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Looking for “Industrial Confraternity” Small-Scale Industries and Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Paris

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Claire Lemercier
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Abstract

This research focuses on luxury and fashion industries, especially artificial flower making. This sector of small businesses was often described as totally unregulated but efficient. A very successful union (in terms of membership), nevertheless, was created in 1858. I investigate the motives of its founders and the reality of its economic influence. It acted as a service firm, allowing small businesses to lower transaction costs, and as a conciliation board. However, to understand its creation, success, and limits, other factors must be taken into account, such as political opportunities and the founders' organizational repertoire.

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Enterprise & Society , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , June 2009 , pp. 304 - 334
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2009. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Exposition universelle de 1873 à Vienne, Rapport de M. E. Louis Buf, délégué de l’industrie des fleurs, feuillages et plumes de Paris. Paris: chez l’auteur, 1874.Google Scholar
Manuel de l’acheteur en fleurs, plumes, modes, ornements, fournitures, releve-jupes, etc. Paris: Le Courrier de la Fabrique, 1880.Google Scholar
Aftalion, Albert. Le developpement de la fabrique et le travail a domicile dans les industries de l’habillement. Paris: Larose et Tenin, 1906.Google Scholar
Berés, limile. Rapport fait par le bureau a l’Assemblee generale du 18 decembre 1850 de l’Union de l’industrie parisienne sur les moyens de figurer avec le plus d’avantages et d’economie possibles a l’Exposition universelle de Londres. Paris: impr. Gratiot, 1850.Google Scholar
Chanut, Jean-Marie, Jean Heffer, Jacques Mairesse, and Gilles Postel-Vinay, eds. L’industrie française au milieu du 19e siecle. Les enquetes de la Statistique generale de la France. Paris: editions de l’EHESS, 2000.Google Scholar
Coffin, Judith G. The Politics of Women’s Work. The Paris Garment Trades 1750–1915. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Coquelin, Charles, and Guillaumin, Gilbert-Urbain eds. Dictionnaire de l’economie politique. Paris: Guillaumin, 1852–1853.Google Scholar
Della, Porta Donatella and Diani, Mario Social Movements: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.Google Scholar
Galvez-Behar, Gabriel. La Republique des inventeurs. Propriete et organisation de l’innovation en France (1791–1922). Rennes, France: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008.Google Scholar
Galvez-Behar, Gabriel. ed. Encyclopedie du commerçant. Paris: Guillaumin, 1837–1839.Google Scholar
Hardin, Russel. Collective Action. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Hielard, Leon. De l’apprentissage dans les fleurs artificielles et plumes de parure. Paris: Chaix, 1868.Google Scholar
Hunt, Alan. Explorations in Law and Society. Toward a Constitutive Theory of Law. New York: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven L. La fin des corporations. Paris: Fayard, 2001.Google Scholar
Le, Van-Lemesle Lucette. Le Juste ou le Riche. L’enseignement de l’economie politique, 1815–1950. Paris: Comite pour l’histoire economique et financiere de la France, 2004.Google Scholar
Lemercier, Claire. Un si discret pouvoir. Aux origines de la chambre de commerce de Paris, 1803–1853. Paris: LaDecouverte, 2003.Google Scholar
Nord, Philip, The Republican Moment. Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995, 48–63.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory ofGroups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Périn, Jules, and Raoul de Navery. Histoire d’une apprentie: Rose la fleuriste. Paris: Delagrave, 1874.Google Scholar
Réponse des delegues des marchands en detail et des Maîtres artisans de la ville de Paris aux rapport et deliberations des Conseils Generaux du Commerce et des Manufactures etablis aupws de son Excellence le Ministre de l’Interieur. Paris: impr Dondey-Dupre, 1821.Google Scholar
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Scranton, Philip. Endless Novelty. Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Stanziani, Alessandro, La ed. Dictionnaire historique de l’economie-droit, XVIIIe – XXe siecles. Paris: LGDJ, 2007.Google Scholar
Velut, Christine. La rose et l’orchidee. Les usages sociaux et symboliques des fleurs a Paris au XVIIIe siecle. Paris: Larousse, 1993.Google Scholar
