Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T12:35:28.042Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Nature of Failure: The Protracted Demise of the American-Colombian Corporation, 1909–1960

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2021

SHAWN VAN AUSDAL Open the ORCID record for SHAWN VAN AUSDAL [Opens in a new window]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

For 50 years, the American-Colombian Corporation owned the largest property in Colombia: the Lands of Loba. While the principal investors, men from Utah and later also Laurance and Nelson Rockefeller, dreamed of making a fortune from this tropical “fairyland,” none of their plans bore fruit and they eventually lost control to thousands of so-called squatters. To explain the failure of an American free-standing company, this article emphasizes misguided perceptions and a challenging external environment rather than managerial inexperience. Examining recycled notions of tropical abundance demonstrates how ideas of nature can influence investment decisions. Overlapping property rights and tension between possession and title complicated company efforts to raise capital. Local resistance and a fractured political landscape further limited its influence. Ultimately, the very scale of the property both generated delusions of grandeur and frustrated the company’s territorial control.

Keywords

Free-standing companyproperty rightscattle ranchingtropical nature
Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , September 2022 , pp. 640 - 679
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

In addition to the anonymous reviewers, I’d like to thank Marcelo Bucheli, Carlos Dávila, Catherine LeGrand, Bob Wilcox, Margaret Chowning, and the UC Berkeley Latin American History Working Group for their generous comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this article.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Adams, Frederick U. Conquest of the Tropics. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1914.Google Scholar
Almario, Oscar. La configuración moderna del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 1850–1940: espacio, poblamiento, poder y cultura. Cali: Cecan Editores, 1994.Google Scholar
Amaral, Samuel. The Rise of Capitalism on the Pampas: The Estancias of Buenos Aires, 1785–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Arnold, David. The Problem of Nature: Environment, Culture, and European Expansion. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.Google Scholar
Barton, Gregory. Informal Empire and the Rise of One World Culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Google Scholar
Berghoff, Hartmut, and Rome, Adam, eds. Green Capitalism? Business and the Environment in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew, ed. Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce, and Capital. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.Google Scholar
Bucheli, Marcelo. Bananas and Business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia, 1899–2000. New York: New York University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Camacho, Alvaro. Capital extranjero: subdesarrollo colombiano. Bogotá: Punta de Lanza, 1972.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos, ed. Empresas y empresarios en la historia de Colombia. Siglos XIX-XX. Bogotá: CEPAL, Norma, and Ediciones Uniandes, 2003.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos, Viloria, Joaquín, and Elías-Caro, Jorge Enrique, eds. Los estudios empresariales en Colombia a principios del siglo XXI. Santa Marta: Universidad del Magdalena, 2013.Google Scholar
Daza, Vladimir. Los marqueses de Santa Coa: una historia económica del Caribe colombiano, 1750–1810. Bogotá: ICANH, 2009.Google Scholar
Duncan, James. In the Shadows of the Tropics: Climate, Race and Biopower in Nineteenth Century Ceylon. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2007.Google Scholar
Fals-Borda, Orlando. Mompox y Loba . Vol. 1 of Historia doble de la costa. Bogotá: C. Valencia Editores, 1979.Google Scholar
Fals-Borda, Orlando. Resistencia en el San Jorge. Vol. 3 of Historia doble de la costa. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Banco de la República, and El Áncora Editores, 2002.Google Scholar
Goodman, David, Sorj, Bernardo, and Wilkinson, John. From Farming to Biotechnology: A Theory of Agro-industrial Development. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987.Google Scholar
Garner, Paul. British Lions and Mexican Eagles: Business, Politics, and Empire in the Career of Weetman Pearson in Mexico, 1889–1919. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Grandin, Greg. Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Gray, Kevin, and Gray, Susan Francis. Land Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Gudeman, Stephen, and Rivera, Alberto. Conversations in Colombia: The Domestic Economy in Life and Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Hart, John M. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico Since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hays, Samuel P. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Henderson, James D. When Colombia Bled: A History of the Violencia in Tolima. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Holton, Isaac F. New Granada: Twenty Months in the Andes. New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1857.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Profits and Sustainability: A History of Green Entrepreneurship. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Gilbert, LeGrand, Catherine, and Salvatore, Ricardo D., eds. Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalmanovitz, Salomon and López, Enrique. La agricultura colombiana en el siglo XX. Bogotá: Banco de la República and Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2006.Google Scholar
