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Queuing as a Changing Shopper Experience: The Case of Grocery Shopping in Britain, 1945–1975

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2019

ADRIAN R. BAILEY ,
ANDREW ALEXANDER  and
GARETH SHAW
ADRIAN R. BAILEY
Affiliation:
Adrian R. Bailey is Senior Lecturer in Management, Department of Science, Innovation, Technology, and Entrepreneurship, University of Exeter, Business School, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected]
ANDREW ALEXANDER
Affiliation:
Andrew Alexander is Professor of Retail Management, Surrey Business School, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected]
GARETH SHAW
Affiliation:
Gareth Shaw is Professor of Retail and Tourism Management, Department of Management, University of Exeter, Business School, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Queues are part of everyday routine and experienced by most shoppers, yet little attention has been given to providing historical accounts of queuing as a consumer task or as a shopper experience. This paper examines grocery shop queues and the changing experience of shoppers in historical perspective, specifically focusing upon the shift from counter-service to self-service grocery formats in Britain from 1945 to 1975. The paper draws upon a wide range of material using evidence from oral histories and witness groups, which is supported by contemporary sources from the Mass Observation Archive, newspapers, shopper surveys, and trade publications and reports. The conceptual framework developed in the paper explores the public and private dimensions of queues to consider the experiences and perceptions of shoppers during a period of rapid change in the retail grocery system. More generally, the paper contributes to our understanding of how management innovations are connected to untraded public values.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , September 2019 , pp. 652 - 683
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Abrams, Mark. Social Surveys and Social Action: London, Heinemann, 1951.Google Scholar
Black, Lawrence. Redefining British Politics: Culture, Consumerism and Participation, 1954–70. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, Rachel. Carried Away: The Invention of Modern Shopping. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
British Market Research Bureau. Self Service in Great Britain: A Study of the Latest Method of Grocery Retailing. London: British Marketing Research Bureau Ltd., 1950.Google Scholar
British Market Research Bureau. Shopping in Suburbia: A Report on Housewives’ Reactions to Supermarket Shopping. London: Walter Thompson, 1963.Google Scholar
British Market Research Bureau. Shopping in the Seventies: Highlights of Survey of Housewives. London: IPC Women’s Weekly Group, 1970.Google Scholar
Board of Trade. Census of Distribution and Other Services, 1950. Vol. 2, Retail and Service Trades. General Tables. London: HMSO, 1954.Google Scholar
Cochoy, Franck. On the Origins of Self-Service. London, Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Garfield, Simon. Our Hidden Lives: The Remarkable Diaries of Postwar Britain. London, Random House, 2005.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. Relations in Public. Microstudies of the Public Order. New York, Basic Books, 1971.Google Scholar
Hinton, James. Nine Wartime Lives: Mass Observation and the Making of the Modern Self. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessen, Ralph, and Nembach-Langer, Lydia. Transformations of Retailing in Europe After 1945. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
Kynaston, David. Austerity Britain, 1945–1951. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007.Google Scholar
Levy, Hermann. The Shops of Britain: A Study of Retail Distribution. London: Routledge, 1948.Google Scholar
Lipsey, David. Productivity in Distribution: A Summary of the Literature, edited by National Economic Development Council, Economic Development Committee for the Distributive Trades, Manpower Utilisation Sub-committee. London: National Economic Development Office, 1972.Google Scholar
Longmate, Norman. How We Lived Then. London: Hutchinson, 1971.Google Scholar
Mayo, James M. The American Grocery Store: The Business Evolution of an Architectural Space. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993.Google Scholar
Moran, Joe. Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life from Breakfast to Bedtime: London: Profile Books, 2008.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Herbert George. The British General Election of 1950. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan, 1999.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Grocery Trading. Oxford, UK, March–April 1962.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Retail Grocery Trends. Vol. 3, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1962.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review: The Changing Pattern of Grocery Trading. Vol. 4, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1963.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review: The Changing Pattern of Grocery Trading. Vol. 7, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1966.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Grocery Trading. Oxford, UK, March–April 1968.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review: The Changing Pattern of Grocery Trading. Vol. 11, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1970.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Future Trends in Packaged Goods. Vol. 11, no.5. Oxford, UK, September–October 1970.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Grocery Trading. Oxford, UK, March–April 1971.Google Scholar
Offer, Avner. The Challenge of Affluence: Self-Control and Well-Being in the United States and Britain Since 1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Perec, Georges. Species of Spaces and Other Pieces. London: Penguin, 1997.Google Scholar
Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. London: Macmillan, 2012.Google Scholar
Tonkin, Elizabeth. Narrating Our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. Austerity in Britain: Rationing, Controls, and Consumption, 1939–1955 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Alexander, Andrew, Nell, Dawn, Adrian, R. Bailey, and Shaw, Gareth. “The Co-creation of a Retail Innovation: Shoppers and the Early Supermarket in Britain.” Enterprise & Society, 10, no. 3 (2009): 529–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Adrian R., Shaw, Gareth, Alexander, Andrew, and Nell, Dawn. “Consumer Behaviour and the Life Course: Shopper Reactions to Self-Service Grocery Shops and Supermarkets in England c.1947–75.” Environment and Planning A, 42, no. 6 (2010): 1496–1512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Julie, and Cameron, Michaelle. “The Effects of the Service Environment on Affect and Consumer Perception of Waiting Time: An Integrative Review and Research Propositions.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24, no. 4 (1996): 338–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bitran, Gabriel R., Ferrer, Juan-Carlos, and Oliveira, Paulo Rocha e. “OM Forum—Managing Customer Experiences: Perspectives on the Temporal Aspects of Service Encounters.” Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 10, no. 1 (2008): 61–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Board of Trade. “Report on Self-Service Trading.” Board of Trade Journal, 177, no. 3259 (September 4, 1959): 213–216.Google Scholar
Brown, Ron. “Arrival of the Sales-Counter Computer.” New Scientist, no. 5 (1972): 131–133.Google Scholar
Davies, Andrea, and Elliott, Richard. “The Evolution of the Empowered Consumer.” European Journal of Marketing, 40, nos. 9–10 (2006): 1106–1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Mark M., and Heineke, Janelle. “Understanding the Roles of the Customer and the Operation for Better Queue Management.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 14, no. 5 (1994): 21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Gay, Paul. “Self-Service: Retail, Shopping and Personhood.” Consumption Markets & Culture, 7, no. 2 (2004): 149–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durrande-Moreau, Agnes. “Waiting for Service: Ten Years of Empirical Research.” International Journal of Service Industry Management, 10, no. 2 (1999): 171–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, Raymond. “An Anthropologist’s View of Mass Observation.” Sociological Review 31, no. 2 (1939): 166–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurney, Peter. “‘Intersex’ and ‘Dirty Girls’: Mass-Observation and Working-Class Sexuality in England in the 1930s.” Journal of the History of Sexuality, 8, no. 2 (1997): 256–290.Google Scholar
