Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T01:10:03.348Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fuelwood source substitution, gender, and shadow prices in western Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2018

David M. A. Murphy ,
Julia Berazneva  and
David R. Lee
David M. A. Murphy
Affiliation:
Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Julia Berazneva
Affiliation:
Department of Economics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
David R. Lee*
Affiliation:
Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Fuelwood scarcity creates a widespread environmental problem that places a major burden on women and children in the rural areas of developing countries. Consequently, many governments, donors and non-governmental organizations have encouraged on-farm fuelwood production and agroforestry practices. Whether, however, fuelwood from different sources can be easily substituted is an important empirical question as the degree of substitutability can depend on local markets and households' resource endowments and incomes. In this paper, we examine the substitution between three fuelwood sources among rural households in western Kenya: fuelwood collected off-farm, fuelwood produced on-farm, and that which is purchased. Using household-specific shadow prices for fuelwood and male and female wages, we find that strict gender divisions in household labor result in limited substitution between fuelwood sources. Among the implications are that programs and policies promoting agroforestry will have limited success without first addressing the structural differences in labor markets.

Keywords

Africaeconomic developmentenvironmentforestryfuelwoodgenderhousehold energy demand
Type
Research Article
Information
Environment and Development Economics , Volume 23 , Issue 6 , December 2018 , pp. 655 - 678
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, G and Barbier, E (2002) Using domestic water analysis to value groundwater recharge in the Hadejia-Jama'are Floodplain, Northern Nigeria. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84(2), 415–426.Google Scholar
Amacher, GS, Hyde, WF and Joshee, BR (1993) Joint production and consumption in traditional households: fuelwood and crop residues in two districts in Nepal. Journal of Development Studies 30(1), 206–225.Google Scholar
Amacher, GS, Hyde, WF and Kanel, KR (1996) Household fuelwood demand and supply in Nepal's tarai and mid-hills: choice between cash outlays and labor opportunity. World Development 24(11), 1725–1736.Google Scholar
Amacher, GS, Hyde, WF and Kanel, KR (1999) Nepali fuelwood production and consumption: regional and household distinctions, substitution and successful intervention. Journal of Development Studies 35(4), 138–163.Google Scholar
Bailis, R, Ezzati, M and Kammen, DM (2005) Mortality and greenhouse gas impacts of biomass and petroleum energy futures in Africa. Science 308(April), 98–103.Google Scholar
Baland, J-M, Bardhan, P, Das, S, Mookherjee, D and Sarkar, R (2010) The environmental impact of poverty: evidence from firewood collection in rural Nepal. Economic Development and Cultural Change 59(1), 23–61.Google Scholar
Berazneva, J, Lee, D, Place, F and Jakubson, G (2017) Allocation and Valuation of Non-Marketed Crop Residues in Smallholder Agriculture: The Case of Maize Residues in Western Kenya. Dept. of Economics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Binder, M and Scrogin, D (1999) Labor force participation and household work of urban schoolchildren in Mexico: characteristics and consequences. Economic Development and Cultural Change 48(1), 123–154.Google Scholar
Bluffstone, RA (1995) The effect of labor market performance on deforestation in developing countries under open access: an example from rural Nepal. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(1), 42–63.Google Scholar
Bradley, P and Huby, M (1993) Woodfuel, Women and Woodlots. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Buck, L, Lassoie, J and Fernandes, E (1999) Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. Washington, DC: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Burke, PJ and Dundas, G (2015) Female labor force participation and household dependence on biomass energy: evidence from national longitudinal data. World Development 67, 424–437.Google Scholar
Cavendish, W (2002) Quantitative methods for estimating the economic value of resource use to rural households. In Campbell, BM and Luckert, MK (eds), Uncovering the Hidden Harvest: Valuation Methods for Woodland and Forest Resources. London: Earthscan, pp. 17–65.Google Scholar
Chavangi, N and Adoyo, F (1993) Towards an extension strategy. In Bradley, P and Huby, M (eds), Woodfuel, Women and Woodlots, Volume 2: The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 58–73.Google Scholar
Cooke, PA (1998a) Intrahousehold labor allocation responses to environmental good scarcity: a case study from the hills of Nepal. Economic Development and Cultural Change 46(4), 807–830.Google Scholar
Cooke, PA (1998b) The effect of environmental good scarcity on own-farm labor allocation: the case of agricultural households in rural Nepal. Environment and Development Economics 3(4), 443–469.Google Scholar
Cooke, P, Köhlin, G and Hyde, WF (2008) Fuelwood, forests and community management – evidence from household studies. Environment and Development Economics 13(01), 103–135.Google Scholar
Cooke, P (2014) Where to collect? Community forest management and disadvantaged households in Nepal. In Robinson, EJZ and Bluffstone, R (eds), Forest Tenure Reform in Asia and Africa: Local Control for Improved Livelihoods, Forest Management, and Carbon Sequestration. EBSCO Publishing, chap. 10, pp. 149–183.Google Scholar
Crafford, J, Strohmaier, R, Muñoz, P, De Oliveira, T, Lambrechts, C, Wilkinson, M, Burger, A and Bosch, J (2012) The role and contribution of montane forests and related ecosystem services to the Kenyan economy. Tech. rep. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.Google Scholar
Damte, A, Koch, SF and Mekonnen, A (2012) Coping with fuelwood scarcity: household responses in rural Ethiopia. Unpublished manuscript, Environment for Development.Google Scholar
DeGraff, DS and Levison, D (2009) Children's work and mothers' work–what is the connection? World Development 37(9), 1569–1587.Google Scholar
Dillon, B and Barrett, CB (2017) Agricultural factor markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: an updated view with formal tests for market failure. Food Policy 67(November), 64–77.Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization (2010) Deforestation and Net Forest Area Change. Available at http://www.fao.org/forestry/30515/en.Google Scholar
Hausman, J, Leonard, G and Zona, JD (1994) Competitive analysis with differentiated products. Annales d'Economie et de Statistique 34(261), 159–180.Google Scholar
Heckman, J (1979) Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica 47(1), 153–161.Google Scholar
Heltberg, R, Arndt, TC and Sekhar, NU (2000) Fuelwood consumption and forest degradation: a household model for domestic energy substitution in rural India. Land Economics 76(2), 213–232.Google Scholar
Henry, M, Tittonell, P, Manlay, RJ, Bernoux, M, Albrecht, A and Vanlauwe, B (2009) Biodiversity, carbon stocks and sequestration potential in aboveground biomass in smallholder farming systems of western Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129(1–3), 238–252.Google Scholar
Hosonuma, N, Herold, M, De Sy, V, De Fries, RS, Brockhaus, M, Verchot, L, Angelsen, A and Romijn, E (2012) An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environmental Research Letters 7(4), 1–12.Google Scholar
International Energy Agency (2014) Africa Energy Outlook: Executive Summary. Available at http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/africa.Google Scholar
Jacoby, HG (1993) Shadow wages and peasant family labor supply: an econometric application to the Peruvian Sierra. The Review of Economic Studies 60(4), 903–921.Google Scholar
Joint Research Center: The European Commission (2013) Deforestation rates in Africa slowed down by 50%. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/\deforestation-rates-africa-slowed-down-50-9929.Google Scholar
Kenya Forest Service (2009) A guide to on-farm Eucalyptus growing in Kenya. Available at http://www.kenyaforestservice.org/documents/Eucalyptus%20guid%elines%20%20Final%202.pdf.Google Scholar
Kes, A and Swaminathan, H (2006) Gender and time poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Blackden, C and Wodon, Q (eds), Gender, Time Use, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 13–38.Google Scholar
Key, N, Sadoulet, E and Janvry, AD (2000) Transactions costs and agricultural household supply: Response. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82(May), 245–259.Google Scholar
Kiptot, E and Franzel, S (2012) Gender and agroforestry in Africa: a review of women's participation. Agroforestry Systems 84(1), 35–58.Google Scholar
Kohlin, G and Amacher, GS (2005) Welfare implications of community forest plantations in developing countries: the Orissa social forestry project. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 87(4), 855–869.Google Scholar
Kramon, E and Posner, DN (2011) Kenya's new constitution. Journal of Democracy 22(2), 0–21.Google Scholar
Levison, D, Moe, KS and Knaul, F (2008) Marking time: an analysis of youth hours of work and study in urban Mexico. Review of Development Economics 12(4), 751–763.Google Scholar
Lim, SS, Vos, T, Flaxman, AD, Danaei, G, Shibuya, K and Adair-Rohani, H (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet 380(9859), 2224–2260.Google Scholar
