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Secrets for Sale? Innovation and the Nature of Knowledge in an Early Industrial District: The Potteries, 1750–1851

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2019

JOE LANE Open the ORCID record for JOE LANE [Opens in a new window]
JOE LANE*
Affiliation:
Joe Lane is a business historian and Fellow at the London School of Economics. His work examines the organization and behavior of firms and industrial clusters, with a particular focus on innovation and knowledge. His current project surveys historical clusters at the firm level to examine their evolution over time. It also assesses how entrepreneurs responded to shocks and opportunities for knowledge creation and dissemination during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Contact: LSE100, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article investigates innovation and knowledge circulation in the North Staffordshire Potteries during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It evaluates new empirical evidence of formal and informal patterns of knowledge creation and dissemination in order to highlight tensions between forms of open knowledge sharing and the private appropriation of returns to innovative activity. By presenting new patent data, it shows that formal protection was not a widespread strategy in the industry. It uses patent specifications to determine what types of knowledge were, and could be, patented in the district, and by whom. A range of sources are used to demonstrate evidence of innovation and knowledge appropriation outside of the patent system. The article identifies distinct types of knowledge in the industry and shows how differences in these led to a range of strategies employed by potters, with the role of secrecy highlighted as a particularly prevalent and effective strategy.

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Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , December 2019 , pp. 861 - 906
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Berg, Maxine. Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaszczyk, Regina Lee. Imagining Consumers: Design and Innovation from Wedgwood to Corning. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Bottomley, Sean. The British Patent System during the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Burchill, Frank, and Ross, Richard. A History of the Potters’ Union. Stoke-on-Trent, UK: Ceramic & Allied Trades Union, 1977.Google Scholar
Burton, William. A History and Description of English Porcelain. New York: A. Wessels Company, 1902.Google Scholar
Collins, Harry M. Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Collins, Harry M. Tacit and Explicit Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutton, H. I. The Patent System and Inventive Activity during the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1852. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Holgate, David. New Hall. London: Faber and Faber, 1987.Google Scholar
Hudson, Pat, ed. Regions and Industries: Perspectives on the Industrial Revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inkster, Ian. Science and Technology in History: An Approach to Industrial Development. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macleod, Christine. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History Britain, 1700–1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Page, William, ed. A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2, General; Ashford, East Bedfont With Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton . London: Victoria County History, 1911.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Michael. The Tacit Dimension. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1983.Google Scholar
Reilly, Robin. Josiah Wedgwood, 1730–1795. London: Macmillan, 1992.Google Scholar
Schmookler, Jacob. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Simeon. History of the Staffordshire Potteries, and the Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Pottery and Porcelain, with Notices of Eminent Potters . London: Scott, (1829) 1900.Google Scholar
Sherman, Brad, and Bently, Lionel. The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law, The British Experience, 1760–1911. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Warburton, William Henry. The History of Trade Union Organisation in the North Staffordshire Potteries. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1931.Google Scholar
Weatherill, Lorna, The Growth of the Pottery Industry in England 1660-1815, London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1986.Google Scholar
Allen, Robert. “Collective Invention.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 4, no. 1 (1983): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Robert. “Technology.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 1: 1700–1870 , edited by Floud, R., Humphries, J., and Johnson, P., 292–320. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Berg, Maxine, and Hudson, Pat. “Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review 45, no. 1 (1992): 24–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessen, James, and Nuvolari, Alessandro. “Knowledge Sharing Among Inventors: Some Historical Perspectives.” In Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities and Open Innovation , edited by Harhoff, Dietmar and Lakhani, Karim R., 135–156. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Celoria, F. “Ceramic Machinery of the Nineteenth Century in the Potteries and in Other Parts of Britain.” Staffordshire Archaeology 2 (1973): 10–48.Google Scholar
Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood, 1781–1794. Manchester: E. J. Morten Ltd., 1906.Google Scholar