Hinton, James. “Militant Housewives: The British Housewives’ League and the Attlee Government.” History Workshop Journal, 38, no. 1 (1994): 129–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornik, Jacob. “Subjective vs. Objective Time Measures: A Note on the Perception of Time in Consumer Behavior.” Journal of Consumer Research, 11, no. 1 (1984): 615–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, Mark B., Bettencourt, Lance A., and Wenger, Sutha. “The Relationship Between Waiting in a Service Queue and Evaluations of Service Quality: A Field Theory Perspective.” Psychology & Marketing, 15, no. 8 (1998): 735–753.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hui, Michael K., Thakor, Mrugank V., and Gill, Ravi. “The Effect of Delay Type and Service Stage on Consumers’ Reactions to Waiting.” Journal of Consumer Research, 24, no. 4 (1998): 469–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koo, Minjung, and Fishbach, Ayelet. “A Silver Lining of Standing in Line: Queuing Increases Value of Products.” Journal of Marketing Research 47, no. 4 (2010): 713–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landry, Timothy D., Arnold, Todd J., and Stark, John B.. “Retailer Community Embeddedness and Consumer Patronage.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 12, no. 1 (2005): 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, Leon. “Queue Culture: The Waiting Line as a Social System.” American Journal of Sociology, 75, no. 3 (1969): 340–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, W. Grigor. “Economics of the Supermarket.” Economic Journal, 72, no. 285 (1962): 154–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, Joe. “Queuing Up in Post-War Britain.” Twentieth Century British History, 16, no. 3 (2005): 283–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, Alan Q. “Packaging History: The Emergence of the Uniform Product Code (UPC) in the United States, 1970–75.” History and Technology, 11, no. 1 (1994): 101–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nell, Dawn, Alexander, Andrew, Shaw, Gareth, and Bailey, Adrian R.. “Investigating Shopper Narratives of the Supermarket in Early Post-War England, 1945–75.” Oral History, 37, no. 1 (2009): 61–73.Google Scholar
Pàmies, Maria del Mar, Ryan, Gerard and Valverde, Mireia. “What Is Going on When Nothing Is Going On? Exploring the Role of the Consumer in Shaping Waiting Situations.” International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40, no. 2 (2016): 211–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, Michael, and Chaney, David. “Democracy and Communication: Mass Observation 1937–1943.” Journal of Communication 36, no. 1 (1986): 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandel, Michael J. “Market Reasoning as Moral Reasoning: Why Economists Should Re-engage with Political Philosophy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27, no. 4 (2013): 121–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandgren, Fredrik. “From ‘Peculiar Stores’ to ‘a New Way of Thinking’: Discussions on Self-Service in Swedish Trade Journals, 1935–1955.” Business History, 51, no. 5 (2009): 734–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharples, Sue. “Scanning—The Trials and the Triumphs.” Retail and Distribution Management, 10, no. 3 (1982): 32–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Gareth, and Alexander, Andrew. “British Co-operative Societies as Retail Innovators: Interpreting the Early Stages of the Self-Service Revolution.” Business History, 50, no. 1 (2008): 62–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Gareth, Curth, Louise, and Alexander, Andrew. “Selling Self-Service and the Supermarket: The Americanisation of Food Retailing in Britain, 1945–60.” Business History, 46, no. 4 (2004): 568–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wexler, Mark N. “Re-thinking Queue Culture: The Commodification of Thick Time.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 35, nos. 3/4 (2015): 165–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Luyi, Debo, Laurens, and Gupta, Varun. “Trading Time in a Congested Environment.” Management Science, 63, no. 7 (2017): 2377–2395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zerubavel, Eviatar. “Timetables and Scheduling: On the Social Organization of Time.” Sociological Inquiry, 46, no. 2 (1976): 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, Kevin. “Property in a Queue.” In Property and Community, edited by Alexander, Gregory. S. and Penalver, Eduardo M., 165–195. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Maister, David H. “The Psychology of Waiting Lines.” In The Service Encounter Managing Employee/Customer Interaction in Service Businesses, edited by Czepiel, John A., Solomon, Michael R., and Surprenant, Carol F., 113–123. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1985.Google Scholar
Shaw, Gareth, Bailey, Adrian, Alexander, Andrew, Nell, Dawn, and Hamlett, Jane. “The Coming of the Supermarket: The Processes and Consequences of Transplanting American Know-How into Britain.” In Transformations of Retailing in Europe After 1945, edited by Jessen, Ralph and Langer, Lydia, 35–53. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