Maathai, W (1993) The Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the Experience. New York: Lantern Books.Google Scholar
Masera, OR, Saatkamp, BD and Kammen, DM (2000) From linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies: a critique and alternative to the energy ladder model. World Development 28(12), 2083–2103.Google Scholar
Mathu, W (2011) Forest plantation and woodlots in Kenya. African Forest Forum Working paper series 1(13), 48.Google Scholar
Mbow, C, Smith, P, Skole, D, Duguma, L and Bustamante, M (2014) Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6(1), 8–14.Google Scholar
Mekonnen, A (1999) Rural household biomass fuel production and consumption in Ethiopia: a case study. Journal of Forest Economics 5(1), 69–97.Google Scholar
Miteva, DA, Kramer, RA, Brown, ZS and Smith, MD (2017) Spatial patterns of market participation and resource extraction: fuelwood collection in Northern Uganda. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 99(4), 1008–1026.Google Scholar
Mugure, A and Oino, P (2013) Benefits of agroforestry farming practices among rural households in Kenya: experiences among residents of Busia County. International Journal of Science and Research 2(4), 442–449.Google Scholar
Nepal, M, Nepal, A and Grimsrud, K (2011) Unbelievable but improved cookstoves are not helpful in reducing firewood demand in Nepal. Environment and Development Economics 16(1), 1–23.Google Scholar
Oballa, P, Konuche, PKA, Muchiri, MN and Kigomo, BN (2010) Facts on growing and use of eucalyptus in Kenya. Technical Report September. Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Olsen, RJ (1980) A least squares correction for selectivity bias. Econometrica 48(7), 1815–1820.Google Scholar
Palmer, C and MacGregor, J (2009) Fuelwood scarcity, energy substitution, and rural livelihoods in Namibia. Environment and Development Economics 14(06), 693–715.Google Scholar
Pattanayak, SK, Sills, EO and Kramer, RA (2004) Seeing the forest for the fuel. Environment and Development Economics 9(2), 155–179.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya: Ministry of Environment (2014) Forest Policy 2014.Google Scholar
Sahn, DE and Stifel, D (2003) Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure data. Review of Income and Wealth 49(4), 463–489.Google Scholar
Scherr, SJ (1995) Economic factors in farmer adoption of agroforestry: patterns observed in Western Kenya. World Development 23(5), 787–804.Google Scholar
Simonit, S and Perrings, C (2011) Sustainability and the value of the ‘regulating’ services: wetlands and water quality in Lake Victoria. Ecological Economics 70(6), 1189–1199.Google Scholar
Skoufias, E (1994) Using shadow wages to estimate labor supply of agricultural households. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76(2), 215–227.Google Scholar
St.Clair, PC (2016) Community forest management, gender and fuelwood collection in rural Nepal. Journal of Forest Economics 24, 52–71.Google Scholar
Strauss, J (1986) The theory of comparative statics. In Singh, I, Squire, L and Strauss, J (eds), Agricultural Household Models. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 71–91.Google Scholar
Tigabu, A (2017) Factors associated with sustained use of improved solid fuel cookstoves: a case study from Kenya. Energy for Sustainable Development 41, 81–87.Google Scholar
Torres, D, Lehmann, J, Hobbs, P, Joseph, S and Neufeldt, H (2011) Biomass availability, energy consumption and biochar production in rural households of western Kenya. Biomass and Bioenergy 35(8), 3537–46.Google Scholar
Unruh, J, Houghton, R and Lefebvre, P (1993) Carbon storage in agroforestry: an estimate for Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate Research 3, 39–52.Google Scholar
Van Der Kroon, B, Brouwer, R and Van Beukering, PJH (2013) The energy ladder: theoretical myth or empirical truth? Results from a meta-analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 20, 504–513.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, J (2002) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
World Meteorological Organization (2010) Climate and Land Degradation. Available at http://www.wamis.org/agm/pubs/brochures/wmo989e.pdf.Google Scholar
World Wide Fund for Nature (2007) Dirty thirty: Ranking of the most polluting power plants in Europe. Available at http://assets.panda.org/downloads/dirty30rankingfinal260905.pdf.Google Scholar
Yasuoka, J and Levins, R (2007) Impact of deforestation and agricultural development on anopheline ecology and malaria epidemiology. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygene 76(3), 450–460.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Murphy et al. supplementary material

Online Appendix

Download Murphy et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 1 MB