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Viewing Corporations as Information Ecosystems: The Case of IBM, 1914–1980s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2020

JAMES W. CORTADA
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Abstract

Corporations can be viewed as large information ecosystems, not more narrowly as corporate entities, and the author uses the example of IBM to defend this point. This essay illustrates issues and topics that can be studied to enhance understanding of corporate history, building on prior methods used by scholars. It builds on research the author performed in writing a history of IBM from the 1880s to the present.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , March 2022 , pp. 99 - 132
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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Aspray, William, and James, W. Cortada. From Urban Legends to Political Fact-Checking: Online Scrutiny in America, 1990–2015. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aspray, William, and Barbara, M. Hayes, eds. Health Informatics: A Patient-Centered Approach to Diabetes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.Google Scholar
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Cortada, James W. Building Blocks of Modern Society: History, Information Ecosystems and Infrastructures. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, forthcoming 2021.Google Scholar
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Cortada, James W., and Aspray, William. Fake News Nation: The Long History of Lies and Misinterpretations in America. Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield, 2019.Google Scholar
DeLamarter, Richard Thomas. Big Blue: IBM’s Use and Abuse of Power. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986.Google Scholar
DeLoca, Cornelius, and Kalow, Samuel J.. The Romance Division … A Different Side of IBM. New York: Vantage Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Driver, Ciaran, and Thompson, Grahame, eds. Corporate Governance in Contention. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Greenstein, Shane. How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greulich, Peter E. THINK Again: IBM Can Maximize Shareholder Value. Austin: MBI Concepts, 2017.Google Scholar
Heide, Lars. Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880–1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Hostede, Geert, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Michael Minkov. Culture and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw Hill, 2016.Google Scholar
International Data Corporation. IBM and the Courts: A Six Year Journal. Framingham, MA: IDC, 1975.Google Scholar
Jackson, Alecia Youngblood, and Mazzei, Lisa A.. Thinking with Theory in Qualitative Research. Abington: Routledge, 2012.Google Scholar
John, Richard. Networked Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, H. Thomas, and Kaplan, Robert S.. Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting. Boston: Harvard University Business School Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., and Raff, Daniel M. G.. Coordination and Information: Historical Perspectives on the Organization of Enterprise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Peter C. Toxic Town: IBM, Pollution, and Industrial Risk. New York: New York University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maney, Kevin. The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson Sr. and the Making of IBM. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.Google Scholar
Maney, Kevin, Hamm, Steve, and O’Brien, Jeffrey, Making the World Work Better: The Ideas That Shaped a Century and a Company. Armonk: IBM Press, 2011. Translated as Costruire un Mondo Migliore (Upper Saddle River, NJ: IBM Press, 2011), Au Service D’un Monde Meilleur, and Im Dienst Der Welt.Google Scholar
McCraw, Thomas K., and Childs, William R.. American Business since 1920: How It Worked. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercer, David. IBM: How the World’s Most Successful Corporation Is Managed. London: Kagan Page, Ltd., 1987.Google Scholar
Nardi, Bonnie A., and Vicki, L. O’Day. Information Ecolonies: Using Technology with Heart. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Naughton, Barry. The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007.Google Scholar
North, Douglas C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, Emerson. Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Pugh, Emerson, Johnson, Lyle R., and Palmer, John H.. IBM’s 360 and Early 370 Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rainie, Lee, and Wellman, Barry. Networked: The New Social Operating System. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, Francis “Buck,” and Shook, Robert L.. The IBM Way: Insights into the World’s Most Successful Marketing Organization. New York: HarperCollins, 1988.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Jesús. Fuera de la ley. La relación entre IBM y lost funcionarios pública en los conrratos informáticos del Estado. Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1998.Google Scholar
Schein, Edgar H. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2016.Google Scholar
Schiller, Herbert I. Information Inequality: The Deepening Social Crisis in America. New York: Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Scranton, Philip, and Fridenson, Patrick. Reimagining Business History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Shannon, Claude E., and Weaver, Warren. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949.Google Scholar
Slotten, Hugh R. Radio and Television Regulation: Broadcast Technology in the United States, 1920–1960. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Sobel, Robert. I.B.M.: Colossus in Transition. New York: Times Books, 1981.Google Scholar
Sobel, Robert. IBM vs. Japan: The Struggle for the Future. New York: Stein & Day, 1986.Google Scholar
Tedlow, Richard S. Giants of Enterprise: Seven Business Innovators and the Empires They Built. New York: HarperBusiness, 2001.Google Scholar
Tedlow, Richard S.. The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBM’s Founding Father and Son. New York: HarperBusiness, 2003.Google Scholar
Usselman, Steven W. Regulating Railroad Innovation: Business, Technology, and Politics in America, 1840–1920. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernay, Jacques. Chroniques de la Compagnie IBM France, 1914–1987. Paris: IBM Corporation, 1988.Google Scholar
Watson, Thomas J. Les Hommes Le Temps L’Argent. Paris: IBM, 1935.Google Scholar
Watson, Thomas J. Jr., and Petre, Peter. Father Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond. New York: Bantam, 1990.Google Scholar
Weller, Toni, ed. Information History in the Modern World: Histories of the Information Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Norbert. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1948.Google Scholar
Yates, JoAnne. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Yates, JoAnne. Structuring the Information Age: Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Yates, JoAnne, and Murphy, Craig N.. Engineering Rules: Global Standard Setting since 1880. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Public Affairs, 2019.Google Scholar
Cortada, James W. “‘Carrying a Bag’: Memoirs of an IBM Salesman, 1974–1981.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 35, no. 4 (2013): 32–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortada, James W. “Change and Continuity at IBM: Key Themes in Histories of IBM.” Business History Review 92, no. 1 (2018): 117–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortada, James W. “IBM Branch Offices: What They Were, How They Worked, 1920s–1980s.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 39, no. 3 (2017): 9–23.Google Scholar
Cortada, James W. “Longevity and Corporate Ecosystems: How Did IBM Exist for Over a Century?” Entreprises et Histoire, no. 94 (2019): 104–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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