Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T15:07:18.741Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Continental Divide: The Canadian Banking and Currency Laws of 1871 in the Mirror of the United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Andrew Smith
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, international observers praised the stability of Canada's banks. When financial institutions in the United States and the United Kingdom collapsed, Canada did not experience any bank failures. The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report rated Canada's banking system as the most sound in the world. Historically, bank failures have been quite rare in Canada. Some authors argue that the stabilizing features of Canada's financial system were established in the first five years after the creation of the Canadian nation-state in 1867. This paper will examine the making of the Canadian banking law in 1871, an event widely regarded as a crucial turning point in Canadian financial history.

Type
Articles
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 13 , Issue 3 , September 2012 , pp. 455 - 503
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2012. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Akita, Shigeru, ed. Gentlemanly Capitalism, Imperialism, and Global History. New York: Palgrave, 2002.Google Scholar
Austin, Peter F. Baring Brothers and the Birth of Modern Finance. New York: Pickering & Chatto, 2007.Google Scholar
Baskerville, Peter. A Concise History of Business in Canada. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Baster, A.S.J. The Imperial Banks. London: P.S.King & Son, 1929.Google Scholar
Bliss, Michael. A Living Profit: Studies in the Social History of Canadian Business, 1883–1911. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, 1974.Google Scholar
Blue, Frederick J. Salmon, P. Chase: A Life in Politics. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Patrick, Boyer J.. The People’s Mandate: Referendums and a More Democratic Canada. Toronto, Canada: Dundurn Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, Roeliff Morton. The Canadian Banking System, 1817–1890. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Bankers’ Association, 1894.Google Scholar
Butlin, S.J. Foundations of the Australian Monetary System, 1788–1851. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Calomiris, Charles W. U.S.Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Cannadine, David. Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Careless, J.M.S. Brown of the Globe. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1959–1963.Google Scholar
Cherney, Robert W. A Righteous Cause: The Life of William Jennings Bryan. New York: HarperCollins, 1985.Google Scholar
Cochrane, Peter. Colonial Ambition: Foundations of Australian Democracy. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Cowen, David Jack. The Origins and Economic Impact of the First Bank of the United States, 1791–1797. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.Google Scholar
Craig, Gerald M. Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784–1841. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Steward, 1963.Google Scholar
Creighton, Donald. John A. Macdonald. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1955.Google Scholar
Denison, Merill. Canada’s First Bank: A History of the Bank of Montreal. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1966.Google Scholar
Hampden, Dougherty J. Constitutional History of the State of New York. New York: Neale, 1915.Google Scholar
Dowd, Kevin. The Experience of Free Banking. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Dumett, Raymond E., ed. Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Imperialism: The New Debate on Empire. London: Longman, 1999.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Ellis, Richard E. Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Forster, Ben. A Conjunction of Interests: Business, Politics, and Tariffs, 1825–1879. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Franks, C.E.S. The Parliament of Canada. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1987.Google Scholar
David Paul, Gagan, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land, and Social Change in Mid-Victorian Peel County, Canada West. Ontario Historical Studies Series. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Garner, John. The Franchise and Politics in British North America, 1755–1867. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Craufurd. Canadian Economic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Hall, Catherine, McClelland, Keith, and Rendall, Jane. Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of 1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Hesketh, Bob. Major Douglas and Alberta Social Credit. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Hilton, Boyd. The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Horwitz, Morton J. The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Mary Quayle, Innis, ed. An Economic History of Canada. Toronto, Canada: Ryerson Press, 1943.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Jason. The Origins of Canadian and American Political Differences.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Keith, A.B. Responsible Government in the Dominions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.Google Scholar
Kerr, D.G.G. A Scholarly Governor: Sir Edmund Head. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1954.Google Scholar
Lash, Zebulon. The Banking System of Canada. Toronto, Canada: Mackay, 1907.Google Scholar
Ronald Stewart, Longley, Sir Francis Hincks: A Study of Canadian Politics, Railways, and Finance in the Nineteenth Century. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1943.Google Scholar
Macintosh, Robert M. Different Drummers: Banking and Politics in Canada. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1991.Google Scholar
Mary Quayle, Marr, and Paterson, Donald G. Canada: An Economic History. Toronto, Canada: Gage, 1980.Google Scholar