Knight, Jesse W. The Jesse Knight Family: Jesse Knight, His Forebears and Family. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1941.Google Scholar
LeGrand, Catherine. Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Colombia, 1850–1936. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Martz, John D. The Politics of Clientelism: Democracy and the State in Colombia. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997.Google Scholar
Matter, Konrad. Inversiones extranjeras en la economía colombiana. Bogotá: Ediciones Hombre Nuevo, 1977.Google Scholar
Maurer, Noel. The Empire Trap: The Rise and Fall of US Intervention to Protect American Property Overseas, 1893–2013. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Ocampo, Gloria Isabel. La instauración de la ganadería en el Valle del Sinú: la hacienda Marta Magdalena, 1881–1956. Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia and Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, 2007.Google Scholar
Palacios, Marco. Coffee in Colombia, 1850–1970: An Economic, Social, and Political History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios, Marco ¿De quién es la tierra? Propiedad, politización y protesta campesina en la década de 1930. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2011.Google Scholar
Pearse, A. W. The World’s Meat Future. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1920.Google Scholar
Posada-Carbó, Eduardo. The Colombian Caribbean: A Regional History, 1870–1950. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, Stephen J. Colombia and the United States: Hegemony and Interdependence. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Singer, Joseph W. Entitlement: The Paradoxes of Property. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Peter H. Politics and Beef in Argentina: Patterns of Conflict and Change. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Soluri, John. Banana Cultures: Agriculture, Consumption, and Environmental Change in Honduras and the United States. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, Richard. Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uribe, Simón. Frontier Road: Power, History, and the Everyday State in the Colombian Amazon. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, John. The Great Land Rush and the Making of the Modern World, 1650–1900 Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Wilcox, Robert. Cattle in the Backlands: Mato Grosso and the Evolution of Ranching in the Brazilian Tropics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, Mira, and Schröter, Harm, eds. The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Woodland, John. Money Pits: British Mining Companies in the Californian and Australian Gold Rushes of the 1850s. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2014.Google Scholar
Ancízar, Jorge. “A Concise Description of the Republic of Colombia, South America.” The Colombian Review 1, no. 4 (1921): 82–86.Google Scholar
Archer, Ronald P. “The Transition from Traditional to Broker Clientelism in Colombia: Political Stability and Social Unrest.” Working Paper 140, Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame, 1990.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Christopher, and Nelles, Henry. “A Curious Capital Flow: Canadian Investment in Mexico, 1902-1910.” Business History Review 58 (Summer 1984): 178–203.Google Scholar
Arnold, David. “‘Illusory Riches’: Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 21, no. 1 (2000): 6–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, Gareth, Dávila, Carlos, and Jones, Geoffrey. “The Alternative Business History: Business in Emerging Markets.” Business History Review 91, no. 3 (2017): 537–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbero, María Inés. “Business History in Latin America: A Historiographical Perspective.” Business History Review 82, no. 3 (2008): 555–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergquist, Ann-Kristin. “Renewing Business History in the Era of the Anthropocene.” Business History Review 93, no. 1 (2019): 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla, Daniel. “Liberalism and Property in Colombia: Property as a Right and Property as a Social Function.” Fordham Law Review 80, no. 3 (2011): 1135–1170.Google Scholar
Boughey, David. “British Overseas Railways as Free-standing Companies, 1900–1915.” Business History 51, no. 3 (2009): 484–500.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “Introduction.” In Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce, and Capital, edited by Brown, Matthew, 1–21. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.Google Scholar
Bucheli, Marcelo. “Negotiating under the Monroe Doctrine: Weetman Pearson and the Origins of U.S. Control of Colombian Oil.” Business History Review 82, no. 3 (2008): 529–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Roger. “British Investment in the American Mining Frontier.” Business and Economic History 26, no. 2 (1997): 515–525.Google Scholar
Cannon, Brian Q. “Shaping BYU: The Presidential Administration and Legacy of Benjamin Cluff Jr.: Brigham Young University Studies 48, no. 2 (2009): 4–40.Google Scholar
