Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T02:31:23.536Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Where Imperialism Could Not Reach: Chinese Industrial Policy and Japan, 1900–1940

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2015

Joyman Lee*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA. E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract

Where Imperialism Could Not Reach examines the impact of the Japanese model of industrialization on China through a history of policy recommendations and economic ideas in practice. In the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Chinese regional policymakers learned a Japanese-style industrial policy that focused on the use of exhibitions and schools to disseminate information and stimulate rural innovation. In focusing on the treaty ports and the impact of European and American capitalism that has a larger and more quantifiable source base, many scholars have ignored the vital intra-Asian dimensions of China’s economic development, underpinned by shared position of China and Japan on the global semiperiphery and the pursuit of labor-intensive industrialization focusing on improvements to labor quality. The dissertation also aims to demonstrate the primary importance of information and incentives for innovation—rather than overcoming capital constraints—in Chinese strategies for economic growth.

Type
Manuscript
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2014. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would especially like to thank my mentors Jonathan Spence, Peter Perdue, Kaoru Sugihara, and Naomi Lamoreaux for their support. The dissertation benefitted immensely from presentations at the Society for the History of Technology, Association for Asian Studies, American Historical Association, and Socio-Economic History Society of Japan, among other forums. I thank the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation, Japan Foundation, and Council on East Asian Studies at Yale University for their generous financial support, and Peking University, the University of Tokyo, and Academia Sinica for hosting me during my research.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Archival Sources

Guangdong Provincial Archives, Zheng 684-1-25.Google Scholar
Tianjin Municipal Archives, J128-2-001044-011.Google Scholar
Published Reports and Collected Writings Google Scholar
Gongshang Huiyi Baogao lu 工商會議報告錄 (Reports from the Conference on Industry and Commerce). Beijing: Gongshang Bu (Ministry of Industry and Commerce), January 1913.Google Scholar
“Gongyi Zongju xiang Cangzhou deng wuzhouxian gongyi youlie qingxing” 工藝總局詳滄州等五州縣工藝優劣情形 (The Industrial Crafts Bureau detailing developments in industry and crafts in five sub-prefectures and counties). In Zhili gongyizhi chubian 直隸工藝志初編 (First edition of the industrial gazetteer of Zhili). Tianjin: Gongyi Zongju, October 1907. Baogaojuan (Xia).Google Scholar
Mutō, Sanji武藤山治. “Bōsekigyō no genjō to shōrai” 紡績業の現状と将来 (The present state and future of the textiles industry). In Mutō Sanji zenshū 武藤山治全集 (Complete works of Mutō Sanji), vol. 1.Tokyo: Shinjusha, 1963–1966.Google Scholar
Mutō, Sanji.“Shina kanzei hikiage danko hanetsuku beshi” 支那関税引上げ断乎撥付くべし (Resolute opposition to Chinese tariff revisions). In Mutō Sanji zenshū, vol. 1.Google Scholar
Nōshōkō Kōtō Kaigi giji sokukiroku 農商工高等会議議事速記録 (Transcript of the proceedings of the Higher Conference on Agriculture, Commerce and Industry). 1897. Reprinted Tokyo: Hara Shobō, 1991.Google Scholar
“Quangong weiyuan Ye Shuren He Jiaju deng fu Tianjin Hejian liangshu quandao guanshen heban gongchang baogao” 勸工委員葉樹仁何家駒等赴天津河間兩屬勸導官紳合辦工場報告 (Report of trip by industry promotion officers Ye Shuren and He Jiaju to encourage officials and gentry to set up factories in Tianjin and Hejian Prefectures). In Zhili gongyizhi chubian, baogaojuan (xia).Google Scholar
Quanguo Gongshang Huiyi huibian 全國工商會議彙編 (Compilation on the National Conference on Commerce and Industry). Nanjing: Jinghua Yinshuguan, 1931.Google Scholar
Quanguo Jingji Huiyi zhuankan 全國經濟會議專刊 (Special issue from the National Economic Conference), 2 vols. Nanjing: Caizhengbu Zhuhu Banshichu, 1928.Google Scholar
Shina taigai bōeki no sōgō kansatsu 支那対外貿易の綜合観察 (Overall observations on China’s foreign trade). Kobe: Kōbe Shōkō Kaigisho (Kobe Chamber of Commerce and Industry), 1926.Google Scholar
“Tianjin Kaogongchang diyici fa jiangpai jilue” 天津考工廠第一次發奬牌紀略 (Records of the first medals ceremony of the Tianjin Factory for Examining Industries). In Zhili gongyizhi chubian, conglulei (shang).Google Scholar
Yuan, Shikai袁世凯. Yuan Shikai Zouyi 袁世凯奏议 (Memorials of Yuan Shikai). Tianjin: Tianjin Guji Chubanshe, 1987.Google Scholar
Zhongguo Gongye Zonglianhehui zhuban Liangguang shiye kaochatuan baogao 中華工業總聯合會主辦兩廣實業考察團報告 (Report of the inspection tour of the industries of Guangdong and Guangxi by the General Association of Chinese Industries). Zhonghua Gongye Zonglianhehui zhuban Lianggang shiye kaochatuan (Inspection group organized by the General Association of Chinese Industries), 1936.Google Scholar