Verley, Patrick. L’echelle du monde. Essai sur l’industrialisation de l’Occident. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.Google Scholar
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Berk, Gerald, and Schneiberg, Marc. “Varieties in Capitalism, Varieties ofAs-sociation: Collaborative Learning in American Industry, 1900 to 1925.” Politics & Society 33 (March 2005): 46–87.Google Scholar
Boxer, Marilyn J. “Women in Industrial Homework: The Flowermakers of Paris in the Belle Epoque.” French Historical Studies 12, no. 3 (Spring 1982): 401–23.Google Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca. “‘Crooks, Thieves, and Receivers’: Transaction Costs in Nineteenth-Century Industrial Birmingham.” Economic HistoryReview 57, no. 3 (August 2004): 533–50.Google Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca. “Knowledge and Trust: the Regulation of Cooperation in Industrial Districts. Birmingham (UK) and Providence (USA).” In Les territoires de l’industrie en Europe (1750–2000). Entreprises, regulations, trajectoires, edited by Daumas, Jean-Claude Lamard, Pierre and Tissot, Laurent, 223–38. Besançon, France: PUFC, 2007.Google Scholar
Cottereau, Alain. “The Fate of Collective Manufactures in the Industrial World: The Silk Industries of Lyons and London, 1800–1850.” In World of Possibilities, edited by Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, 75–153. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Crowston, Clare. “Du corps des couturieres a l’Union de l’Aiguille : les continuites imaginaires d’un corporatisme au feminin.” In La France, malade du corporatisme? XVIIIe–XXe siecles, edited by Kaplan, Steven L. and Minard, Philippe, 197–232. Paris: Belin, 2004.Google Scholar
Demier, Francis. “Du luxe au demi-luxe, la reussite des bronziers parisiens au XIXe siecle.” In Le luxe en France du siecle des “Lumieres” a nos jours, edited by Marseille, Jacques 63–91. Paris: ADHE, 1999.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (November 1985): 481–510.Google Scholar
de Thury, Hericart. “Fleurs artificielles.” In Exposition publique des produits de l’industrie francaise, Rapport du jury central, tome III, 649–69. Paris: impr. Fain et Thunot, 1844.Google Scholar
Lemercier, Claire. “The Judge, the Expert and the Arbitrator. The Strange Case of the Paris Court ofCommerce (ca. 1800-ca. 1880).” In Fields ofExpertise. A Comparative History ofExpert Procedures in Paris and London, 1600 to Present, edited by Christelle Rabier, 115–45. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007.Google Scholar
Lemercier, Claire. “Apprentissage.” In Dictionnaire historique de l’economie- droit, XVIIIe–XXesiecles, edited by Stanziani, Alessandro 23–34. Paris: LGDJ, 2007.Google Scholar
Minard, Philippe. “Trade without Institution? French Debates about Restoring Guilds in the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century.” In Guilds and Associations in Europe, 900-1900, edited by Gadd, Ian and Wallis, Patrick, 83–100. London: Institute of Historical Research, 2006.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “‘Whatever Is, Is Right’? Economic Institutions in Pre-Industrial Europe.” Economic History Review 60, no. 4 (November 2007): 649–84.Google Scholar
Petit, Charles. “Fleurs artificielles.” In Dictionnaire universel theorique etpra-tique du commerce et de la navigation, tome 2. Paris: Guillaumin, 1861.Google Scholar
Plessis, Alain. “Au temps du Second Empire, de l’entreprise de luxe au sommet des affaires.” In Le luxe en France du siecle des “Lumieres” a nos jours, edited by Marseille, Jacques 49–62. Paris: ADHE, 1999.Google Scholar
Potonie, Denis. “Des diverses classifications des produits de l’industrie.” Journal des economistes 115 (October 1850): 256–63.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, Barrie M. “Manufacturing in the Metropolis: The Dynamism and Dynamics of Parisian Industry in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Journal of European Economic History 23, no. 2 (Fall 1994): 263–328.Google Scholar
Rondot, Natalis. “Commission des valeurs.” In Dictionnaire universel theorique et pratique du commerce et de la navigation, tome 1, 750–62. Paris: Guillaumin, 1861.Google Scholar
Rondot, Natalis. “Rapport du XXIXe jury.” In Exposition universelle de 1851, Travaux de la commission francçaise sur l’industrie des nations, tome VII. Paris: Imprimerie imperiale, 1855.Google Scholar