Carlson, F. A. “American Settlement in the Isla de Pinos, Cuba.” Geographical Review 32, no. 1 (1942): 21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casson, Mark. “Institutional Diversity in Overseas Enterprise: Explaining the Free-standing Company.” Business History 36, no. 4 (1994): 95–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casson, Mark. “The Economic Analysis of Multinational Trading Companies.” In The Multinational Traders, edited by Jones, Geoffrey, 22–47. London: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Chapman, Stanley. “British Free-Standing Companies and Investment Groups in India and the Far East.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 202–217. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Christopher, A. J. “Patterns of British Overseas Investment in Land, 1885–1913.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 10, no. 4 (1985): 452–466.Google Scholar
Corley, T. A. B. “The Free-Standing Company, in Theory and Practice.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 99–128. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos. “Business History in Colombia.” In Business History in Latin America: The Experience of Seven Countries, edited by Dávila, Carlos and Miller, Rory, 83–115. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos, and Barbero, María Inés. “Introduction: A View from Latin America.” Entreprise et Histoire 1, no. 54 (2009): 6–15.Google Scholar
Fischer, Thomas. “Empresas extranjeras en el sector del oro y de la plata en Colombia, 1870–1914: la free-standing company como modelo aplicado por inversionistas extrajeros.” Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico 32, no. 39 (1995): 60–84.Google Scholar
Fortmann, Louise. “The Tree Tenure Factor in Agroforestry with Particular Reference to Africa.” Agroforestry Systems 2 (1985): 229–251.Google Scholar
Gallagher, John, and Robinson, Ronald. “The Imperialism of Free Trade.” Economic History Review 6, no. 1 (1953): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhill, Robert, and Miller, Rory. “British Trading Companies in South America After 1914.” In The Multinational Traders, edited by Jones, Geoffrey, 102–127. London: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Hayami, Yujiro. “Plantations Agriculture.” In Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 4, edited by Evenson, Robert and Pingali, Prabhu, 3305–3322. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, Susanna. “The Logic of Livestock and Deforestation in Amazonia.” BioScience 43, no. 10 (1993): 687–695.Google Scholar
Hennart, Jean-Francois. “International Financial Capital Transfers: A Transaction Cost Framework.” Business History 36, no. 1 (1994): 51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennart, Jean-Francois. “Transaction Cost Theory and the Free-standing Firm.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 65–98. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Hitchman, James. “U.S. Control Over Cuban Sugar Production, 1898-1902.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 12, no. 1 (1970): 90–106.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. “Informal Empire in Argentina: An Alternative View.” Journal of Latin American Studies 26, no. 2 (1994): 469–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, Richard R. “Elaborations, Revisions, Dissents: Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.’s The Visible Hand After Twenty Years.” Business History Review 71, no. 2 (1997): 151–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, and Spadafora, Andrew. “Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000.” Enterprise and Society 18, no. 1 (2016): 146–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, and Mowatt, Simon. “National Image as a Competitive Disadvantage: The Case of the New Zealand Organic Food Industry.” Business History 58, no. 8 (2016): 1262–1288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Gilbert, and Wells, Allen. “Corporate Control of a Monocrop Economy: International Harvester and Yucatan’s Henequen Industry During the Porfiriato.” Latin American Research Review 17, no. 1 (1982): 69–99.Google Scholar
Knight, Alan. “U.S. Imperialism/Hegemony and Latin American Resistance.” In Empire and Dissent: The United States and Latin America, edited by Rosen, Fred, 23–52. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lees, Lynn. “International Management in a Free-standing Company: The Penang Sugar Estates, Ltd., and the Malayan Sugar Industry, 1815–1914.” Business History Review 81, no. 1 (2007): 27–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeGrand, Catherine. “Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a United Fruit Company Banana Enclave in Colombia.” In Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations, edited by Joseph, Gilbert, LeGrand, Catherine, and Salvatore, Ricardo D., 333–368. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Livingstone, David. “Tropical Climate and Moral Hygiene: The Anatomy of a Victorian Debate.” British Journal for the History of Science 32, no. 1 (1999): 93–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, Susan, and Dickinson, James. “Obstacles to the Development of a Capitalist Agriculture.” Journal of Peasant Studies 5, no. 4 (1978): 466–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, James. “The United Fruit Company’s Tourist Business and the Creation of the ‘Golden Caribbean,’ 1899–1940.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, no. 2 (2016): 238–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meisel, Adolfo. “Bajo el signo del cóndor: empresas y empresarios en el Caribe colombiano, 1982–2009.” In Los estudios empresariales en Colombia a principios del siglo XXI, edited by Dávila, Carlos, Viloria, Joaquín, and Elías-Caro, Jorge Enrique, 51–73. Santa Marta: Universidad del Magdalena, 2013.Google Scholar