Martin, Ged. Favourite Son?: John A. Macdonald and the Voters of Kingston 1841–1891. Kingston, Canada: Kingston Historical Society, 2010.Google Scholar
McIvor, R.C. Canadian Monetary, Banking and Fiscal Development. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1961.Google Scholar
McKay, Ian. Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the People’s Enlightenment in Canada, 1890–1920. Toronto, Canada: Between the Lines, 2008.Google Scholar
McNairn, Jeffrey L. The Capacity to Judge: Public Opinion and Deliberative Democracy in Upper Canada, 1791–1854. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Morton, W.L. The Critical Years: The Union of British North America, 1857–1873. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, 1964.Google Scholar
Nelson, Benjamin. The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.Google Scholar
Edward Peter, Neufeld, The Financial System of Canada: Its Growth and Development. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1972.Google Scholar
Norrie, Kenneth, Douglas, Owram, and Herbert Emery, J.C.. A History of the Canadian Economy. Toronto, Canada: Thomson Nelson, 2008.Google Scholar
Ouellet, Fernand. Lower Canada, 1791–1840: Social Change and Nationalism. Translated by Patricia Claxton. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Steward, 1980.Google Scholar
Piva, Michael J. The Borrowing Process Public Finance in the Province of Canada, 1840–1867. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Pryke, Kenneth G. Nova Scotia and Confederation 1864–74. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Rudin, Ronald. Banking en français: The French Banks of Quebec, 1835–1925. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Schultz, William J., and Caine, M.R.. Financial Development of the United States. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1937.Google Scholar
Southworth, Shirley Donald. Branch Banking in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1928.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Garth. Ex Uno Plures: Federal-Provincial Relations in Canada, 1867–1896. Montréal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Stewart, Gordon T. The Origins of Canadian Politics: A Comparative Approach. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Studenski, Paul, and Krooss, Herman E. Financial History of the United States. New York: McGraw Hill, 1963.Google Scholar
Swinfen, D.E. Imperial Control of Colonial Legislation, 1813–1865: A Study of British Policy towards Colonial Legislative Powers. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.Google Scholar
Timothy, H.B. The Galts: A Canadian Odyssey. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, 1977.Google Scholar
Unger, Irwin. The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Waite, Peter. The Life and Times of Confederation 1864–1867: Politics, Newspapers, and the Union of British North America. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Walker, B.E. A History of Banking in Canada. Toronto, Canada, 1899.Google Scholar
Winks, Robin. Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Brothers, Thomas. A Letter to the Farmers and Working-Classes of Canada: On the Insolvency, Utter Ruin and Confusion of the Grand Trunk Schemers, and the Ignorance of Those who Willingly Suppose Themselves to be Plundered by the Abominable Contrivances of this our Time. Newmarket, Upper Canada: New Era Office, 1861.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Isaac. The British American Federation a Necessity: Its Industrial Policy Also a Necessity. Hamilton, Canada: Spectator Steam Press, 1865.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Isaac. The Relations of the Industry of Canada with the Mother Country and the United States. Montreal, Canada: J. Lovell, 1864.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael. “Overend Gurney Crisis, 1866.” In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance, edited by Peter Newman. vol. 3, 101. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.Google Scholar
Charles Peers, Davidson, A Compilation of the Statutes Passed since Confederation Relating to Banks and Banking: Government and Other Savings Banks, Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange, and Interest and Usury in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Montreal, Canada: Gazette, 1876.Google Scholar
Garneau, F.X. Histoire du Canada depuis sa decouverte jusqu’a nos jours. Montréal, Canada: Editions de l’Arbre, 1944–1946. Originally published 1845.Google Scholar
Gérin-Lajoie, A. Jean Rivard, économiste. Montréal, Canada: Librairie Beauchemin limitée, 1913.Google Scholar
Sir Francis, Hincks, Address on the Banking System of Canada and on the Resumption of Specie Payments in the United States. New York: American Bankers’ Association, 1877.Google Scholar
Sir Francis, Hincks, The Bank of England and the Act of 1844. Ottawa, Canada: Taylor, 1873.Google Scholar
Macpherson, D.L. A Letter to John Rose on the Subject of Banking and Currency. Toronto, Canada: Bromfield, 1869.Google Scholar
Thomas Darcy, McGee, Notes on Federal Governments, Past and Present. Montreal, Canada: Dawson, 1865.Google Scholar
Joseph, Pope, Confederation Being a Series of Hithero Unpublished Documents Bearing on the British North America Act. Toronto, Canada: Carswell Co., 1895.Google Scholar
Rose, John. Speech by the Honourable John Rose, Minister of Finance, on Introducing the Resolutions on Banking and Currency. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter, Rose, 1869.Google Scholar
Sir Joseph, Pope, ed. Confederation: Being a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Documents Bearing on the British North America Act. Toronto, Canada: Carswell, 1895.Google Scholar
Rose, John. Speech by the Honourable John Rose, Minister of Finance, on Introducing Resolutions on Banking and Currency. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter Rose, 1869.Google Scholar
Weir, Frank. The Law and Practice of Banking Corporations under Dominion Acts. Montreal, Canada: J. Lovell, 1888.Google Scholar