Sabel, Charles F., and Zeitlin, Jonathan. “Stories, Strategies, Structures: Rethinking Historical Alternatives to Mass Production.” In Worlds ofPossibil-ities: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization, edited by. Sabel, Charles F. and Zeitlin, Jonathan, 1–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Say, Leon, and Coq, Paul. “Paris,” In Dictionnaire universel theorique et pratique du commerce et de la navigation, tome 2, 993–1006. Paris: Guillau-min, 1861.Google Scholar
Scott, Joan W. “Statistical Representations ofWork: The Politics ofthe Chamber of Commerce’s Statistique de l’Industrie a Paris, 1847–48.” In Work in Fr nce, edited by Kaplan, Steven L. and Koepp, Cynthia J. 335–63. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Van Den Belt, Henk. “Why Monopoly Failed: The Rise and Fall of Societe La Fuchsine.” British Journal for the History of Science 25, no. 1 (March 1992): 45–63.Google Scholar
Verley, Patrick. “Essor et declin des industries du luxe et du demi-luxe au XIXe siecle.” In Le luxe en France du siecle des “Lumieres” a nos jours, edited by Marseille, Jacques 107–23. Paris: ADHE, 1999.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, Jonathan. “Industrial Districts and Regional Clusters.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business History, edited by Jones, Geoffrey and Zeitlin, Jonathan 219–43. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Bourillon, Florence. Etude de la sociabilite dans un milieu pre- et post-haussmannien. Le quartier des Arts et metiers de 1850 a 1880, PhD dissertation, Paris-X University, 1986.Google Scholar
Viruega, Jacqueline. La bijouterie parisienne, 1860–1914, PhD dissertation, Paris-IV University, 2002.Google Scholar
Exposition publique des produits de l’industrie françcaise, Rapport du jury central. tome III. Paris: L. Bouchard-Huzard, 1839, 478–82.Google Scholar
Rapport sur les fleurs artificielles de la citoyenne Roux-Montagnac par Constance D. T. Pipelet. Paris: Lycee des arts, 1798.Google Scholar
Statistique de l’industrie a Paris,wsultant de l’enquete faite par la Chambre de commerce pour les anneEes 1847–1848. Paris: Guillaumin, 1851.Google Scholar
Statistique de l’industrie a Paris,wsultant de l’enquete faite par la Chambre de commerce pour l’annee 1860. Paris: Charles de Mourgues fréres, 1864.Google Scholar
Ministere du Travail et de la Prévoyance sociale, Office du travail, Enquete sur le travail a domicile dans l’industrie de la fleur artificielle. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1913.Google Scholar
L’Union nationale du commerce et de l’industrie, 1859–1869.Google Scholar
http://gallica.bnf.fr Google Scholar
http://cnum.cnam.fr Google Scholar
Exposition universelle de 1873 à Vienne, Rapport de M. E. Louis Buf, délégué de l’industrie des fleurs, feuillages et plumes de Paris. Paris: chez l’auteur, 1874.Google Scholar
Manuel de l’acheteur en fleurs, plumes, modes, ornements, fournitures, releve-jupes, etc. Paris: Le Courrier de la Fabrique, 1880.Google Scholar
Aftalion, Albert. Le developpement de la fabrique et le travail a domicile dans les industries de l’habillement. Paris: Larose et Tenin, 1906.Google Scholar
Berés, limile. Rapport fait par le bureau a l’Assemblee generale du 18 decembre 1850 de l’Union de l’industrie parisienne sur les moyens de figurer avec le plus d’avantages et d’economie possibles a l’Exposition universelle de Londres. Paris: impr. Gratiot, 1850.Google Scholar
Chanut, Jean-Marie, Jean Heffer, Jacques Mairesse, and Gilles Postel-Vinay, eds. L’industrie française au milieu du 19e siecle. Les enquetes de la Statistique generale de la France. Paris: editions de l’EHESS, 2000.Google Scholar
Coffin, Judith G. The Politics of Women’s Work. The Paris Garment Trades 1750–1915. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Coquelin, Charles, and Guillaumin, Gilbert-Urbain eds. Dictionnaire de l’economie politique. Paris: Guillaumin, 1852–1853.Google Scholar
Della, Porta Donatella and Diani, Mario Social Movements: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.Google Scholar
Galvez-Behar, Gabriel. La Republique des inventeurs. Propriete et organisation de l’innovation en France (1791–1922). Rennes, France: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008.Google Scholar
Galvez-Behar, Gabriel. ed. Encyclopedie du commerçant. Paris: Guillaumin, 1837–1839.Google Scholar
Hardin, Russel. Collective Action. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Hielard, Leon. De l’apprentissage dans les fleurs artificielles et plumes de parure. Paris: Chaix, 1868.Google Scholar
Hunt, Alan. Explorations in Law and Society. Toward a Constitutive Theory of Law. New York: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven L. La fin des corporations. Paris: Fayard, 2001.Google Scholar