Meisel, Adolfo, and Viloria, Joaquín. “Los alemanes en el Caribe colombiano: el caso de Adolfo Held, 1880–1927.” Cuadernos de Historia Económica y Empresarial, no. 1 (1999).Google Scholar
Miller, Rory. “British Free-Standing Companies on the West Coast of South America.” In The Free-Standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 218–252. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Miller, Rory. “Informal Empire in Latin America.” In Vol. 5, Historiography, of The Oxford History of the British Empire, edited by Winks, Robin W., 437–449. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Peterson, Richard. “Jesse Knight, Utah’s Mormon Mining Mogul.” Utah Historical Quarterly 57, no. 3 (1987): 240–253.Google Scholar
Platt, D. C. M. “The Imperialism of Free Trade: Some Reservations.” Economic History Review 21, no. 2 (1968): 296–306.Google Scholar
Ripoll, María Teresa. “La actividad empresarial de Diego Martínez Camargo, 1890–1937.” Cuadernos de Historia Económica y Empresarial, no. 2 (1999).Google Scholar
Rippy, J. Fred. “Investments of Citizens of the United States in Latin America.” Journal of Business of the University of Chicago 22, no. 1 (1949): 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine M. “Doing Business History in the Age of Global Climate Change.” Enterprise and Society 8, no. 2 (2007): 221–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine M., and Sellers, Christopher C.. “The Nature of the Firm: Towards an Ecocultural History of Business.” Business History Review 73, no. 4 (1999): 577–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santamarina, Juan C. “The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba, 1898–1915.” Business History Review 74, no. 2 (2000): 41–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schell, William. “American Investment in Tropical Mexico: Rubber Plantations, Fraud, and Dollar Diplomacy, 1897–1913.” Business History Review 64, no. 2 (1990): 217–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Andrew, and Greer, Kirsten. “Uniting Business History and Global Environmental History.” Business History 59, no. 7 (2017): 987–1009.Google Scholar
Solano, Sergio Paolo. “Del ‘antilatifundismo sociológico’ al revisionismo historiográfico. La ganadería en la historiografía sobre la región Caribe colombiano.” Mundo Agrario 10, no. 20 (2010): 1–38.Google Scholar
Taussig, Michael. “The Evolution of Rural Wage Labor in the Cauca Valley of Colombia, 1700–1970.” In Land and Labour in Latin America, edited by Duncan, Kenneth and Rutledge, Ian, 397–434. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Tennent, Kevin. “Management and the Free-Standing Company: The New Zealand and Australia Land Company c. 1866–1900.” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 41, no. 1 (2013): 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Andrew. “Informal Empire? An Exploration in the History of Anglo-Argentine Relations, 1810–1914.” Journal of Latin American Studies 24, no. 2 (1992): 419–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triner, Gail D. “Property Rights, Family, and Business Partnership in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Brazil: The Case of the St. John d’el Rey Mining Company, 1834–1960.” Enterprise & Society 8, no. 1 (2007): 35–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Ni calamidad, ni panacea: una reflexión en torno a la historiografía de la ganadería colombiana.” In El poder de la carne: historias de ganaderías en la primera mitad del siglo XX, edited by Flórez, Alberto, 28–46. Bogotá: Universidad Javeriana, 2008.Google Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Pasture, Power, and Profit: An Environmental History of Cattle Ranching in Colombia, 1850–1950.” Geoforum 40, no. 5 (2009): 707–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Productivity Gains and the Limits of Tropical Ranching in Colombia, 1850–1950.” Agricultural History 86, no. 3 (2012): 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Reimagining the Tropical Beef Frontier and the Nation in Early Twentieth-Century Colombia.” In Trading Environments: Frontiers, Commercial Knowledge and Environmental Transformation, 1820–1990, edited by Winder, Gordon M. and Dix, Andreas, 166–192. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Pastures, Crops, and Inequality: Questioning the Inverse Relationship Between Farm Size and Productivity in Colombia.” Mundo Agrario 21, no. 46 (2020): e134.Google Scholar
Vedery, Katherine. “Fuzzy Property: Rights, Power, and Identity in Transylvania’s Decollectivization.” In Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies, edited by Nelson, Joan M., Tilly, Charles, and Walker, Lee, 102–117. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Viloria, Joaquín. “Ganaderos y comerciantes en Sincelejo, 1880-1920.” Cuadernos de Historia Economica y Empresarial, no. 8 (2001).Google Scholar
Wild, Andrew. “Capability Brown, the Aristocracy, and the Cultivation of the Eighteenth-Century British Landscaping Industry.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 2 (2013): 237–270.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “The Free‐Standing Company, 1870–1914: An Important Type of British Foreign Direct Investment.” Economic History Review 41, no. 2 (1988): 259–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “The Free-Standing Company Revisited.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 3–64. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Bell, P. L. Colombia: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921.Google Scholar