Usherwood, Barbara. “‘Mrs Housewife and Her Grocer’: The Advent of Self-Service Food Shopping in Britain.” In All the World and Her Husband, edited by Andrews, Maggie and Talbot, Mary, 113–130. London: Cassell, 2000.Google Scholar
Witkowski, Terrence H., and Brian Jones, D. G.. “Qualitative Historical Research in Marketing.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Marketing, edited by Belk, R. W., 70–82. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2006.Google Scholar
Mass Observation. “A Report on the Attitudes of Mass Observation’s Panel on Queuing.” In Mass Observation, edited by University of Sussex. Sussex: Mass Observation, 1948.Google Scholar
Mass Observation. “The Offside of the Counter.” In Mass Observation, edited by University of Sussex. Sussex: Mass Observation Archive, 1963.Google Scholar
Daily MailGoogle Scholar
Daily MirrorGoogle Scholar
Financial TimesGoogle Scholar
GrocerGoogle Scholar
North Devon Journal HeraldGoogle Scholar
North Western Co-operative NewsGoogle Scholar
Observer (London)Google Scholar
Times (London)Google Scholar
Abrams, Mark. Social Surveys and Social Action: London, Heinemann, 1951.Google Scholar
Black, Lawrence. Redefining British Politics: Culture, Consumerism and Participation, 1954–70. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, Rachel. Carried Away: The Invention of Modern Shopping. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
British Market Research Bureau. Self Service in Great Britain: A Study of the Latest Method of Grocery Retailing. London: British Marketing Research Bureau Ltd., 1950.Google Scholar
British Market Research Bureau. Shopping in Suburbia: A Report on Housewives’ Reactions to Supermarket Shopping. London: Walter Thompson, 1963.Google Scholar
British Market Research Bureau. Shopping in the Seventies: Highlights of Survey of Housewives. London: IPC Women’s Weekly Group, 1970.Google Scholar
Board of Trade. Census of Distribution and Other Services, 1950. Vol. 2, Retail and Service Trades. General Tables. London: HMSO, 1954.Google Scholar
Cochoy, Franck. On the Origins of Self-Service. London, Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Garfield, Simon. Our Hidden Lives: The Remarkable Diaries of Postwar Britain. London, Random House, 2005.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. Relations in Public. Microstudies of the Public Order. New York, Basic Books, 1971.Google Scholar
Hinton, James. Nine Wartime Lives: Mass Observation and the Making of the Modern Self. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessen, Ralph, and Nembach-Langer, Lydia. Transformations of Retailing in Europe After 1945. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
Kynaston, David. Austerity Britain, 1945–1951. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007.Google Scholar
Levy, Hermann. The Shops of Britain: A Study of Retail Distribution. London: Routledge, 1948.Google Scholar
Lipsey, David. Productivity in Distribution: A Summary of the Literature, edited by National Economic Development Council, Economic Development Committee for the Distributive Trades, Manpower Utilisation Sub-committee. London: National Economic Development Office, 1972.Google Scholar
Longmate, Norman. How We Lived Then. London: Hutchinson, 1971.Google Scholar
Mayo, James M. The American Grocery Store: The Business Evolution of an Architectural Space. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993.Google Scholar
Moran, Joe. Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life from Breakfast to Bedtime: London: Profile Books, 2008.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Herbert George. The British General Election of 1950. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan, 1999.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Grocery Trading. Oxford, UK, March–April 1962.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Retail Grocery Trends. Vol. 3, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1962.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review: The Changing Pattern of Grocery Trading. Vol. 4, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1963.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review: The Changing Pattern of Grocery Trading. Vol. 7, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1966.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Grocery Trading. Oxford, UK, March–April 1968.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review: The Changing Pattern of Grocery Trading. Vol. 11, no. 2. Oxford, UK, March–April 1970.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Future Trends in Packaged Goods. Vol. 11, no.5. Oxford, UK, September–October 1970.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Researcher. Annual Review of Grocery Trading. Oxford, UK, March–April 1971.Google Scholar