Young, George R. Upon the History, Principles, and Prospects of the Bank of British North America, and of the Colonial Bank With an Enquiry into Colonial Exchanges, and the Expendiency of Introducing “British Sterling and British Coin” in Preference to the “Dollar” As the Money Account and Currency of the North American Colonies. London: W. S. Orr, P. Richardson and J. Ridgway, 1838.Google Scholar
Benmelech, Efraim, and Moskowitz, Tobias J. “The Political Economy of Financial Regulation: Evidence from U.S. State Usury Laws in the 19th Century.” NBER Working Paper, 2007.Google Scholar
Bodenhorn, Howard. “Usury Ceilings and Bank Lending Behavior: Evidence from Nineteenth Century New York.” Explorations in Economic History 44 (2007): 179–202.Google Scholar
Bonthius, Andrew. “The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism with a Gun?” Labour/Le Travail 52 (2003): 9–43.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D., Hugh, Rockoff, and Angela, Redish. “The U.S. Banking System From a Northern Exposure: Stability versus Efficiency.” Journal of Economic History 54 (1994): 325–41.Google Scholar
Bunbury, Dan. “Safe Haven for the Poor? Depositors and the Government Savings Bank in Halifax, 1832–1867.” Acadiensis 24 (1995): 24–48.Google Scholar
Carlson, Mark. “Are Branch Banks Better Survivors? Evidence from the Depression Era.” Economic Inquiry 42 (2004): 111–26.Google Scholar
Frost, James D. “The ‘Nationalization’ of the Bank of Nova Scotia, 1880–1910.” Acadiensis 12 (1982): 3–38.Google Scholar
Glazebrook, A.J. “Finance and Banking: Economic Development of Canada, 1867–1921.” In Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. 6, edited by Holland Rose, J., 625–41. Cambridge University Press, 1930.Google Scholar
Grant, Ian. “Erastus Wiman: A Continentalist Replies to Canadian Imperialism.” Canadian Historical Review 53 (1972): 1–20.Google Scholar
Harvey, D.C. “Incidents of Repeal Agitation in Nova Scotia.” Canadian Historical Review (1934): 48–57.Google Scholar
Hickson, Charles R., and Turner, John D. “Free Banking Gone Awry: The Australian Banking Crisis of 1893.” Financial History Review 9 (2002): 147–67.Google Scholar
Hodgins, Bruce W. “Democracy and the Ontario Fathers of Confederation.” In Profiles of a Province: Studies in the History of Ontario, edited by Firth, Edith G., 83–91. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Historical Society, 1967.Google Scholar
Irving, Helen. “Sister Colonies with Separate Constitutions: Why Australian Federationists Rejected the Canadian Constitution.” In Shaping Nations: Constitutionalism and Society in Australia and Canada, edited by Cardinal, Linda, and David, Headon, 27–38. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Kens, Paul. “The Crédit Mobilier Scandal and the Supreme Court: Corporate Power, Corporate Person, and Government Control in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Supreme Court History 34 (2009): 170–82.Google Scholar
Knaplund, Paul. “James Stephen on Canadian Banking Laws, 1821–6.” Canadian Historical Review 31 (1950): 177–87.Google Scholar
Macintosh, Robert M. “Origins of Financial Stability in Canada: The Bank Act of 1871.” In Relentless Change: A Case Book for the Study of Canadian Business History, edited by Martin, Joe, 21–38. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Martin, Ged. “Archival Evidence and John A. Macdonald Biography.” Journal of Historical Biography 1 (2007): 79–115.Google Scholar
Masters, Donald C. “Toronto vs. Montreal the Struggle for Financial Hegemony, 1860–1875.” Canadian Historical Review 22 (1941): 133–46.Google Scholar
Munn, C.W. “Banking on Branches: The Origins and Development of Branch Banking in the United Kingdom.” In Finance in the Age of the Corporate Economy: The Third Anglo-Japanese Business History Conference, edited by Cottrell, P.L., Teichova, Alice, and Takeshi, Yuzawa, 37–51. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1997.Google Scholar
Newton, Lucy and Cottrell, P.L. “Joint-Stock Banking in the English Provinces 1826–1857: To Branch or Not to Branch?” Business and Economic History 27 (1998): 115–28.Google Scholar
Nichols, Mark W., and Hendrickson, Jill M. “Profit Differentials between Canadian and US Commercial Banks: The Role of Regulation.” Journal of Economic History 57 (1997): 674–96.Google Scholar
Rich, George. “The Gold-Reserve Requirement under the Dominion Notes Act of 1870: How to Deceive Parliament.” Canadian Journal of Economics 10 (1977): 447–53.Google Scholar
Scott, Kenneth E. “The Dual Banking System: A Model of Competition in Regulation.” Stanford Law Review 30 (1977): 1–56.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam. “Banking System of Canada.” In Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 10, edited by Shortt, Adam, and Sir Arthur, Doughty, 627–53. Toronto, Canada: Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Publishers’ Association of Canada Limited. Printed by T & A, 1914–1917.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam “Currency and Banking, 1841–1867.” In Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 5, edited by Shortt, Adam and Sir Arthur, Doughty, 261–94. Toronto,Canada: Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Publishers ’ Association of Canada Limited. Printed by T & A, 1914–1917.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam “Early History of Canadian Banking.” Journal of the Canadian Bankers Association 4 (1896): 1–19.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam “General Economic History, 1841–67.” In Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 5, edited by Shortt, Adam and Sir Arthur, Doughty, 185–260. Toronto, Canada: Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Publishers ’ Association of Canada Limited. Printed by T & A, 1914–1917.Google Scholar
Smith, Andrew. “Toryism, Classical Liberalism, and Capitalism: The Politics of Taxation and the Struggle for Canadian Confederation.” Canadian Historical Review 89 (2008): 1–25.Google Scholar
Smith, Matthew. “On Central Banking ‘Rules’: Tooke’s Critique of the Bank Charter Act of 1844.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25 (2003): 39–61.Google Scholar