Le, Van-Lemesle Lucette. Le Juste ou le Riche. L’enseignement de l’economie politique, 1815–1950. Paris: Comite pour l’histoire economique et financiere de la France, 2004.Google Scholar
Lemercier, Claire. Un si discret pouvoir. Aux origines de la chambre de commerce de Paris, 1803–1853. Paris: LaDecouverte, 2003.Google Scholar
Nord, Philip, The Republican Moment. Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995, 48–63.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory ofGroups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Périn, Jules, and Raoul de Navery. Histoire d’une apprentie: Rose la fleuriste. Paris: Delagrave, 1874.Google Scholar
Réponse des delegues des marchands en detail et des Maîtres artisans de la ville de Paris aux rapport et deliberations des Conseils Generaux du Commerce et des Manufactures etablis aupws de son Excellence le Ministre de l’Interieur. Paris: impr Dondey-Dupre, 1821.Google Scholar
Rosanvallon, Pierre. The Demands ofLiberty: Civil Societyin France since the Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Scranton, Philip. Endless Novelty. Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Stanziani, Alessandro, La ed. Dictionnaire historique de l’economie-droit, XVIIIe – XXe siecles. Paris: LGDJ, 2007.Google Scholar
Velut, Christine. La rose et l’orchidee. Les usages sociaux et symboliques des fleurs a Paris au XVIIIe siecle. Paris: Larousse, 1993.Google Scholar
Verley, Patrick. L’echelle du monde. Essai sur l’industrialisation de l’Occident. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.Google Scholar
“Fleurs artificielles.” In Dictionnaire encyclopedique et biographique de l’industrie et des arts industriels, tome V, edited by Lami, E.O. Paris: Librairie des dictionnaires, 1885, 183–8.Google Scholar
Atkins, Peter and Stanziani, Alessandro. “From Laboratory Expertise to Litigation: The Municipal Laboratory ofParis and the London Inland Revenue Laboratory, 1870–1914. A Comparative Analysis.” In Fields ofExpertise. A Comparative History ofExpert Procedures in Paris and London, 1600 to Present, edited by Rabier, Christelle, 317–39. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007.Google Scholar
Berk, Gerald, and Schneiberg, Marc. “Varieties in Capitalism, Varieties ofAs-sociation: Collaborative Learning in American Industry, 1900 to 1925.” Politics & Society 33 (March 2005): 46–87.Google Scholar
Boxer, Marilyn J. “Women in Industrial Homework: The Flowermakers of Paris in the Belle Epoque.” French Historical Studies 12, no. 3 (Spring 1982): 401–23.Google Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca. “‘Crooks, Thieves, and Receivers’: Transaction Costs in Nineteenth-Century Industrial Birmingham.” Economic HistoryReview 57, no. 3 (August 2004): 533–50.Google Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca. “Knowledge and Trust: the Regulation of Cooperation in Industrial Districts. Birmingham (UK) and Providence (USA).” In Les territoires de l’industrie en Europe (1750–2000). Entreprises, regulations, trajectoires, edited by Daumas, Jean-Claude Lamard, Pierre and Tissot, Laurent, 223–38. Besançon, France: PUFC, 2007.Google Scholar
Cottereau, Alain. “The Fate of Collective Manufactures in the Industrial World: The Silk Industries of Lyons and London, 1800–1850.” In World of Possibilities, edited by Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, 75–153. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Crowston, Clare. “Du corps des couturieres a l’Union de l’Aiguille : les continuites imaginaires d’un corporatisme au feminin.” In La France, malade du corporatisme? XVIIIe–XXe siecles, edited by Kaplan, Steven L. and Minard, Philippe, 197–232. Paris: Belin, 2004.Google Scholar
Demier, Francis. “Du luxe au demi-luxe, la reussite des bronziers parisiens au XIXe siecle.” In Le luxe en France du siecle des “Lumieres” a nos jours, edited by Marseille, Jacques 63–91. Paris: ADHE, 1999.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (November 1985): 481–510.Google Scholar
de Thury, Hericart. “Fleurs artificielles.” In Exposition publique des produits de l’industrie francaise, Rapport du jury central, tome III, 649–69. Paris: impr. Fain et Thunot, 1844.Google Scholar
Lemercier, Claire. “The Judge, the Expert and the Arbitrator. The Strange Case of the Paris Court ofCommerce (ca. 1800-ca. 1880).” In Fields ofExpertise. A Comparative History ofExpert Procedures in Paris and London, 1600 to Present, edited by Christelle Rabier, 115–45. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007.Google Scholar