Epstein, Stephan R. “Property Rights to Technical Knowledge in Premodern Europe, 1300-1800.” American Economic Review 94, no. 2 (2004), 382–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gourlay, Stephen. “Conceptualizing Knowledge Creation: A Critique of Nonaka’s Theory.” Journal of Management Studies 43, no. 7 (2006): 1415–1436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, B. Zorina. “Going for Gold: Industrial Fairs and Innovation in the Nineteenth-Century United States.” Revue économique 64, no. 1 (2013): 89–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kyriazidou, Ekaterini, and Pesendorfer, Martin. “Viennese Chairs: A Case Study for Modern Industrialization.” Journal of Economic History , 59, no. 1 (1999): 143–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, Andrew. “The Press and Labour Response to Pottery-making Machinery in the North Staffordshire Pottery Industry.” Journal of Ceramic History 9 (1977): 1–7.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi, and Sokoloff, Kenneth. “Inventors, Firms, and the Market for Technology in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” In Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries, edited by Lamoreaux, Naomi, Raff, Daniel, and Temin, Peter, 19–60. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Lane, Joseph. Networks, Innovation and Knowledge: The North Staffordshire Potteries, 1750–1851. PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 2018, http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3702/1/Lane__networks-innovation-and-knowledge.pdfGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, Christine. “Strategies for Innovation: The Diffusion of New Technology in Nineteenth-Century British Industry.” Economic History Review 45, no. 2 (May 1992): 285–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, Ben. “Carriages, Coffee-Cups and Dynamometers: Representing French Technical Cultures in the London Mechanics’ Magazine, 1823–1848.” Documents pour l’histoire des techniques 19 (2010): 243–254.Google Scholar
Marx, Matt, Strumsky, Deborah, and Fleming, Lee. “Mobility, Skills, and the Michigan Non-Compete Experiment.” Management Science 55, no. 6 (2009): 875–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Wedgwood, Josiah: An Eighteenth-Century Entrepreneur in Salesmanship and Marketing Techniques.” Economic History Review 19, no. 3 (1960): 408–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and the Commercialization of the Potteries.” In The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England, edited by McKendrick, Neil, Brewer, John, and Plumb, J. H., 100–145. London: Europa, 1982.Google Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and Cost Accounting in the Industrial Revolution.” The Economic History Review 23, no. 1 (1970): 45–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and Thomas Bentley: An Inventor-Entrepreneur Partnership in the Industrial Revolution.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Fifth Series) 14 (1964): 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “The Institutional Origins of the Industrial Revolution.” In Institutions and Economic Performance , edited by Helpman, Elhanan, 64–119. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2008.Google Scholar
Molland, George. “Bacon [Bakun], Roger (c.1214–1292?).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/1008Google Scholar
Moser, Petra. “How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation?” American Economic Review 95, no. 4 (September 2005): 1214–1236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “Innovation Without Patents—Evidence from World’s Fairs.” Journal of Law and Economics 55, no. 1 (February 2012): 43–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “Patents and Innovation: Evidence from Economic History.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 1 (2013): 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “Why Don’t Inventors Patent?” NBER Working Paper Number 13294 (issued August 2007). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra, and Nicholas, Tom. “Prizes, Publicity, and Patents: Non-Monetary Awards as a Mechanism to Encourage Innovation.” Journal of Industrial Economics 61, no. 3 (September 2013): 763–788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuvolari, Alessandro. “Collective Invention during the British Industrial Revolution: The Case of the Cornish pumping engine.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 28, no. 3 (2004): 347–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuvolari, Alessandro, and Sumner, James. “Inventors, Patents, and Inventive Activities in the English Brewing Industry, 1634–1850.” Business History Review 87 (2013): 95–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuvolari, Alessandro, and Tartari, Valentina. “Bennet Woodcroft and the Value of English Patents, 1617–1841.” Explorations in Economic History 48 (2011): 97–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew, ‘“The True Potter”: Identity and Entrepreneurship in the North Staffordshire Potteries in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Historical Geography 29, no. 3 (2003): 317–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew, and Wilson, John F.. “Districts, Networks and Clusters in England: An Introduction.” In Industrial Clusters and Regional Business Networks in England, 1750–1970, edited by Popp, Andrew and Wilson, John F., 1–18. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003.Google Scholar
Spiker, S. H. Travels through England, Wales & Scotland, in the Year 1816. Translated from the German. London: Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, and Jones, 1820.Google Scholar
Storper, Michael, and Venables, Anthony J.. “Buzz: Face-to-Face Contact and the Urban Economy.” Journal of Economic Geography 4 (2004): 351–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, Richard J. “England’s ‘Age of Invention’: The Acceleration of Patents and Patentable Invention during the Industrial Revolution.” Explorations in Economic History 26, no. 4 (1989): 424–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, 1851. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, Vol. 2. London: Spicer Brothers, 1851.Google Scholar
Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, 1851, Vol. 2. London: Spicer Brothers, 1851.Google Scholar
The Wedgwood Catalogue of 1787. Reprint. New York: The Wedgwood Society of New York, 1980. [Original title: Catalogue of cameos, intaglios, medals, bas-reliefs, busts and small statues; with a general account of tablets, vases, ecritoires and other ornamental and useful articles. The whole formed in different kinds of porcelain and terra cotta, whitefly after the antique and the finest models of modern artists. By F. R. S. Josiah Wedgwood and A. S. Potter to Her Majesty, and to His Royal Highness the Duke of York and Albany, sold at his rooms in Greek Street, Soho, London, and at his manufactory in Staffordshire. Sixth edition, with additions. Etruria, 1787.]Google Scholar
The Inventors’ Advocate, and Journal of Industry (1841)Google Scholar
Mechanics’ Magazine (1823–1872)Google Scholar
The Patent Journal, and Inventors’ Magazine (1846–1847)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Advertiser (1795–1870)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Gazette and County Standard (1839–1850)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Gazette and General Advertiser (1813–1814)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Mercury / North Staffordshire Mercury (1828–1848)Google Scholar
The Potter’s Examiner and Workman’s Advocate (1843–1845)Google Scholar
First Report of the Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851. London: Spicer Brothers, 1852.Google Scholar
Papers Relative to Mr. Champion’s Application to Parliament for the Extension of the Term of a Patent London, 1775.Google Scholar
Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes Into Which the Exhibition Was Divided, Volume 3. London: Spicer Brothers, 1852.Google Scholar
Tables of the Revenue, Population, Commerce, &c. of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies, Part VI, 1836 . London, 1838.Google Scholar
Intellectual Property Office. “Patent applications filed and patents granted each year 1852 to 1915.” http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/patent/p-about/p-whatis/p-oldnumbers/p-oldnumbers-1852.htmGoogle Scholar
The London Journal of Arts and Sciences: and Repertory of Patent Inventions, Conjoined Series, Vol. 13. London: W. Newton, 1839.Google Scholar
The London Journal of Arts and Sciences: and Repertory of Patent Inventions, Conjoined Series, Vol. 18. London: W. Newton, 1841.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Arts and Manufactures. Vol. 12. London: John Nichols, 1800.Google Scholar
Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture. Vol. 16. London: John Nichols, 1810.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Arts and Manufactures: consisting of original communications, specifications of patent inventions, and selections of useful practical papers from the Transactions of the Philosophical Societies of All Nations, &c. &c , Vol. 7. London: H. Lowndes, 1797.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Patent Inventions and Other Discoveries and Improvements, New Series, Vol. 17. London: J. S. Hodson, 1842.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Patent Inventions. Vol. 19. 1852Google Scholar
Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce , Vol. 40. London: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 1823.Google Scholar
Woodcroft, Bennet. Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of the Specifications relating to Pottery. London: Great Seal Patent Office, 1862.Google Scholar
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Berg, Maxine. Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaszczyk, Regina Lee. Imagining Consumers: Design and Innovation from Wedgwood to Corning. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Bottomley, Sean. The British Patent System during the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Burchill, Frank, and Ross, Richard. A History of the Potters’ Union. Stoke-on-Trent, UK: Ceramic & Allied Trades Union, 1977.Google Scholar
Burton, William. A History and Description of English Porcelain. New York: A. Wessels Company, 1902.Google Scholar
Collins, Harry M. Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Collins, Harry M. Tacit and Explicit Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutton, H. I. The Patent System and Inventive Activity during the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1852. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Holgate, David. New Hall. London: Faber and Faber, 1987.Google Scholar
Hudson, Pat, ed. Regions and Industries: Perspectives on the Industrial Revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inkster, Ian. Science and Technology in History: An Approach to Industrial Development. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macleod, Christine. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History Britain, 1700–1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Page, William, ed. A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2, General; Ashford, East Bedfont With Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton . London: Victoria County History, 1911.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Michael. The Tacit Dimension. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1983.Google Scholar
Reilly, Robin. Josiah Wedgwood, 1730–1795. London: Macmillan, 1992.Google Scholar
Schmookler, Jacob. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Simeon. History of the Staffordshire Potteries, and the Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Pottery and Porcelain, with Notices of Eminent Potters . London: Scott, (1829) 1900.Google Scholar