Books

Allen, Robert. Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Amsden, Alice. Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization.New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth Sugihara, Kaoru, eds. Labour-Intensive Industrialization in Global History.Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Barlow, Tani, ed. Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia.Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert. When Things Fall Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-Francois. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly.London, UK: Longman Group, 1993.Google Scholar
Blaszczyk, Regina Lee. Imagining Consumers: Design and Innovation from Wedgwood to Corning.Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Chen, Janet. Guilty of Indigence: The Urban Poor in China, 1900–1953.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Cochran, Sherman. Encountering Chinese Networks: Western, Japanese, and Chinese Corporations in China, 1880–1937.Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Duus, Peter Myers, Raymon Peattie, Mark, eds. The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895–1937.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter. Embedded Autonomy: States & Industrial Transformation.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Eyferth, Jacob. Eating Rice from Bamboo Roots: The Social History of a Community of Handicraft Papermakers in Rural Sichuan, 1920–2000.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2009.Google Scholar
Ge, Zhaoguang葛兆光. Zhaici Zhongguo: chongjian youguan “Zhongguo” de lishi lunshu 宅兹中国:重建有关’中国’的历史论述 (We live here in the central land: reconstructing historical discourses on “China”). Beijing, China: Zhonghua Shuju, 2011.Google Scholar
Grove, Linda. A Chinese Economic Revolution: Rural Entrepreneurship in the Twentieth Century.Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.Google Scholar
Hodge, Joseph. Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism.Columbus: Ohio University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Jeremy, David, ed. International Technology Transfer: Europe, Japan and the USA, 1700–1914.Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1991.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Kubo, Tōru 久保亨. Chūgoku no mengyō to kigyō kei’ei 戦間期中国の綿業と企業経営 (The cotton industry and corporate management in interwar China). Tokyo, Japan: Kyūko Shoin, 2005.Google Scholar
Kuroda, Akinobu黒田明伸. Chūka teikoku no kōzō to sekai keizai 中華帝国の構造と世界経済 (The structure of the Chinese empire and the world). Nagoya, Japan: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 1994.Google Scholar
Lécuyer, Christophe. Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–1970.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Love, Joseph. Crafting the Third World: Theorizing Underdevelopment in Rumania and Brazil.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Ma, Yinchu 馬寅初. Zhongguo jingji gaizao 中國經濟改造 (Restructuring China’s economy). Shanghai, China: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1935.Google Scholar
Okazaki, Tetsuji 岡崎哲二, and Okuno, Masahiro奥野正寛, eds. Gendai Nihon keizai shisutemu no genryū 現代日本経済システムの源流 (Origins of the modern Japanese economic system). Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1993.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Douglas. China, 1898–1912: The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 1993.Google Scholar
Rowe, William. Saving the World: Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Spence, Jonathan. The Search for Modern China, 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012.Google Scholar
Sugihara, Kaoru杉原薫. Ajia-kan bōeki no keisei to kōzō アジア間貿易の形成と構造 (The formation and structure of intra-Asian trade). Kyoto, Japan: Mineruva Shobō, 1996.Google Scholar
Sun, Daquan孙大权. Zhongguo jingjixue de chengzhang: Zhongguo Jingji Xueshe yanjiu (1929–1953) 中国经济学的成长:中国经济学社研究 (The growth of economics in China: a study of the Chinese Economic Society). Shanghai, China: Sanlian Shudian, 2006.Google Scholar
Takamura, Naosuke高村直助. Kindai Nihon mengyō to Chūgoku 近代日本綿業と中国 (Modern Japanese cotton industry and China). Tokyo, Japan: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 1982.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Stefan. Japan’s Orient: Rendering Pasts into History.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Topik, Steven. Political Economy of the Brazilian State, 1889–1930.Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Vogel, Ezra. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China.Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Wade, Robert. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Westney, Eleanor. Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Yang, Daqing. Technology of Empire: Telecommunications and Japanese Expansion in Asia, 1883–1945.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2011.Google Scholar
Zanasi, Margherita. Saving the Nation: Economic Modernity in Republican China.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Zelin, Madeline. The Merchants of Zigong: Industrial Entrepreneurship in Early Modern China.New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jian張謇. Guimao dongyou riji 癸卯東遊日記 (Diary of journey to the east in the Guimao year). Tongzhou, 1903.Google Scholar
Zheng, Youkui 郑友揆, Cheng, Linsun 程麟荪, and Zhang, Chuanhong 张传洪, eds. Jiu Zhongguo de Ziyuan Weiyuanhui (1932–1949): shishi yu pingjia 旧中国的资源委员会 (1932–1949)- 史实与评价 (The National Resources Council of the old China (1932–1949): historical facts and evaluation): Shanghai Shehui Kexueyuan Chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar
Zhili gongyizhi chubian 直隸工藝總局 (Zhili Industrial Crafts Bureau). Zhili gongyizhi chubian 直隸工藝志初編 (First edition of the industrial gazetteer of Zhili) Tianjin, China: Gongyi Zongju, 1907.Google Scholar
Zhou, Xuexi周學熙. Dongyou riji 東遊日記 (Diary of journey to the east). 1903.Google Scholar

