Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T05:25:24.119Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Pharmaceutical Networks: The Political Economy of Drug Development in the United States, 1945–1980

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Extract

Pharmaceutical Networks describes how American drug firms,biomedical researchers, physicians, and Congressional reformers shaped the research, regulatory, and policy environments for prescription drugs in the three decades after World War II. In these decades, pharmaceutical reformers in Congress sought to secure passage of legislation that would increase the government's control over drug development, distribution, and practice. They proposed these reforms as a way of curbing the high cost of prescription drugs and putting a break on the escalating health care costs. To defend itself against this reform movement, the American drug industry built alliances with research universities, medical schools, and professional medical societies by offering to the medical and academic communities solutions to their shared problems. These problems included a shortage of biomedical workers and the increasing authority of the government over medical practice.

Type
Dissertation Summaries
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2009. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Published Sources

Robert, Bud. “Antibiotics, Big Business, and Consumers: The Context of Government Investigations into the Postwar American Drug Industry.” Technology and Culture 46, no. 2 (2005): 329–49.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D Jr. Shaping the Industry Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Christy, Chapin. “Health Care Fashion: Meeting the 1950s Consumer Ideal.” Paper presented at the joint meeting of Business History Conference and the European Business History Association, Milan, Italy, June 2009.Google Scholar
Arthur, Daemmrich. Pharmacopolitics: Drug Regulation in the United States and Germany. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Henry, Etzkowitz. MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science. New York: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Fones-Wolf, Elizabeth A. Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945–1960. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Paul, Forman. “Behind Quantum Electronics: National Security as Basis of Physical Research in the United States, 1940–1960.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 18 (1988): 149229.Google Scholar
Louis, Galambos, and Sewall, Jane E.. Networks of Innovation: Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharp & Dohme, and Mulford, 1895-1995. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Peter, Galison and Hevly, Bruce, eds., Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Alfonso, Gambardella. Science and Innovation. The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry during the 1980s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Colin, Gordon. Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth CenturyAmerica. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Greene, Jeremy A. Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2007.Google Scholar
Harris, Howell J. The Right to Manage: Industrial Relations Policies ofAmer-ican Business in the 1940s. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Meg, Jacobs. Pocketbook Politics: Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
David, Kaiser. “The cold war Requisitions, Scientific Manpower, and the Production of American Physicists after World War II.Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 33 (2002):131–59.Google Scholar
Jennifer, Klein. For All These Rights: Business, Labor, and the Shaping of America’s Public-Private Welfare State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Daniel Lee, Kleinman. “Layers of Interests, Layers of Influence: Business and the Genesis ofthe National Science Foundation.” Science, Technology, and Human Values 19 (1994): 259–82.Google Scholar
Leslie, Stuart W. Thecold war and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Jonathan, Liebenau. Medical Science and Medical Industry: The Formation of the American Pharmaceutical Industry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Jonathan, Liebenau. “Ethical Business: The Formation of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Britain, Germany, and the United States before 1914.” Business History 30 (1988): 116–29.Google Scholar
Lowen, Rebecca S. Creating the cold war University: The Transformation of Stanford. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Harry, Marks. The Progress ofExperiment. Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Lara, Marks. Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Ann, Markusen, Hall, Peter, Campbell, Scott, and Deitrick, Sabrina. The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Ronald, Numbers. Almost Persuaded: American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance, 1912–1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Kimberly, Phillips-Fein. Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan. New York: W.W. Norton … Co., 2009.Google Scholar
Kimberly, Phillips-Fein. “The Moral Economy of the Drug Company-Medical Scientist Collaboration in Interwar America.” Social Studies ofScience 34, no. 2 (2004): 161–85.Google Scholar
Kimberly, Phillips-Fein. “The Commercial Drug Trial in Interwar America: Three Types of Clinician Collaborator.” Bulletin ofthe History of Medicine 79, no. 1 (2005): 5080.Google Scholar
Kimberly, Phillips-Fein. On Speed: The Many Lives of Amphetamines. New York: New York University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Daniel, Scroop. “A Faded Passion? Estes Kefauver and the Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly.” Business and Economic HistoryOn-Line 5 (2007). http://www.hnet.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHonline/beh.html. Google Scholar
Strickland, Stephen P. Politics, Science, and Dread Disease: A Short Historyof United States Medical Research Policy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
John, Swann. Academic Scientists and the Pharmaceutical Industry: Cooperative Research in Twentieth-CenturyAmerica. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Tobbell, Dominique A. “Allied Against Reform: Pharmaceutical Industry-Academic Physician Relations in the United States, 1945-1970.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 4 (2008): 878912.Google Scholar
Tobbell, Dominique A. ““Who’s Winning the Human Race?” the cold war as Pharmaceutical Political Strategy.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (June 4, 2009), 10.1093/jhmas/jrp012.Google Scholar
Andrea, Tone and Watkins, Elizabeth S.. Medicating Modern America: Prescription Drugs in History. New York: New York University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Watkins, Elizabeth S. On the Pill: A Social History ofOral Contraceptives, 1950-1970. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Unpublished Materials

Chadduck, H.W.. “Memo: Contributions of Industrial Corporation Funds Toward Support of Scientific Research, Education and Other Related Activities,” 31 March 1949. Alfred Newton Richards Papers, University of Pennsylvania Archives (hereafter referred to as ANR Papers), Box 16, FF 41Google Scholar
Cohn, Edwin J. “Training for Research in the Medical Sciences,” December 6, 1947. A.N. Richards Papers, Box 20, FF 40.Google Scholar
George Merck letter to A. N. Richards, 25 January 1946. ANR Papers, Box 19,FF 12.Google Scholar
Pharmaceutical Industry Advertising Program, folder 7, box 67, series 4, collection no. 59, N.W. Ayers Advertising Agency Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar