlands. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. ed. Standiford, R.B. et al. , pp. 473–482. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184. Albany, CA, USA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Greeninfo Network (2009) California Protected Areas Database (CPAD) v 1.3. Greeninfo Network, San Francisco, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Hayhoe, K., Cayan, D., Field, C.B., Frumhoff, P.C., Maurer, E.P., Miller, N.L., Moser, S.C., Schneider, S.H., Cahill, K.N., Cleland, E.E., Dale, L., Drapek, R., Hanemann, R.M., Kalkstein, L.S., Lenihan, J., Lunch, C.K., Neilson, R.P., Sheridan, S.C. & Verville, J.H. (2004) Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California. Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences 101 (34): 12422–12427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickman, J.C. (1993) The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hobbs, R.J. & Mooney, H.A. (1998) Broadening the extinction debate: population deletions and additions in California and western Australia. Conservation Biology 12 (2): 271–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmgren, M. & Scheffer, M. (2001) El Nino as a window of opportunity for the restoration of degraded arid ecosystems. Ecosystems 4: 151–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, P.R. (2008) The effects of spatial and temporal scale on conservation planning and ecological networks in the Central Valley, California. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, University of California Davis, CA, USA: 137 pp.Google Scholar
Huntsinger, L. & Fortmann, L.P. (1990) California's privately owned oak woodlands: owners, use, and management. Journal of Range Management 43: 147–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntsinger, L. & Bartolome, J.W. (1992) Ecological dynamics of Quercus dominated woodlands in California and southern Spain: a state-transition model. Vegetatio 99–100: 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntsinger, L., Bartolome, J.W. & Starrs, P.F. (1991) A comparison of management strategies in the oak woodlands of Spain and California. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. ed. Standiford, R.B. et al. , pp. 300–306. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184. Albany, CA, USA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Huntsinger, L., Sulak, A., Gwin, L. & Plieninger, T. (2004) Oak woodland ranchers in California and Spain: conservation and diversification. In: Sustainability and Management of Agrosilvopastoral Systems, ed. Schnabel, S. & Ferreira, A., pp. 309–326. Reiskirchen, Germany: Catena Verlag.Google Scholar
IUCN (1994) Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN: 261 pp.Google Scholar
Joffre, R., Rambal, S. & Ratte, J.P. (1999) The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic. Agroforestry Systems 45: 57–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalamandeen, M. & Gillson, L. (2007) Demything ‘wilderness’: implications for protected area designation and management. Biodiversity and Conservation 16 (1): 165–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeley, J.E. (2001) Fire and invasive species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems of California. In: Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: the Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: the First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention, and Management, ed. Galley, K.E.M. & Wilson, T.P., pp. 81–94. Tallahassee, FL, USA: Tall Timbers Research Station.Google Scholar
Keeley, J.E. (2006) Fire management impacts on invasive plants in the western United States. Conservation Biology 20 (2): 375–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kueppers, L.M., Snyder, M.A., Sloan, L.C., Zavaleta, E.S. & Fulfrost, B. (2005) Modeled regional climate change and California endemic oak ranges. Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences 102 (45): 16281–16286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavorel, S. (1999) Ecological diversity and resilience of Mediterranean vegetation disturbance. Diversity and Distributions 5: 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavorel, S. & Richardson, D.M. (1999) Diversity, stability and conservation of Mediterranean-type ecosystems in a changing world: an introduction. Diversity and Distributions 5: 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavorel, S., Canadell, J., Rambal, S. & Terradas, J. (1998) Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems: research priorities on global change effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 157–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiva, M. J., III, F.S.C. & Ales, R.F. (1997) Differences in species composition and diversity among Mediterranean grasslands with different history: the case of California and Spain. Ecography 20: 97–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S.R., Alberti, M., Folke, C., Moran, E., Pell, A.N., Deadman, P., Kratz, T., Lubchenco, J., Ostrom, E., Ouyang, Z., Provencher, W., Redman, C.L., Schneider, S.H. & Taylor, W.W. (2007) Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science 317: 1513–1516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, A.D., Fischer, H. & Lindenmayer, D.B. (2006) Scattered trees are keystone structures: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 132: 311–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCreary, D. (2001) Regenerating Rangeland Oaks in California. Oakland, CA, USA: University of California Agricultural and Natural Resources Press.Google Scholar