Hoar, H. M. “Tanning Materials Survey. Part III. Quebracho.” Supplement to Commercial Reports, Trade Information Bulletin No. 295. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1924.Google Scholar
Ministerio de Agricultura y Comercio. Memoria del Ministro de Agricultura y Comercio al Congreso de 1917. Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional, 1917 Google Scholar
Nellis, J. C. “Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in 1915 and Lumber in 1914.” USDA Bulletin, no. 516 (1917).Google Scholar
Bingham Bulletin (Bingham, Utah)Google Scholar
New York Times Google Scholar
The Herald-Republican (Salt Lake City, Utah)Google Scholar
Biblioteca Luis Echavarría Villegas, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia.Google Scholar
Archivo General de la Nacion, Bogota, Colombia.Google Scholar
J. Willard Marriott Library, Special Collections Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York.Google Scholar
Adams, Frederick U. Conquest of the Tropics. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1914.Google Scholar
Almario, Oscar. La configuración moderna del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 1850–1940: espacio, poblamiento, poder y cultura. Cali: Cecan Editores, 1994.Google Scholar
Amaral, Samuel. The Rise of Capitalism on the Pampas: The Estancias of Buenos Aires, 1785–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Arnold, David. The Problem of Nature: Environment, Culture, and European Expansion. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.Google Scholar
Barton, Gregory. Informal Empire and the Rise of One World Culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Google Scholar
Berghoff, Hartmut, and Rome, Adam, eds. Green Capitalism? Business and the Environment in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew, ed. Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce, and Capital. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.Google Scholar
Bucheli, Marcelo. Bananas and Business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia, 1899–2000. New York: New York University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Camacho, Alvaro. Capital extranjero: subdesarrollo colombiano. Bogotá: Punta de Lanza, 1972.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos, ed. Empresas y empresarios en la historia de Colombia. Siglos XIX-XX. Bogotá: CEPAL, Norma, and Ediciones Uniandes, 2003.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos, Viloria, Joaquín, and Elías-Caro, Jorge Enrique, eds. Los estudios empresariales en Colombia a principios del siglo XXI. Santa Marta: Universidad del Magdalena, 2013.Google Scholar
Daza, Vladimir. Los marqueses de Santa Coa: una historia económica del Caribe colombiano, 1750–1810. Bogotá: ICANH, 2009.Google Scholar
Duncan, James. In the Shadows of the Tropics: Climate, Race and Biopower in Nineteenth Century Ceylon. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2007.Google Scholar
Fals-Borda, Orlando. Mompox y Loba . Vol. 1 of Historia doble de la costa. Bogotá: C. Valencia Editores, 1979.Google Scholar
Fals-Borda, Orlando. Resistencia en el San Jorge. Vol. 3 of Historia doble de la costa. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Banco de la República, and El Áncora Editores, 2002.Google Scholar
Goodman, David, Sorj, Bernardo, and Wilkinson, John. From Farming to Biotechnology: A Theory of Agro-industrial Development. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987.Google Scholar
Garner, Paul. British Lions and Mexican Eagles: Business, Politics, and Empire in the Career of Weetman Pearson in Mexico, 1889–1919. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Grandin, Greg. Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Gray, Kevin, and Gray, Susan Francis. Land Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Gudeman, Stephen, and Rivera, Alberto. Conversations in Colombia: The Domestic Economy in Life and Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Hart, John M. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico Since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hays, Samuel P. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Henderson, James D. When Colombia Bled: A History of the Violencia in Tolima. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Holton, Isaac F. New Granada: Twenty Months in the Andes. New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1857.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Profits and Sustainability: A History of Green Entrepreneurship. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Gilbert, LeGrand, Catherine, and Salvatore, Ricardo D., eds. Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalmanovitz, Salomon and López, Enrique. La agricultura colombiana en el siglo XX. Bogotá: Banco de la República and Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2006.Google Scholar
Knight, Jesse W. The Jesse Knight Family: Jesse Knight, His Forebears and Family. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1941.Google Scholar
LeGrand, Catherine. Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Colombia, 1850–1936. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Martz, John D. The Politics of Clientelism: Democracy and the State in Colombia. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997.Google Scholar
Matter, Konrad. Inversiones extranjeras en la economía colombiana. Bogotá: Ediciones Hombre Nuevo, 1977.Google Scholar