Sherman, Brad, and Bently, Lionel. The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law, The British Experience, 1760–1911. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Warburton, William Henry. The History of Trade Union Organisation in the North Staffordshire Potteries. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1931.Google Scholar
Weatherill, Lorna, The Growth of the Pottery Industry in England 1660-1815, London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1986.Google Scholar
Allen, Robert. “Collective Invention.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 4, no. 1 (1983): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Robert. “Technology.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 1: 1700–1870 , edited by Floud, R., Humphries, J., and Johnson, P., 292–320. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Robert. ‘Why the Industrial Revolution Was British: Commerce, Induced Invention, and the Scientific Revolution.” Economic History Review 64, no. 2 (2011): 357–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Maxine, and Hudson, Pat. “Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review 45, no. 1 (1992): 24–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessen, James, and Nuvolari, Alessandro. “Knowledge Sharing Among Inventors: Some Historical Perspectives.” In Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities and Open Innovation , edited by Harhoff, Dietmar and Lakhani, Karim R., 135–156. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Celoria, F. “Ceramic Machinery of the Nineteenth Century in the Potteries and in Other Parts of Britain.” Staffordshire Archaeology 2 (1973): 10–48.Google Scholar
Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood, 1781–1794. Manchester: E. J. Morten Ltd., 1906.Google Scholar
Epstein, Stephan R. “Property Rights to Technical Knowledge in Premodern Europe, 1300-1800.” American Economic Review 94, no. 2 (2004), 382–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gourlay, Stephen. “Conceptualizing Knowledge Creation: A Critique of Nonaka’s Theory.” Journal of Management Studies 43, no. 7 (2006): 1415–1436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, B. Zorina. “Going for Gold: Industrial Fairs and Innovation in the Nineteenth-Century United States.” Revue économique 64, no. 1 (2013): 89–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kyriazidou, Ekaterini, and Pesendorfer, Martin. “Viennese Chairs: A Case Study for Modern Industrialization.” Journal of Economic History , 59, no. 1 (1999): 143–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, Andrew. “The Press and Labour Response to Pottery-making Machinery in the North Staffordshire Pottery Industry.” Journal of Ceramic History 9 (1977): 1–7.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi, and Sokoloff, Kenneth. “Inventors, Firms, and the Market for Technology in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” In Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries, edited by Lamoreaux, Naomi, Raff, Daniel, and Temin, Peter, 19–60. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Lane, Joseph. Networks, Innovation and Knowledge: The North Staffordshire Potteries, 1750–1851. PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 2018, http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3702/1/Lane__networks-innovation-and-knowledge.pdfGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, Christine. “Strategies for Innovation: The Diffusion of New Technology in Nineteenth-Century British Industry.” Economic History Review 45, no. 2 (May 1992): 285–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, Ben. “Carriages, Coffee-Cups and Dynamometers: Representing French Technical Cultures in the London Mechanics’ Magazine, 1823–1848.” Documents pour l’histoire des techniques 19 (2010): 243–254.Google Scholar
Marx, Matt, Strumsky, Deborah, and Fleming, Lee. “Mobility, Skills, and the Michigan Non-Compete Experiment.” Management Science 55, no. 6 (2009): 875–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Wedgwood, Josiah: An Eighteenth-Century Entrepreneur in Salesmanship and Marketing Techniques.” Economic History Review 19, no. 3 (1960): 408–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and the Commercialization of the Potteries.” In The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England, edited by McKendrick, Neil, Brewer, John, and Plumb, J. H., 100–145. London: Europa, 1982.Google Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and Cost Accounting in the Industrial Revolution.” The Economic History Review 23, no. 1 (1970): 45–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and Thomas Bentley: An Inventor-Entrepreneur Partnership in the Industrial Revolution.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Fifth Series) 14 (1964): 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “The Institutional Origins of the Industrial Revolution.” In Institutions and Economic Performance , edited by Helpman, Elhanan, 64–119. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2008.Google Scholar
Molland, George. “Bacon [Bakun], Roger (c.1214–1292?).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/1008Google Scholar
