Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T14:04:34.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Non-renewable resource depletion and reinvestment: issues and evidence for an oil-exporting country*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2009

BASSAM YOUSIF*
Affiliation:
Department of Economics, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA. Tel: 812-237-8628. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This essay offers a limited study of income sustainability for one oil-exporting country: Iraq. The nature of the study motivates a discussion of some theoretical issues concerning levels of non-renewable resource depletion and re-investment as well as related questions about the substitutability of man-made and natural capital and critical natural capital. The results of the study, which decomposes oil revenues into consumption and capital portions, suggest that the re-investment in physical capital offset the depletion of natural assets arising from oil extraction in the period under consideration. Because of the lack of data, a complete study of the capital balance is not feasible. Consequently the findings are tentative.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

al-Saadi, A.F. (1996), ‘Infant mortality and the economic embargo in Iraq’, Population Bulletin of United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia 44: 4566.Google Scholar
Alnasrawi, A. (1994), The Economy of Iraq, London: Greenwood Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baram, A. (2000), ‘The effects of Iraqi sanctions: statistical pitfalls and responsibility’, Middle East Journal 54: 194223.Google Scholar
CSO (undated), Annual Abstract of Statistics 1976, Baghdad.Google Scholar
Daly, H.E. (1990), ‘Towards some operational principles of sustainable development’, Ecological Economics 2: 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, H.E. (1994), ‘Operationalizing sustainable development by investing in natural capital’, in Jansson, A., Hammer, M., Folke, C., and Costanza, R. (eds), Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability, Washington DC: Island Press, pp. 2237.Google Scholar
El Serafy, S. (1989), ‘The proper calculation of income from depletable natural resources’, in Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development, Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 1018.Google Scholar
El Serafy, S. (1991), ‘The environment as capital’, in Costanza, R. (ed.), Ecological Economics, New York: Colombia University Press, pp. 168175.Google Scholar
El Serafy, S. (1997), ‘Green accounting and economic policy’, Ecological Economics 21: 217229.Google Scholar
Gowdy, J. and Olsen, P. (1994), ‘Further problems with neoclassical environmental economics’, Environmental Ethics 16: 1611171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, K. (2000), ‘Sustaining economic welfare: estimating changes in per capita wealth’, Policy Research Working Paper 2498, World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. and Clemens, M. (1999), ‘Genuine savings rates in developing countries’, The World Bank Economic Review 13: 333356.Google Scholar
Hanley, N. (2000), ‘Macroeconomic measures of “sustainability”’, Journal of Economic Surveys 14: 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartwick, J.M. (1977), ‘Intergenerational equity and the investing of rents from exhaustible resources’, American Economic Review 67: 972974.Google Scholar
Hotelling, H. (1931), ‘The economics of exhaustible resources’, Journal of Political Economy 39: 137175.Google Scholar
Howarth, R.B. and Norgaard, R.B. (1992), ‘Environmental valuation under sustainable development’, Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Review 82: 373377.Google Scholar
IMF (1986), International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1985, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
IMF (2000), International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1999, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Jiyad, A.M. (2002), ‘The development of Iraq's foreign debt: from liquidity to unsustainability’, in Mehdi, K.A. (ed.), Iraq's Economic Predicament, Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. 85137.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E. (2000), >‘Resource accounting in measures of unsustainability: challenging the World Bank's conclusions’, Environmental and Resource Economics 15: 257278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OPEC (1995), Annual Statistical Bulletin 1994, Vienna.Google Scholar
OPEC (2004), Annual Statistical Bulletin 2003, Vienna.Google Scholar
Pearce, D. and Atkinson, G.D. (1993), ‘Capital theory and the measurement of sustainable development: an indicator of “weak” sustainability’, Ecological Economics 8: 103108.Google Scholar
Pearce, D.W., Atkinson, G.D., and Dubourg, R.W. (1994), ‘The economics of sustainable development’, Annual Review of Energy and Environment 19: 457474.Google Scholar
Pellet, P. (2000), ‘Sanctions, food, nutrition and health in Iraq’, in Arnove, A. (ed.), Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War, Cambridge: South End Press, pp. 151168.Google Scholar
Solow, R.M. (1976), ‘Is the end of the world at hand?’, in Gill, R. (ed.), Great Debates in Economics, Pacific Palisades CA: Goodyear, pp. 172180.Google Scholar
Solow, R.M. (1986), ‘On the intergenerational allocation of natural resources’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88: 141149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiglitz, J. (1974), ‘Growth with exhaustible natural resources: efficient and optimal growth paths’, Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible Resources, Review of Economic Studies 41: 123137.Google Scholar
Stork, J. (1980), ‘Oil and the penetration of capitalism in Iraq’, in Nore, P. and Turner, T. (eds), Oil and Class Struggle, London: Zed, pp. 172198.Google Scholar
UN (1976), Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics 1975, New York.Google Scholar
UN (1979), Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics 1978, New York.Google Scholar
UN (1980), Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics 1979, New York.Google Scholar
UN (1983), Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics 1981, New York.Google Scholar
UN (1986), National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables 1984, New York.Google Scholar
UN (1988), National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates 1985, New York.Google Scholar
UN (1989), National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates 1986, New York.Google Scholar
UN (1992), National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables 1990, New York.Google Scholar
World Bank (1985), World Development Report 1985, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yousif, B. (2001), ‘Development and political violence in Iraq, 1950–1990’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Riverside.Google Scholar