Lemercier, Claire. “Apprentissage.” In Dictionnaire historique de l’economie- droit, XVIIIe–XXesiecles, edited by Stanziani, Alessandro 23–34. Paris: LGDJ, 2007.Google Scholar
Minard, Philippe. “Trade without Institution? French Debates about Restoring Guilds in the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century.” In Guilds and Associations in Europe, 900-1900, edited by Gadd, Ian and Wallis, Patrick, 83–100. London: Institute of Historical Research, 2006.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “‘Whatever Is, Is Right’? Economic Institutions in Pre-Industrial Europe.” Economic History Review 60, no. 4 (November 2007): 649–84.Google Scholar
Petit, Charles. “Fleurs artificielles.” In Dictionnaire universel theorique etpra-tique du commerce et de la navigation, tome 2. Paris: Guillaumin, 1861.Google Scholar
Plessis, Alain. “Au temps du Second Empire, de l’entreprise de luxe au sommet des affaires.” In Le luxe en France du siecle des “Lumieres” a nos jours, edited by Marseille, Jacques 49–62. Paris: ADHE, 1999.Google Scholar
Potonie, Denis. “Des diverses classifications des produits de l’industrie.” Journal des economistes 115 (October 1850): 256–63.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, Barrie M. “Manufacturing in the Metropolis: The Dynamism and Dynamics of Parisian Industry in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Journal of European Economic History 23, no. 2 (Fall 1994): 263–328.Google Scholar
Rondot, Natalis. “Commission des valeurs.” In Dictionnaire universel theorique et pratique du commerce et de la navigation, tome 1, 750–62. Paris: Guillaumin, 1861.Google Scholar
Rondot, Natalis. “Rapport du XXIXe jury.” In Exposition universelle de 1851, Travaux de la commission francçaise sur l’industrie des nations, tome VII. Paris: Imprimerie imperiale, 1855.Google Scholar
Sabel, Charles F., and Zeitlin, Jonathan. “Stories, Strategies, Structures: Rethinking Historical Alternatives to Mass Production.” In Worlds ofPossibil-ities: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization, edited by. Sabel, Charles F. and Zeitlin, Jonathan, 1–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Say, Leon, and Coq, Paul. “Paris,” In Dictionnaire universel theorique et pratique du commerce et de la navigation, tome 2, 993–1006. Paris: Guillau-min, 1861.Google Scholar
Scott, Joan W. “Statistical Representations ofWork: The Politics ofthe Chamber of Commerce’s Statistique de l’Industrie a Paris, 1847–48.” In Work in Fr nce, edited by Kaplan, Steven L. and Koepp, Cynthia J. 335–63. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Van Den Belt, Henk. “Why Monopoly Failed: The Rise and Fall of Societe La Fuchsine.” British Journal for the History of Science 25, no. 1 (March 1992): 45–63.Google Scholar
Verley, Patrick. “Essor et declin des industries du luxe et du demi-luxe au XIXe siecle.” In Le luxe en France du siecle des “Lumieres” a nos jours, edited by Marseille, Jacques 107–23. Paris: ADHE, 1999.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, Jonathan. “Industrial Districts and Regional Clusters.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business History, edited by Jones, Geoffrey and Zeitlin, Jonathan 219–43. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Bourillon, Florence. Etude de la sociabilite dans un milieu pre- et post-haussmannien. Le quartier des Arts et metiers de 1850 a 1880, PhD dissertation, Paris-X University, 1986.Google Scholar
Viruega, Jacqueline. La bijouterie parisienne, 1860–1914, PhD dissertation, Paris-IV University, 2002.Google Scholar
Exposition publique des produits de l’industrie françcaise, Rapport du jury central. tome III. Paris: L. Bouchard-Huzard, 1839, 478–82.Google Scholar
Rapport sur les fleurs artificielles de la citoyenne Roux-Montagnac par Constance D. T. Pipelet. Paris: Lycee des arts, 1798.Google Scholar
Statistique de l’industrie a Paris,wsultant de l’enquete faite par la Chambre de commerce pour les anneEes 1847–1848. Paris: Guillaumin, 1851.Google Scholar
Statistique de l’industrie a Paris,wsultant de l’enquete faite par la Chambre de commerce pour l’annee 1860. Paris: Charles de Mourgues fréres, 1864.Google Scholar
Ministere du Travail et de la Prévoyance sociale, Office du travail, Enquete sur le travail a domicile dans l’industrie de la fleur artificielle. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1913.Google Scholar
L’Union nationale du commerce et de l’industrie, 1859–1869.Google Scholar
http://gallica.bnf.fr Google Scholar
http://cnum.cnam.fr Google Scholar