Maurer, Noel. The Empire Trap: The Rise and Fall of US Intervention to Protect American Property Overseas, 1893–2013. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Ocampo, Gloria Isabel. La instauración de la ganadería en el Valle del Sinú: la hacienda Marta Magdalena, 1881–1956. Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia and Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, 2007.Google Scholar
Palacios, Marco. Coffee in Colombia, 1850–1970: An Economic, Social, and Political History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios, Marco ¿De quién es la tierra? Propiedad, politización y protesta campesina en la década de 1930. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2011.Google Scholar
Pearse, A. W. The World’s Meat Future. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1920.Google Scholar
Posada-Carbó, Eduardo. The Colombian Caribbean: A Regional History, 1870–1950. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, Stephen J. Colombia and the United States: Hegemony and Interdependence. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Singer, Joseph W. Entitlement: The Paradoxes of Property. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Peter H. Politics and Beef in Argentina: Patterns of Conflict and Change. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Soluri, John. Banana Cultures: Agriculture, Consumption, and Environmental Change in Honduras and the United States. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, Richard. Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uribe, Simón. Frontier Road: Power, History, and the Everyday State in the Colombian Amazon. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, John. The Great Land Rush and the Making of the Modern World, 1650–1900 Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Wilcox, Robert. Cattle in the Backlands: Mato Grosso and the Evolution of Ranching in the Brazilian Tropics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, Mira, and Schröter, Harm, eds. The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Woodland, John. Money Pits: British Mining Companies in the Californian and Australian Gold Rushes of the 1850s. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2014.Google Scholar
Ancízar, Jorge. “A Concise Description of the Republic of Colombia, South America.” The Colombian Review 1, no. 4 (1921): 82–86.Google Scholar
Archer, Ronald P. “The Transition from Traditional to Broker Clientelism in Colombia: Political Stability and Social Unrest.” Working Paper 140, Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame, 1990.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Christopher, and Nelles, Henry. “A Curious Capital Flow: Canadian Investment in Mexico, 1902-1910.” Business History Review 58 (Summer 1984): 178–203.Google Scholar
Arnold, David. “‘Illusory Riches’: Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 21, no. 1 (2000): 6–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, Gareth, Dávila, Carlos, and Jones, Geoffrey. “The Alternative Business History: Business in Emerging Markets.” Business History Review 91, no. 3 (2017): 537–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbero, María Inés. “Business History in Latin America: A Historiographical Perspective.” Business History Review 82, no. 3 (2008): 555–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergquist, Ann-Kristin. “Renewing Business History in the Era of the Anthropocene.” Business History Review 93, no. 1 (2019): 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla, Daniel. “Liberalism and Property in Colombia: Property as a Right and Property as a Social Function.” Fordham Law Review 80, no. 3 (2011): 1135–1170.Google Scholar
Boughey, David. “British Overseas Railways as Free-standing Companies, 1900–1915.” Business History 51, no. 3 (2009): 484–500.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “Introduction.” In Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce, and Capital, edited by Brown, Matthew, 1–21. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.Google Scholar
Bucheli, Marcelo. “Negotiating under the Monroe Doctrine: Weetman Pearson and the Origins of U.S. Control of Colombian Oil.” Business History Review 82, no. 3 (2008): 529–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Roger. “British Investment in the American Mining Frontier.” Business and Economic History 26, no. 2 (1997): 515–525.Google Scholar
Cannon, Brian Q. “Shaping BYU: The Presidential Administration and Legacy of Benjamin Cluff Jr.: Brigham Young University Studies 48, no. 2 (2009): 4–40.Google Scholar
Carlson, F. A. “American Settlement in the Isla de Pinos, Cuba.” Geographical Review 32, no. 1 (1942): 21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casson, Mark. “Institutional Diversity in Overseas Enterprise: Explaining the Free-standing Company.” Business History 36, no. 4 (1994): 95–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casson, Mark. “The Economic Analysis of Multinational Trading Companies.” In The Multinational Traders, edited by Jones, Geoffrey, 22–47. London: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Chapman, Stanley. “British Free-Standing Companies and Investment Groups in India and the Far East.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 202–217. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Christopher, A. J. “Patterns of British Overseas Investment in Land, 1885–1913.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 10, no. 4 (1985): 452–466.Google Scholar
Corley, T. A. B. “The Free-Standing Company, in Theory and Practice.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 99–128. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos. “Business History in Colombia.” In Business History in Latin America: The Experience of Seven Countries, edited by Dávila, Carlos and Miller, Rory, 83–115. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Dávila, Carlos, and Barbero, María Inés. “Introduction: A View from Latin America.” Entreprise et Histoire 1, no. 54 (2009): 6–15.Google Scholar