Sylla, Richard. “Political Economy of Financial Development: Canada and the United States in the Mirror of the Other, 1790–1840.” Enterprise and Society 7 (2006): 653–65.Google Scholar
White, Eugene Nelson. “The Political Economy of Banking Regulation, 1864–1933.” Journal of Economic History 42 (1982): 33–40.Google Scholar
Wise, S.F. “The Annexation Movement and its Effect on Canadian Opinion, 1837–67.” In Canada Views the United States: Nineteenth Century Political Attitudes, edited by Wise, S.F. and Craig Brown, Robert, 53–66. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Agricultural Journal and Transactions of the Lower Canada Agricultural Society.Google Scholar
Bankers’ Magazine [London].Google Scholar
Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine.Google Scholar
Canadian Economist.Google Scholar
Canadian News [London].Google Scholar
Canadian Quarterly Review and Family Magazine.Google Scholar
Halifax Morning Chronicle.Google Scholar
Monetary Times.Google Scholar
Montreal Trade Review and Intercolonial Journal of Commerce.Google Scholar
Montreal Witness.Google Scholar
New York Times.Google Scholar
New York Tribune.Google Scholar
The Canadian Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review.Google Scholar
Taylor, Rob. “Canada Rated World’s Soundest Bank System: Survey.” Reuters News. October 9, 2008.Google Scholar
Toronto Globe.Google Scholar
Toronto Leader.Google Scholar
Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Samuel Leonard Tilley Fonds 17. Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt Fonds, MG27-ID8.Google Scholar
An Act to Amend the Act Respecting Interest. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter, Rose, 1865.Google Scholar
Appendix to the Eleventh Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. Quebec, Appendix P., Canada: R. Campbell, 1853.Google Scholar
Bill an Act to Discontinue the Incorporation of Joint Stock Banks and the Issue of Registered Bank-Notes, under the Free Banking Acts. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1857.Google Scholar
Dominion of Canada. House of Commons Debates for 1870.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alexander. “Report on a National Bank.” In Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, Prepared in Obedience to the Act of the 10th May, 1800. to Which Are Prefixed the Reports of Alexander Hamilton, on Public Credit, on a National Bank, on Manufactures, and on the Establishment of a Mint. Washington, DC: Blair and Rives, 1837.Google Scholar
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers. London: HMSO, 1862.Google Scholar
Journals of the House of Commons of Canada from April 15th to June 22nd 1869 … Being the Second Session of the First Parliament of Canada, Session 1869. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter Rose, 1869.Google Scholar
Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, Being the Second Session of the Thirty-Ninth Congress, Begun and Held at the City of Washington, December 3,1866, in the Ninety-First Year of the Independence of the United States. Washington, DC: GPO, 1867.Google Scholar
Lelièvre, Simon, and Réal, Angers F.. Questions seigneuriales: compilation contenant l’Acte seigneurial de 1854. Quebec, Canada: Imprimé Coté, 1856.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Appendix to the Eleventh Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. 19th August 1852, to the 14th June, 1853. Sixteenth Year of the Reign of Queen Victoria: Being the 1st Session of the 4th Provincial Parliament of Canada. Quebec, Canada: R. Campbell, 1853.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Appendix to the Tenth Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, from the 20th Day of May to the 30th Day of August, Both Days Inclusive, and in the Fourteenth & Fifteenth Years of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lady Queen Victoria: Being the 4th Session of the 3rd Provincial Parliament of Canada, Session 1851. Quebec, Canada: R. Campbell, 1851.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. “An Act Respecting Banks and Freedom of Banking.” The Consolidated Statutes of Canada Proclaimed and Published under the Authority of the Act 22 Vict. Cap. 29, A.D. 1859. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1859, 647–65.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Parliamentary Debates on the Subject of the Confederation of the British North American Provinces, 3rd Session, 8th Provincial Parliament of Canada, 1865. Ottawa, Canada: King’s Printer, 1951.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Statutes of the Province of Canada in the First Session of the Fifth Parliament of Canada. Quebec, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1854.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Statutes of the Province of Canada Passed in the Second Session of the Fifth Parliament of Canada. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1856.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. The Consolidated Statutes of Canada being the Public General Statutes which Apply to the Whole Province as Revised and Consolidated by the Commissioners Appointed for That Purpose. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1859.Google Scholar
Sessional Papers of the Dominion of Canada: First Session of the First Parliament, Session 1867–8. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter Rose, 1868.Google Scholar
Thompson’s Mirror of Parliament: Being a Report of the Debates in both Houses of the Canadian Legislature. Quebec, Canada: Thompson & Co., 1860.Google Scholar
Usury Laws (Canada) Copy of All Correspondence between Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for the Colonies Respecting the Effect of the Usury Laws in Canada, on the Industrial and Commercial Interests of That Province, and of All Correspondence with the Governor General of Canada on That Subject. London: HMSO, 1847.Google Scholar
Farr, D.M.L. “Sir John Rose.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Johnson, J.K., and Peter, Waite. “Sir John A. Macdonald.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Jean-Pierre, Kesteman, “Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