Moser, Petra. “How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation?” American Economic Review 95, no. 4 (September 2005): 1214–1236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “Innovation Without Patents—Evidence from World’s Fairs.” Journal of Law and Economics 55, no. 1 (February 2012): 43–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “Patents and Innovation: Evidence from Economic History.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 1 (2013): 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “Why Don’t Inventors Patent?” NBER Working Paper Number 13294 (issued August 2007). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra, and Nicholas, Tom. “Prizes, Publicity, and Patents: Non-Monetary Awards as a Mechanism to Encourage Innovation.” Journal of Industrial Economics 61, no. 3 (September 2013): 763–788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuvolari, Alessandro. “Collective Invention during the British Industrial Revolution: The Case of the Cornish pumping engine.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 28, no. 3 (2004): 347–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuvolari, Alessandro, and Sumner, James. “Inventors, Patents, and Inventive Activities in the English Brewing Industry, 1634–1850.” Business History Review 87 (2013): 95–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuvolari, Alessandro, and Tartari, Valentina. “Bennet Woodcroft and the Value of English Patents, 1617–1841.” Explorations in Economic History 48 (2011): 97–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew, ‘“The True Potter”: Identity and Entrepreneurship in the North Staffordshire Potteries in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Historical Geography 29, no. 3 (2003): 317–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew, and Wilson, John F.. “Districts, Networks and Clusters in England: An Introduction.” In Industrial Clusters and Regional Business Networks in England, 1750–1970, edited by Popp, Andrew and Wilson, John F., 1–18. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003.Google Scholar
Spiker, S. H. Travels through England, Wales & Scotland, in the Year 1816. Translated from the German. London: Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, and Jones, 1820.Google Scholar
Storper, Michael, and Venables, Anthony J.. “Buzz: Face-to-Face Contact and the Urban Economy.” Journal of Economic Geography 4 (2004): 351–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, Richard J. “England’s ‘Age of Invention’: The Acceleration of Patents and Patentable Invention during the Industrial Revolution.” Explorations in Economic History 26, no. 4 (1989): 424–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, 1851. Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue, Vol. 2. London: Spicer Brothers, 1851.Google Scholar
Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, 1851, Vol. 2. London: Spicer Brothers, 1851.Google Scholar
The Wedgwood Catalogue of 1787. Reprint. New York: The Wedgwood Society of New York, 1980. [Original title: Catalogue of cameos, intaglios, medals, bas-reliefs, busts and small statues; with a general account of tablets, vases, ecritoires and other ornamental and useful articles. The whole formed in different kinds of porcelain and terra cotta, whitefly after the antique and the finest models of modern artists. By F. R. S. Josiah Wedgwood and A. S. Potter to Her Majesty, and to His Royal Highness the Duke of York and Albany, sold at his rooms in Greek Street, Soho, London, and at his manufactory in Staffordshire. Sixth edition, with additions. Etruria, 1787.]Google Scholar
The Inventors’ Advocate, and Journal of Industry (1841)Google Scholar
Mechanics’ Magazine (1823–1872)Google Scholar
The Patent Journal, and Inventors’ Magazine (1846–1847)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Advertiser (1795–1870)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Gazette and County Standard (1839–1850)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Gazette and General Advertiser (1813–1814)Google Scholar
Staffordshire Mercury / North Staffordshire Mercury (1828–1848)Google Scholar
The Potter’s Examiner and Workman’s Advocate (1843–1845)Google Scholar
First Report of the Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851. London: Spicer Brothers, 1852.Google Scholar
Papers Relative to Mr. Champion’s Application to Parliament for the Extension of the Term of a Patent London, 1775.Google Scholar
Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes Into Which the Exhibition Was Divided, Volume 3. London: Spicer Brothers, 1852.Google Scholar
Tables of the Revenue, Population, Commerce, &c. of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies, Part VI, 1836 . London, 1838.Google Scholar
Intellectual Property Office. “Patent applications filed and patents granted each year 1852 to 1915.” http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/patent/p-about/p-whatis/p-oldnumbers/p-oldnumbers-1852.htmGoogle Scholar
The London Journal of Arts and Sciences: and Repertory of Patent Inventions, Conjoined Series, Vol. 13. London: W. Newton, 1839.Google Scholar
The London Journal of Arts and Sciences: and Repertory of Patent Inventions, Conjoined Series, Vol. 18. London: W. Newton, 1841.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Arts and Manufactures. Vol. 12. London: John Nichols, 1800.Google Scholar
Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture. Vol. 16. London: John Nichols, 1810.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Arts and Manufactures: consisting of original communications, specifications of patent inventions, and selections of useful practical papers from the Transactions of the Philosophical Societies of All Nations, &c. &c , Vol. 7. London: H. Lowndes, 1797.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Patent Inventions and Other Discoveries and Improvements, New Series, Vol. 17. London: J. S. Hodson, 1842.Google Scholar
The Repertory of Patent Inventions. Vol. 19. 1852Google Scholar
Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce , Vol. 40. London: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 1823.Google Scholar
Woodcroft, Bennet. Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of the Specifications relating to Pottery. London: Great Seal Patent Office, 1862.Google Scholar
Woodcroft, Bennet. Reference Index of Patents of Invention, From March 2, 1617 (14 James I) to October 1, 1852 (16 Victoria). London: Great Seal Patent Office, 1862.Google Scholar
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