Articles and Essays

Eyferth, Jacob.“How Not to Industrialize: Observations from a Village in Sichuan.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 30, no. 3–4 (April/July 2003): 7592.Google Scholar
Kirby, William.“Continuity and Change in Modern China: Economic Planning on the Mainland and on Taiwan, 1943–1958.” The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 24 (1990): 121–41.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi Sokoloff, Kenneth.“Inventors, Firms, and the Market for Technology in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” In Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms, and Countries, edited by Lamoreaux, Naomi Raff, Daniel Temin, Peter 19–60. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Nakaoka, Tetsuro.“The Transfer of Cotton Manufacturing Technology from Britain to Japan”. In International Technology Transfer: Europe, Japan and the USA, 1700–1914, edited by Jeremy, David 181–98. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1991.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Tom.“Hybrid Innovation in Meiji Japan.” International Economic Review 54, no. 2 (May 2013): 575600.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Tom.“The Origins of Japanese Technological Modernization.” Explorations in Economic History 48 (2011): 272–91.Google Scholar
Stanziani, Alessandro.“Information, Quality and Legal Rules: Wine Adulteration in Nineteenth Century France.” Business History 51, no. 2 (March 2009): 268–91.Google Scholar
Tanimoto, Masayuki.“The Role of Tradition in Japan’s Industrialization: Another Path to Industrialization.” In The Role of Tradition in Japan’s Industrialization: Another Path to Industrialization, edited by Tanimoto, Masayuki, 3–44. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Trapido, Stanely.“South Africa in a Comparative Study of Industrialization.” The Journal of Development Studies 7, no. 3 (1971), 309–20.Google Scholar
Wang, Xiaoqiu王晓秋. “Shichuan chongwu kan donglin: ‘zaoqi Riben youji wuzhong’ xu” 始穿重雾看东邻 – <早期日本游记五种>序 (Seeing the eastern neighbor through the mist: preface to ‘five early travel accounts of Japan’). In Luo Sen deng zaoqi Riben youji wuzhong 罗森等早期日本游记五种 (Five early travel accounts of Japan including Luo Sen), edited by Wang, Xiaoqiu Shi, Peng史鹏. Changsha, China: Hunan Renmin Chubanshe, 1983.序+(Seeing+the+eastern+neighbor+through+the+mist:+preface+to+‘five+early+travel+accounts+of+Japan’).+In+Luo+Sen+deng+zaoqi+Riben+youji+wuzhong+罗森等早期日本游记五种+(Five+early+travel+accounts+of+Japan+including+Luo+Sen),+edited+by+Wang,+Xiaoqiu+Shi,+Peng史鹏.+Changsha,+China:+Hunan+Renmin+Chubanshe,+1983.>Google Scholar
Zeitz, Peter.“Do Local Institutions Affect All Foreign Investors in the Same Way? Evidence from the Interwar Chinese Textile Industry.” The Journal of Economic History 73, no. 1 (March 2013): 117–41.Google Scholar