McCalla, Douglas. “Isaac Buchanan.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Rudin, Ronald. “E.H. King.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Young, Brian, and Gerald, Tulchinsky. “Sir Hugh Allan.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Historical Statistics of Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada, 1983.Google Scholar
Rajan, Raghuram G., and Rodney, Ramcharan. “Landed Interests and Financial Underdevelopment in the United States.” NBER Working Paper Series No. 14347. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.Google Scholar
Hogg v. Ruffner. 66 US 1 Black 115 115, 1861.Google Scholar
Akita, Shigeru, ed. Gentlemanly Capitalism, Imperialism, and Global History. New York: Palgrave, 2002.Google Scholar
Austin, Peter F. Baring Brothers and the Birth of Modern Finance. New York: Pickering & Chatto, 2007.Google Scholar
Baskerville, Peter. A Concise History of Business in Canada. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Baster, A.S.J. The Imperial Banks. London: P.S.King & Son, 1929.Google Scholar
Bliss, Michael. A Living Profit: Studies in the Social History of Canadian Business, 1883–1911. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, 1974.Google Scholar
Blue, Frederick J. Salmon, P. Chase: A Life in Politics. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Patrick, Boyer J.. The People’s Mandate: Referendums and a More Democratic Canada. Toronto, Canada: Dundurn Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, Roeliff Morton. The Canadian Banking System, 1817–1890. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Bankers’ Association, 1894.Google Scholar
Butlin, S.J. Foundations of the Australian Monetary System, 1788–1851. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Calomiris, Charles W. U.S.Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Cannadine, David. Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Careless, J.M.S. Brown of the Globe. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1959–1963.Google Scholar
Cherney, Robert W. A Righteous Cause: The Life of William Jennings Bryan. New York: HarperCollins, 1985.Google Scholar
Cochrane, Peter. Colonial Ambition: Foundations of Australian Democracy. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Cowen, David Jack. The Origins and Economic Impact of the First Bank of the United States, 1791–1797. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.Google Scholar
Craig, Gerald M. Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784–1841. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Steward, 1963.Google Scholar
Creighton, Donald. John A. Macdonald. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1955.Google Scholar
Denison, Merill. Canada’s First Bank: A History of the Bank of Montreal. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1966.Google Scholar
Hampden, Dougherty J. Constitutional History of the State of New York. New York: Neale, 1915.Google Scholar
Dowd, Kevin. The Experience of Free Banking. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Dumett, Raymond E., ed. Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Imperialism: The New Debate on Empire. London: Longman, 1999.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Ellis, Richard E. Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Forster, Ben. A Conjunction of Interests: Business, Politics, and Tariffs, 1825–1879. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Franks, C.E.S. The Parliament of Canada. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1987.Google Scholar
David Paul, Gagan, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land, and Social Change in Mid-Victorian Peel County, Canada West. Ontario Historical Studies Series. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Garner, John. The Franchise and Politics in British North America, 1755–1867. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Craufurd. Canadian Economic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Hall, Catherine, McClelland, Keith, and Rendall, Jane. Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of 1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Hesketh, Bob. Major Douglas and Alberta Social Credit. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Hilton, Boyd. The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Horwitz, Morton J. The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Mary Quayle, Innis, ed. An Economic History of Canada. Toronto, Canada: Ryerson Press, 1943.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Jason. The Origins of Canadian and American Political Differences.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Keith, A.B. Responsible Government in the Dominions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.Google Scholar
Kerr, D.G.G. A Scholarly Governor: Sir Edmund Head. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1954.Google Scholar
Lash, Zebulon. The Banking System of Canada. Toronto, Canada: Mackay, 1907.Google Scholar
Ronald Stewart, Longley, Sir Francis Hincks: A Study of Canadian Politics, Railways, and Finance in the Nineteenth Century. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1943.Google Scholar
Macintosh, Robert M. Different Drummers: Banking and Politics in Canada. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1991.Google Scholar
Mary Quayle, Marr, and Paterson, Donald G. Canada: An Economic History. Toronto, Canada: Gage, 1980.Google Scholar
Martin, Ged. Favourite Son?: John A. Macdonald and the Voters of Kingston 1841–1891. Kingston, Canada: Kingston Historical Society, 2010.Google Scholar
McIvor, R.C. Canadian Monetary, Banking and Fiscal Development. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1961.Google Scholar
McKay, Ian. Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the People’s Enlightenment in Canada, 1890–1920. Toronto, Canada: Between the Lines, 2008.Google Scholar