Fischer, Thomas. “Empresas extranjeras en el sector del oro y de la plata en Colombia, 1870–1914: la free-standing company como modelo aplicado por inversionistas extrajeros.” Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico 32, no. 39 (1995): 60–84.Google Scholar
Fortmann, Louise. “The Tree Tenure Factor in Agroforestry with Particular Reference to Africa.” Agroforestry Systems 2 (1985): 229–251.Google Scholar
Gallagher, John, and Robinson, Ronald. “The Imperialism of Free Trade.” Economic History Review 6, no. 1 (1953): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhill, Robert, and Miller, Rory. “British Trading Companies in South America After 1914.” In The Multinational Traders, edited by Jones, Geoffrey, 102–127. London: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Hayami, Yujiro. “Plantations Agriculture.” In Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 4, edited by Evenson, Robert and Pingali, Prabhu, 3305–3322. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, Susanna. “The Logic of Livestock and Deforestation in Amazonia.” BioScience 43, no. 10 (1993): 687–695.Google Scholar
Hennart, Jean-Francois. “International Financial Capital Transfers: A Transaction Cost Framework.” Business History 36, no. 1 (1994): 51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennart, Jean-Francois. “Transaction Cost Theory and the Free-standing Firm.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 65–98. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Hitchman, James. “U.S. Control Over Cuban Sugar Production, 1898-1902.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 12, no. 1 (1970): 90–106.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. “Informal Empire in Argentina: An Alternative View.” Journal of Latin American Studies 26, no. 2 (1994): 469–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, Richard R. “Elaborations, Revisions, Dissents: Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.’s The Visible Hand After Twenty Years.” Business History Review 71, no. 2 (1997): 151–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, and Spadafora, Andrew. “Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000.” Enterprise and Society 18, no. 1 (2016): 146–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, and Mowatt, Simon. “National Image as a Competitive Disadvantage: The Case of the New Zealand Organic Food Industry.” Business History 58, no. 8 (2016): 1262–1288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Gilbert, and Wells, Allen. “Corporate Control of a Monocrop Economy: International Harvester and Yucatan’s Henequen Industry During the Porfiriato.” Latin American Research Review 17, no. 1 (1982): 69–99.Google Scholar
Knight, Alan. “U.S. Imperialism/Hegemony and Latin American Resistance.” In Empire and Dissent: The United States and Latin America, edited by Rosen, Fred, 23–52. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lees, Lynn. “International Management in a Free-standing Company: The Penang Sugar Estates, Ltd., and the Malayan Sugar Industry, 1815–1914.” Business History Review 81, no. 1 (2007): 27–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeGrand, Catherine. “Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a United Fruit Company Banana Enclave in Colombia.” In Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations, edited by Joseph, Gilbert, LeGrand, Catherine, and Salvatore, Ricardo D., 333–368. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Livingstone, David. “Tropical Climate and Moral Hygiene: The Anatomy of a Victorian Debate.” British Journal for the History of Science 32, no. 1 (1999): 93–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, Susan, and Dickinson, James. “Obstacles to the Development of a Capitalist Agriculture.” Journal of Peasant Studies 5, no. 4 (1978): 466–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, James. “The United Fruit Company’s Tourist Business and the Creation of the ‘Golden Caribbean,’ 1899–1940.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, no. 2 (2016): 238–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meisel, Adolfo. “Bajo el signo del cóndor: empresas y empresarios en el Caribe colombiano, 1982–2009.” In Los estudios empresariales en Colombia a principios del siglo XXI, edited by Dávila, Carlos, Viloria, Joaquín, and Elías-Caro, Jorge Enrique, 51–73. Santa Marta: Universidad del Magdalena, 2013.Google Scholar
Meisel, Adolfo, and Viloria, Joaquín. “Los alemanes en el Caribe colombiano: el caso de Adolfo Held, 1880–1927.” Cuadernos de Historia Económica y Empresarial, no. 1 (1999).Google Scholar
Miller, Rory. “British Free-Standing Companies on the West Coast of South America.” In The Free-Standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 218–252. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Miller, Rory. “Informal Empire in Latin America.” In Vol. 5, Historiography, of The Oxford History of the British Empire, edited by Winks, Robin W., 437–449. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Peterson, Richard. “Jesse Knight, Utah’s Mormon Mining Mogul.” Utah Historical Quarterly 57, no. 3 (1987): 240–253.Google Scholar
Platt, D. C. M. “The Imperialism of Free Trade: Some Reservations.” Economic History Review 21, no. 2 (1968): 296–306.Google Scholar
Ripoll, María Teresa. “La actividad empresarial de Diego Martínez Camargo, 1890–1937.” Cuadernos de Historia Económica y Empresarial, no. 2 (1999).Google Scholar