Offer, Avner. The Challenge of Affluence: Self-Control and Well-Being in the United States and Britain Since 1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Perec, Georges. Species of Spaces and Other Pieces. London: Penguin, 1997.Google Scholar
Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. London: Macmillan, 2012.Google Scholar
Tonkin, Elizabeth. Narrating Our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. Austerity in Britain: Rationing, Controls, and Consumption, 1939–1955 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Alexander, Andrew, Nell, Dawn, Adrian, R. Bailey, and Shaw, Gareth. “The Co-creation of a Retail Innovation: Shoppers and the Early Supermarket in Britain.” Enterprise & Society, 10, no. 3 (2009): 529–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Adrian R., Shaw, Gareth, Alexander, Andrew, and Nell, Dawn. “Consumer Behaviour and the Life Course: Shopper Reactions to Self-Service Grocery Shops and Supermarkets in England c.1947–75.” Environment and Planning A, 42, no. 6 (2010): 1496–1512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Julie, and Cameron, Michaelle. “The Effects of the Service Environment on Affect and Consumer Perception of Waiting Time: An Integrative Review and Research Propositions.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24, no. 4 (1996): 338–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bitran, Gabriel R., Ferrer, Juan-Carlos, and Oliveira, Paulo Rocha e. “OM Forum—Managing Customer Experiences: Perspectives on the Temporal Aspects of Service Encounters.” Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 10, no. 1 (2008): 61–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Board of Trade. “Report on Self-Service Trading.” Board of Trade Journal, 177, no. 3259 (September 4, 1959): 213–216.Google Scholar
Brown, Ron. “Arrival of the Sales-Counter Computer.” New Scientist, no. 5 (1972): 131–133.Google Scholar
Davies, Andrea, and Elliott, Richard. “The Evolution of the Empowered Consumer.” European Journal of Marketing, 40, nos. 9–10 (2006): 1106–1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Mark M., and Heineke, Janelle. “Understanding the Roles of the Customer and the Operation for Better Queue Management.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 14, no. 5 (1994): 21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Gay, Paul. “Self-Service: Retail, Shopping and Personhood.” Consumption Markets & Culture, 7, no. 2 (2004): 149–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durrande-Moreau, Agnes. “Waiting for Service: Ten Years of Empirical Research.” International Journal of Service Industry Management, 10, no. 2 (1999): 171–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, Raymond. “An Anthropologist’s View of Mass Observation.” Sociological Review 31, no. 2 (1939): 166–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurney, Peter. “‘Intersex’ and ‘Dirty Girls’: Mass-Observation and Working-Class Sexuality in England in the 1930s.” Journal of the History of Sexuality, 8, no. 2 (1997): 256–290.Google Scholar
Hinton, James. “Militant Housewives: The British Housewives’ League and the Attlee Government.” History Workshop Journal, 38, no. 1 (1994): 129–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornik, Jacob. “Subjective vs. Objective Time Measures: A Note on the Perception of Time in Consumer Behavior.” Journal of Consumer Research, 11, no. 1 (1984): 615–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, Mark B., Bettencourt, Lance A., and Wenger, Sutha. “The Relationship Between Waiting in a Service Queue and Evaluations of Service Quality: A Field Theory Perspective.” Psychology & Marketing, 15, no. 8 (1998): 735–753.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hui, Michael K., Thakor, Mrugank V., and Gill, Ravi. “The Effect of Delay Type and Service Stage on Consumers’ Reactions to Waiting.” Journal of Consumer Research, 24, no. 4 (1998): 469–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koo, Minjung, and Fishbach, Ayelet. “A Silver Lining of Standing in Line: Queuing Increases Value of Products.” Journal of Marketing Research 47, no. 4 (2010): 713–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landry, Timothy D., Arnold, Todd J., and Stark, John B.. “Retailer Community Embeddedness and Consumer Patronage.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 12, no. 1 (2005): 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, Leon. “Queue Culture: The Waiting Line as a Social System.” American Journal of Sociology, 75, no. 3 (1969): 340–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, W. Grigor. “Economics of the Supermarket.” Economic Journal, 72, no. 285 (1962): 154–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, Joe. “Queuing Up in Post-War Britain.” Twentieth Century British History, 16, no. 3 (2005): 283–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, Alan Q. “Packaging History: The Emergence of the Uniform Product Code (UPC) in the United States, 1970–75.” History and Technology, 11, no. 1 (1994): 101–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nell, Dawn, Alexander, Andrew, Shaw, Gareth, and Bailey, Adrian R.. “Investigating Shopper Narratives of the Supermarket in Early Post-War England, 1945–75.” Oral History, 37, no. 1 (2009): 61–73.Google Scholar