McNairn, Jeffrey L. The Capacity to Judge: Public Opinion and Deliberative Democracy in Upper Canada, 1791–1854. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Morton, W.L. The Critical Years: The Union of British North America, 1857–1873. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, 1964.Google Scholar
Nelson, Benjamin. The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.Google Scholar
Edward Peter, Neufeld, The Financial System of Canada: Its Growth and Development. Toronto, Canada: Macmillan, 1972.Google Scholar
Norrie, Kenneth, Douglas, Owram, and Herbert Emery, J.C.. A History of the Canadian Economy. Toronto, Canada: Thomson Nelson, 2008.Google Scholar
Ouellet, Fernand. Lower Canada, 1791–1840: Social Change and Nationalism. Translated by Patricia Claxton. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Steward, 1980.Google Scholar
Piva, Michael J. The Borrowing Process Public Finance in the Province of Canada, 1840–1867. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Pryke, Kenneth G. Nova Scotia and Confederation 1864–74. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Rudin, Ronald. Banking en français: The French Banks of Quebec, 1835–1925. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Schultz, William J., and Caine, M.R.. Financial Development of the United States. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1937.Google Scholar
Southworth, Shirley Donald. Branch Banking in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1928.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Garth. Ex Uno Plures: Federal-Provincial Relations in Canada, 1867–1896. Montréal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Stewart, Gordon T. The Origins of Canadian Politics: A Comparative Approach. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Studenski, Paul, and Krooss, Herman E. Financial History of the United States. New York: McGraw Hill, 1963.Google Scholar
Swinfen, D.E. Imperial Control of Colonial Legislation, 1813–1865: A Study of British Policy towards Colonial Legislative Powers. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.Google Scholar
Timothy, H.B. The Galts: A Canadian Odyssey. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, 1977.Google Scholar
Unger, Irwin. The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Waite, Peter. The Life and Times of Confederation 1864–1867: Politics, Newspapers, and the Union of British North America. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Walker, B.E. A History of Banking in Canada. Toronto, Canada, 1899.Google Scholar
Winks, Robin. Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Brothers, Thomas. A Letter to the Farmers and Working-Classes of Canada: On the Insolvency, Utter Ruin and Confusion of the Grand Trunk Schemers, and the Ignorance of Those who Willingly Suppose Themselves to be Plundered by the Abominable Contrivances of this our Time. Newmarket, Upper Canada: New Era Office, 1861.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Isaac. The British American Federation a Necessity: Its Industrial Policy Also a Necessity. Hamilton, Canada: Spectator Steam Press, 1865.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Isaac. The Relations of the Industry of Canada with the Mother Country and the United States. Montreal, Canada: J. Lovell, 1864.Google Scholar
Collins, Michael. “Overend Gurney Crisis, 1866.” In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance, edited by Peter Newman. vol. 3, 101. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.Google Scholar
Charles Peers, Davidson, A Compilation of the Statutes Passed since Confederation Relating to Banks and Banking: Government and Other Savings Banks, Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange, and Interest and Usury in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Montreal, Canada: Gazette, 1876.Google Scholar
Garneau, F.X. Histoire du Canada depuis sa decouverte jusqu’a nos jours. Montréal, Canada: Editions de l’Arbre, 1944–1946. Originally published 1845.Google Scholar
Gérin-Lajoie, A. Jean Rivard, économiste. Montréal, Canada: Librairie Beauchemin limitée, 1913.Google Scholar
Sir Francis, Hincks, Address on the Banking System of Canada and on the Resumption of Specie Payments in the United States. New York: American Bankers’ Association, 1877.Google Scholar
Sir Francis, Hincks, The Bank of England and the Act of 1844. Ottawa, Canada: Taylor, 1873.Google Scholar
Macpherson, D.L. A Letter to John Rose on the Subject of Banking and Currency. Toronto, Canada: Bromfield, 1869.Google Scholar
Thomas Darcy, McGee, Notes on Federal Governments, Past and Present. Montreal, Canada: Dawson, 1865.Google Scholar
Joseph, Pope, Confederation Being a Series of Hithero Unpublished Documents Bearing on the British North America Act. Toronto, Canada: Carswell Co., 1895.Google Scholar
Rose, John. Speech by the Honourable John Rose, Minister of Finance, on Introducing the Resolutions on Banking and Currency. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter, Rose, 1869.Google Scholar
Sir Joseph, Pope, ed. Confederation: Being a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Documents Bearing on the British North America Act. Toronto, Canada: Carswell, 1895.Google Scholar
Rose, John. Speech by the Honourable John Rose, Minister of Finance, on Introducing Resolutions on Banking and Currency. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter Rose, 1869.Google Scholar
Weir, Frank. The Law and Practice of Banking Corporations under Dominion Acts. Montreal, Canada: J. Lovell, 1888.Google Scholar
Young, George R. Upon the History, Principles, and Prospects of the Bank of British North America, and of the Colonial Bank With an Enquiry into Colonial Exchanges, and the Expendiency of Introducing “British Sterling and British Coin” in Preference to the “Dollar” As the Money Account and Currency of the North American Colonies. London: W. S. Orr, P. Richardson and J. Ridgway, 1838.Google Scholar
Benmelech, Efraim, and Moskowitz, Tobias J. “The Political Economy of Financial Regulation: Evidence from U.S. State Usury Laws in the 19th Century.” NBER Working Paper, 2007.Google Scholar