Rippy, J. Fred. “Investments of Citizens of the United States in Latin America.” Journal of Business of the University of Chicago 22, no. 1 (1949): 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine M. “Doing Business History in the Age of Global Climate Change.” Enterprise and Society 8, no. 2 (2007): 221–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine M., and Sellers, Christopher C.. “The Nature of the Firm: Towards an Ecocultural History of Business.” Business History Review 73, no. 4 (1999): 577–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santamarina, Juan C. “The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba, 1898–1915.” Business History Review 74, no. 2 (2000): 41–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schell, William. “American Investment in Tropical Mexico: Rubber Plantations, Fraud, and Dollar Diplomacy, 1897–1913.” Business History Review 64, no. 2 (1990): 217–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Andrew, and Greer, Kirsten. “Uniting Business History and Global Environmental History.” Business History 59, no. 7 (2017): 987–1009.Google Scholar
Solano, Sergio Paolo. “Del ‘antilatifundismo sociológico’ al revisionismo historiográfico. La ganadería en la historiografía sobre la región Caribe colombiano.” Mundo Agrario 10, no. 20 (2010): 1–38.Google Scholar
Taussig, Michael. “The Evolution of Rural Wage Labor in the Cauca Valley of Colombia, 1700–1970.” In Land and Labour in Latin America, edited by Duncan, Kenneth and Rutledge, Ian, 397–434. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Tennent, Kevin. “Management and the Free-Standing Company: The New Zealand and Australia Land Company c. 1866–1900.” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 41, no. 1 (2013): 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Andrew. “Informal Empire? An Exploration in the History of Anglo-Argentine Relations, 1810–1914.” Journal of Latin American Studies 24, no. 2 (1992): 419–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triner, Gail D. “Property Rights, Family, and Business Partnership in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Brazil: The Case of the St. John d’el Rey Mining Company, 1834–1960.” Enterprise & Society 8, no. 1 (2007): 35–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Ni calamidad, ni panacea: una reflexión en torno a la historiografía de la ganadería colombiana.” In El poder de la carne: historias de ganaderías en la primera mitad del siglo XX, edited by Flórez, Alberto, 28–46. Bogotá: Universidad Javeriana, 2008.Google Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Pasture, Power, and Profit: An Environmental History of Cattle Ranching in Colombia, 1850–1950.” Geoforum 40, no. 5 (2009): 707–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Productivity Gains and the Limits of Tropical Ranching in Colombia, 1850–1950.” Agricultural History 86, no. 3 (2012): 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Reimagining the Tropical Beef Frontier and the Nation in Early Twentieth-Century Colombia.” In Trading Environments: Frontiers, Commercial Knowledge and Environmental Transformation, 1820–1990, edited by Winder, Gordon M. and Dix, Andreas, 166–192. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Van Ausdal, Shawn. “Pastures, Crops, and Inequality: Questioning the Inverse Relationship Between Farm Size and Productivity in Colombia.” Mundo Agrario 21, no. 46 (2020): e134.Google Scholar
Vedery, Katherine. “Fuzzy Property: Rights, Power, and Identity in Transylvania’s Decollectivization.” In Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies, edited by Nelson, Joan M., Tilly, Charles, and Walker, Lee, 102–117. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Viloria, Joaquín. “Ganaderos y comerciantes en Sincelejo, 1880-1920.” Cuadernos de Historia Economica y Empresarial, no. 8 (2001).Google Scholar
Wild, Andrew. “Capability Brown, the Aristocracy, and the Cultivation of the Eighteenth-Century British Landscaping Industry.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 2 (2013): 237–270.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “The Free‐Standing Company, 1870–1914: An Important Type of British Foreign Direct Investment.” Economic History Review 41, no. 2 (1988): 259–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “The Free-Standing Company Revisited.” In The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830–1996, edited by Wilkins, Mira and Schröter, Harm, 3–64. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Bell, P. L. Colombia: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921.Google Scholar
Hoar, H. M. “Tanning Materials Survey. Part III. Quebracho.” Supplement to Commercial Reports, Trade Information Bulletin No. 295. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1924.Google Scholar
Ministerio de Agricultura y Comercio. Memoria del Ministro de Agricultura y Comercio al Congreso de 1917. Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional, 1917 Google Scholar
Nellis, J. C. “Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in 1915 and Lumber in 1914.” USDA Bulletin, no. 516 (1917).Google Scholar
Bingham Bulletin (Bingham, Utah)Google Scholar
New York Times Google Scholar
The Herald-Republican (Salt Lake City, Utah)Google Scholar
Biblioteca Luis Echavarría Villegas, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia.Google Scholar
Archivo General de la Nacion, Bogota, Colombia.Google Scholar
J. Willard Marriott Library, Special Collections Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York.Google Scholar