McCreary, D. (2004 a) Oak Woodland Conservation Act. Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Extension Centers: 1–6.Google Scholar
McCreary, D. (2004 b) Managing and restoring California's oak woodlands. Natural Areas Journal 24: 269–275.Google Scholar
Merenlender, A.M., Huntsinger, L., Guthey, G. & Fairfax, S.K. (2002) Land trusts and conservation easements: who is conserving what for whom?. Conservation Biology 18: 65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrom, E. (2007) A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (39): 15181–15187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrom, E. (2009) A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325: 419–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, D. M. & Dinerstein, E. (1998) The global 200: a representation approach to conserving the earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology 12: 502–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perakis, S.S. & Kellogg, C.H. (2007) Imprints of oaks on nitrogen availability and δ15N in California grassland-savanna: a case of enhanced N inputs? Plant Ecology 191 (2): 209–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, H.M., Domingos, T. & Vicente, L. (2006) Assessing ecosystem services at different scales in the Portugal millennium ecosystem assessment. In: Bridging Scales and Knowledge Systems: Concepts and Applications in Ecosystem Assessment, ed. Reid, W. V., Berkes, F., Wilbanks, T. & Capistrano, D., pp. 59–79. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Pinto-Correia, T. & Fonseca, A.M. (2009) Historical perspective of montados: the example of Évora. In: Cork Oak Woodlands on the Edge: Ecology, Adaptive Management, and Restoration, ed. Aronson, J., Pereira, J.S. & Pausas, J.G., pp. 49–69. Washington, DC, USA: Society for Ecological Restoration International and Island Press.Google Scholar
Pinto-Correia, T. & Mascarenhas, J. (1999) Contribution to the extensification/intensification debate: new trends in the Portuguese montado. Landscape and Urban Planning 46: 125–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinto-Correia, T. & Vos, W. (2004) Multifunctionality in Mediterranean landscapes: past and future. In: The New Dimensions of the European Landscape, ed. Jongman, R., pp. 135–164. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinto-Correia, T., Gustavsson, R. & Pirnat, J. (2006) Bridging the gap between centrally defined policies and local decisions: towards more sensitive and creative rural landscape management. Landscape Ecology 21: 333–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plieninger, T. (2007) Compatibility of livestock grazing with stand regeneration in Mediterranean holm oak parks. Journal for Nature Conservation 15: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plieninger, T., Pulido, F.J. & Konold, W. (2003) Effects of land-use history on size structure of holm oak stands in Spanish dehesas: implications for conservation and restoration. Environmental Conservation 30: 61–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plieninger, T., Pulido, F.J. & Schaich, H. (2004) Effects of land-use and landscape structure on holm oak recruitment and regeneration at farm level in Quercus ilex L. dehesas. Journal of Arid Environments 57 (3): 345–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polasky, S., Nelson, E., Lonsdorf, E., Fackler, P. & Starfield, A. (2005) Conserving species in a working landscape: land use with biological and economic objectives. Ecological Applications 15 (4): 1387–1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portuguese law decree 172 (1988) Protecção do montado de sobro. In: Diário da República [www document]. URL http://pt.legislacao.org/primeira-serie/decreto-lei-n-o-172-88-florestas-direccaogeral-cortica-disposto-94154Google Scholar
Portuguese law decree 19 (1993) Normas das Áreas Protegidas. In: Diário da República [www document]. URL http://pt.legislacao.org/primeira-serie/decreto-lei-n-o-19-93-area-classificacao-areas-protegidas-113320Google Scholar
Reid, H. (2006) Climate change and biodiversity and Europe. Conservation and Society 4 (1): 84–101.Google Scholar
Rizzo, D.M. & Garbelotto, M. (2003) Sudden oak death: endangering California and Oregon forest ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1 (4): 197–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, P.W., Montenegro, G. & Jaksic, F.M. (1998) Landscape Disturbance and Biodiversity in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems. Berlin, Germany: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, J.O. & Keeler-Wolf, T. (1995) A Manual of California Vegetation. Sacramento, CA, USA: California Native Plant Society.Google Scholar
Scarascia-Mugñozza, G., Oswald, H., Piussi, P. & Radoglou, K. (2000) Forests of the Mediterranean region: gaps in knowledge and research needs. Forest Ecology and Management 132: 97–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schröter, D., Cramer, W., Leemans, R., Prentice, C., Araújo, M.B., Arnell, N.W., Bondeau, A., Bugmann, H., Carter, T.R., Gracia, C.A., de la Vega-Leinert, A.C., Erhard, M., Ewert, F., Glendining, M., House, J.I., Kankaanpää, S., Klein, R.J.T., Lavorel, S., Lindner, M., Metzger, M. J., Meyer, J., Mitchell, T.D., Reginster, I., Rounsevell, M., Sabaté, S., Sitch, S., Smith, B., Smith, J., Smith, P., Sykes, M.T., Thonicke, K., Thuiller, W., Tuck, G., Zaehle, S. & Zierl, B. (2005) Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe. Science 310 (5752): 1333–1337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, M.W., Thorne, J.H. & Viers, J. H. (2006) Biotic homogenization of the California flora in urban and urbanizing regions. Biological Conservation 187: 282–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sluiter, R. & de Jong, S.M. (2007) Spatial patterns of Mediterranean land abandonment and related land cover transitions. Landscape Ecology 22 (4): 559–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standiford, R.B. & Howitt, R.E. (1993) Multiple use management of California's hard-wood rangelands. Journal of Range Management 46: 176–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standiford, R.B., Huntsinger, L., Campos-Palacin, P., Martin-Barroso, D. & Mariscal-Lorente, P. (2003) The bioeconomics of Mediterranean oak woodlands: issues in conservation policy. In: Proceedings of the XII World Forestry Congress, pp. 111–120. Québec City, Canada: FAO.Google Scholar
Stoate, C., Baldi, A., Beja, P., Boatman, N. D., Herzon, I., van Doorn, A., de Snoo, G. R., Rakosy, L. & Ramwell, C. (2009) Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe: a review. Journal of Environmental Management 91: 22–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surová, D. & Pinto-Correia, T. (2009) Use and assessment of the ‘new’ rural functions by land users and landonwers of the montado in southern Portugal. Outlook on Agriculture 38 (2): 189–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, C.M., Kuhn, B. & Davis, F.W. (2006) Demography and recruitment limitations of three oak species in California. The Quarterly Review of Biology 81 (2): 127–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, E.C., Klausmeyer, K.R., Cox, R.L., Busby, S.M., Morrison, S.A. & Shaw, M.R. (2009 a) Expanding the global network of protected areas to save the imperiled Mediterranean biome. Conservation Biology 23: 43–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, E.C., Viers, J.H., Klausmeyer, K.R., Cox, R.L. & Shaw, M.R. (2009 b) Threats and biodiversity in the Mediterranean biome. Diversity and Distributions 15: 188–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valladares, F. & Gianoli, E. (2007) How much ecology do we need to know to restore Mediterranean ecosystems? Restoration Ecology 15 (3): 363–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanslembrouck, I. & Huylenbroeck, G.V. (2005) Landscape Amenities. Economic Assessment of Agricultural Landscapes. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Vega-Garcia, C. & Chuvieco, E. (2006) Applying local measures of spatial heterogeneity to Landsat-TM images for predicting wildfire occurrence in Mediterranean landscapes. Landscape Ecology 21 (4): 595–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, H.S. (1998) Land use conflicts in California. In: Landscape Disturbance and Biodiversity in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems, ed. Rundel, P.W., Montenegro, G. & Jaksic, F.M., pp. 107–127. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zavala, M.A. & Burkey, T.V. (1997) Application of ecological models to landscape planning: the case of the Mediterranean basin. Landscape and Urban Planning 38: 213–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zavaleta, E.S., Hulvey, K.B. & Fulfrost, B. (2007) Regional patterns of recruitment success and failure in two endemic California oaks. Diversity and Distributions 13: 735–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Santos supplementary material

Santos supplementary material

Download Santos supplementary material(File)
File 136.7 KB