Bodenhorn, Howard. “Usury Ceilings and Bank Lending Behavior: Evidence from Nineteenth Century New York.” Explorations in Economic History 44 (2007): 179–202.Google Scholar
Bonthius, Andrew. “The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism with a Gun?” Labour/Le Travail 52 (2003): 9–43.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D., Hugh, Rockoff, and Angela, Redish. “The U.S. Banking System From a Northern Exposure: Stability versus Efficiency.” Journal of Economic History 54 (1994): 325–41.Google Scholar
Bunbury, Dan. “Safe Haven for the Poor? Depositors and the Government Savings Bank in Halifax, 1832–1867.” Acadiensis 24 (1995): 24–48.Google Scholar
Carlson, Mark. “Are Branch Banks Better Survivors? Evidence from the Depression Era.” Economic Inquiry 42 (2004): 111–26.Google Scholar
Frost, James D. “The ‘Nationalization’ of the Bank of Nova Scotia, 1880–1910.” Acadiensis 12 (1982): 3–38.Google Scholar
Glazebrook, A.J. “Finance and Banking: Economic Development of Canada, 1867–1921.” In Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. 6, edited by Holland Rose, J., 625–41. Cambridge University Press, 1930.Google Scholar
Grant, Ian. “Erastus Wiman: A Continentalist Replies to Canadian Imperialism.” Canadian Historical Review 53 (1972): 1–20.Google Scholar
Harvey, D.C. “Incidents of Repeal Agitation in Nova Scotia.” Canadian Historical Review (1934): 48–57.Google Scholar
Hickson, Charles R., and Turner, John D. “Free Banking Gone Awry: The Australian Banking Crisis of 1893.” Financial History Review 9 (2002): 147–67.Google Scholar
Hodgins, Bruce W. “Democracy and the Ontario Fathers of Confederation.” In Profiles of a Province: Studies in the History of Ontario, edited by Firth, Edith G., 83–91. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Historical Society, 1967.Google Scholar
Irving, Helen. “Sister Colonies with Separate Constitutions: Why Australian Federationists Rejected the Canadian Constitution.” In Shaping Nations: Constitutionalism and Society in Australia and Canada, edited by Cardinal, Linda, and David, Headon, 27–38. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Kens, Paul. “The Crédit Mobilier Scandal and the Supreme Court: Corporate Power, Corporate Person, and Government Control in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Supreme Court History 34 (2009): 170–82.Google Scholar
Knaplund, Paul. “James Stephen on Canadian Banking Laws, 1821–6.” Canadian Historical Review 31 (1950): 177–87.Google Scholar
Macintosh, Robert M. “Origins of Financial Stability in Canada: The Bank Act of 1871.” In Relentless Change: A Case Book for the Study of Canadian Business History, edited by Martin, Joe, 21–38. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Martin, Ged. “Archival Evidence and John A. Macdonald Biography.” Journal of Historical Biography 1 (2007): 79–115.Google Scholar
Masters, Donald C. “Toronto vs. Montreal the Struggle for Financial Hegemony, 1860–1875.” Canadian Historical Review 22 (1941): 133–46.Google Scholar
Munn, C.W. “Banking on Branches: The Origins and Development of Branch Banking in the United Kingdom.” In Finance in the Age of the Corporate Economy: The Third Anglo-Japanese Business History Conference, edited by Cottrell, P.L., Teichova, Alice, and Takeshi, Yuzawa, 37–51. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1997.Google Scholar
Newton, Lucy and Cottrell, P.L. “Joint-Stock Banking in the English Provinces 1826–1857: To Branch or Not to Branch?” Business and Economic History 27 (1998): 115–28.Google Scholar
Nichols, Mark W., and Hendrickson, Jill M. “Profit Differentials between Canadian and US Commercial Banks: The Role of Regulation.” Journal of Economic History 57 (1997): 674–96.Google Scholar
Rich, George. “The Gold-Reserve Requirement under the Dominion Notes Act of 1870: How to Deceive Parliament.” Canadian Journal of Economics 10 (1977): 447–53.Google Scholar
Scott, Kenneth E. “The Dual Banking System: A Model of Competition in Regulation.” Stanford Law Review 30 (1977): 1–56.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam. “Banking System of Canada.” In Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 10, edited by Shortt, Adam, and Sir Arthur, Doughty, 627–53. Toronto, Canada: Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Publishers’ Association of Canada Limited. Printed by T & A, 1914–1917.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam “Currency and Banking, 1841–1867.” In Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 5, edited by Shortt, Adam and Sir Arthur, Doughty, 261–94. Toronto,Canada: Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Publishers ’ Association of Canada Limited. Printed by T & A, 1914–1917.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam “Early History of Canadian Banking.” Journal of the Canadian Bankers Association 4 (1896): 1–19.Google Scholar
Shortt, Adam “General Economic History, 1841–67.” In Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 5, edited by Shortt, Adam and Sir Arthur, Doughty, 185–260. Toronto, Canada: Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Publishers ’ Association of Canada Limited. Printed by T & A, 1914–1917.Google Scholar
Smith, Andrew. “Toryism, Classical Liberalism, and Capitalism: The Politics of Taxation and the Struggle for Canadian Confederation.” Canadian Historical Review 89 (2008): 1–25.Google Scholar
Smith, Matthew. “On Central Banking ‘Rules’: Tooke’s Critique of the Bank Charter Act of 1844.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25 (2003): 39–61.Google Scholar
Sylla, Richard. “Political Economy of Financial Development: Canada and the United States in the Mirror of the Other, 1790–1840.” Enterprise and Society 7 (2006): 653–65.Google Scholar
White, Eugene Nelson. “The Political Economy of Banking Regulation, 1864–1933.” Journal of Economic History 42 (1982): 33–40.Google Scholar
Wise, S.F. “The Annexation Movement and its Effect on Canadian Opinion, 1837–67.” In Canada Views the United States: Nineteenth Century Political Attitudes, edited by Wise, S.F. and Craig Brown, Robert, 53–66. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Agricultural Journal and Transactions of the Lower Canada Agricultural Society.Google Scholar