Pàmies, Maria del Mar, Ryan, Gerard and Valverde, Mireia. “What Is Going on When Nothing Is Going On? Exploring the Role of the Consumer in Shaping Waiting Situations.” International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40, no. 2 (2016): 211–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, Michael, and Chaney, David. “Democracy and Communication: Mass Observation 1937–1943.” Journal of Communication 36, no. 1 (1986): 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandel, Michael J. “Market Reasoning as Moral Reasoning: Why Economists Should Re-engage with Political Philosophy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27, no. 4 (2013): 121–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandgren, Fredrik. “From ‘Peculiar Stores’ to ‘a New Way of Thinking’: Discussions on Self-Service in Swedish Trade Journals, 1935–1955.” Business History, 51, no. 5 (2009): 734–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharples, Sue. “Scanning—The Trials and the Triumphs.” Retail and Distribution Management, 10, no. 3 (1982): 32–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Gareth, and Alexander, Andrew. “British Co-operative Societies as Retail Innovators: Interpreting the Early Stages of the Self-Service Revolution.” Business History, 50, no. 1 (2008): 62–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Gareth, Curth, Louise, and Alexander, Andrew. “Selling Self-Service and the Supermarket: The Americanisation of Food Retailing in Britain, 1945–60.” Business History, 46, no. 4 (2004): 568–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wexler, Mark N. “Re-thinking Queue Culture: The Commodification of Thick Time.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 35, nos. 3/4 (2015): 165–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Luyi, Debo, Laurens, and Gupta, Varun. “Trading Time in a Congested Environment.” Management Science, 63, no. 7 (2017): 2377–2395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zerubavel, Eviatar. “Timetables and Scheduling: On the Social Organization of Time.” Sociological Inquiry, 46, no. 2 (1976): 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, Kevin. “Property in a Queue.” In Property and Community, edited by Alexander, Gregory. S. and Penalver, Eduardo M., 165–195. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Maister, David H. “The Psychology of Waiting Lines.” In The Service Encounter Managing Employee/Customer Interaction in Service Businesses, edited by Czepiel, John A., Solomon, Michael R., and Surprenant, Carol F., 113–123. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1985.Google Scholar
Shaw, Gareth, Bailey, Adrian, Alexander, Andrew, Nell, Dawn, and Hamlett, Jane. “The Coming of the Supermarket: The Processes and Consequences of Transplanting American Know-How into Britain.” In Transformations of Retailing in Europe After 1945, edited by Jessen, Ralph and Langer, Lydia, 35–53. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
Usherwood, Barbara. “‘Mrs Housewife and Her Grocer’: The Advent of Self-Service Food Shopping in Britain.” In All the World and Her Husband, edited by Andrews, Maggie and Talbot, Mary, 113–130. London: Cassell, 2000.Google Scholar
Witkowski, Terrence H., and Brian Jones, D. G.. “Qualitative Historical Research in Marketing.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Marketing, edited by Belk, R. W., 70–82. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2006.Google Scholar
Mass Observation. “A Report on the Attitudes of Mass Observation’s Panel on Queuing.” In Mass Observation, edited by University of Sussex. Sussex: Mass Observation, 1948.Google Scholar
Mass Observation. “The Offside of the Counter.” In Mass Observation, edited by University of Sussex. Sussex: Mass Observation Archive, 1963.Google Scholar
Daily MailGoogle Scholar
Daily MirrorGoogle Scholar
Financial TimesGoogle Scholar
GrocerGoogle Scholar
North Devon Journal HeraldGoogle Scholar
North Western Co-operative NewsGoogle Scholar
Observer (London)Google Scholar
Times (London)Google Scholar