Bankers’ Magazine [London].Google Scholar
Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine.Google Scholar
Canadian Economist.Google Scholar
Canadian News [London].Google Scholar
Canadian Quarterly Review and Family Magazine.Google Scholar
Halifax Morning Chronicle.Google Scholar
Monetary Times.Google Scholar
Montreal Trade Review and Intercolonial Journal of Commerce.Google Scholar
Montreal Witness.Google Scholar
New York Times.Google Scholar
New York Tribune.Google Scholar
The Canadian Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review.Google Scholar
Taylor, Rob. “Canada Rated World’s Soundest Bank System: Survey.” Reuters News. October 9, 2008.Google Scholar
Toronto Globe.Google Scholar
Toronto Leader.Google Scholar
Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Samuel Leonard Tilley Fonds 17. Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt Fonds, MG27-ID8.Google Scholar
An Act to Amend the Act Respecting Interest. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter, Rose, 1865.Google Scholar
Appendix to the Eleventh Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. Quebec, Appendix P., Canada: R. Campbell, 1853.Google Scholar
Bill an Act to Discontinue the Incorporation of Joint Stock Banks and the Issue of Registered Bank-Notes, under the Free Banking Acts. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1857.Google Scholar
Dominion of Canada. House of Commons Debates for 1870.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alexander. “Report on a National Bank.” In Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, Prepared in Obedience to the Act of the 10th May, 1800. to Which Are Prefixed the Reports of Alexander Hamilton, on Public Credit, on a National Bank, on Manufactures, and on the Establishment of a Mint. Washington, DC: Blair and Rives, 1837.Google Scholar
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers. London: HMSO, 1862.Google Scholar
Journals of the House of Commons of Canada from April 15th to June 22nd 1869 … Being the Second Session of the First Parliament of Canada, Session 1869. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter Rose, 1869.Google Scholar
Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, Being the Second Session of the Thirty-Ninth Congress, Begun and Held at the City of Washington, December 3,1866, in the Ninety-First Year of the Independence of the United States. Washington, DC: GPO, 1867.Google Scholar
Lelièvre, Simon, and Réal, Angers F.. Questions seigneuriales: compilation contenant l’Acte seigneurial de 1854. Quebec, Canada: Imprimé Coté, 1856.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Appendix to the Eleventh Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. 19th August 1852, to the 14th June, 1853. Sixteenth Year of the Reign of Queen Victoria: Being the 1st Session of the 4th Provincial Parliament of Canada. Quebec, Canada: R. Campbell, 1853.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Appendix to the Tenth Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, from the 20th Day of May to the 30th Day of August, Both Days Inclusive, and in the Fourteenth & Fifteenth Years of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lady Queen Victoria: Being the 4th Session of the 3rd Provincial Parliament of Canada, Session 1851. Quebec, Canada: R. Campbell, 1851.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. “An Act Respecting Banks and Freedom of Banking.” The Consolidated Statutes of Canada Proclaimed and Published under the Authority of the Act 22 Vict. Cap. 29, A.D. 1859. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1859, 647–65.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Parliamentary Debates on the Subject of the Confederation of the British North American Provinces, 3rd Session, 8th Provincial Parliament of Canada, 1865. Ottawa, Canada: King’s Printer, 1951.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Statutes of the Province of Canada in the First Session of the Fifth Parliament of Canada. Quebec, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1854.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. Statutes of the Province of Canada Passed in the Second Session of the Fifth Parliament of Canada. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1856.Google Scholar
Province of Canada. The Consolidated Statutes of Canada being the Public General Statutes which Apply to the Whole Province as Revised and Consolidated by the Commissioners Appointed for That Purpose. Toronto, Canada: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1859.Google Scholar
Sessional Papers of the Dominion of Canada: First Session of the First Parliament, Session 1867–8. Ottawa, Canada: Hunter Rose, 1868.Google Scholar
Thompson’s Mirror of Parliament: Being a Report of the Debates in both Houses of the Canadian Legislature. Quebec, Canada: Thompson & Co., 1860.Google Scholar
Usury Laws (Canada) Copy of All Correspondence between Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for the Colonies Respecting the Effect of the Usury Laws in Canada, on the Industrial and Commercial Interests of That Province, and of All Correspondence with the Governor General of Canada on That Subject. London: HMSO, 1847.Google Scholar
Farr, D.M.L. “Sir John Rose.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Johnson, J.K., and Peter, Waite. “Sir John A. Macdonald.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Jean-Pierre, Kesteman, “Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
McCalla, Douglas. “Isaac Buchanan.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Rudin, Ronald. “E.H. King.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Young, Brian, and Gerald, Tulchinsky. “Sir Hugh Allan.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Google Scholar
Historical Statistics of Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada, 1983.Google Scholar
Rajan, Raghuram G., and Rodney, Ramcharan. “Landed Interests and Financial Underdevelopment in the United States.” NBER Working Paper Series No. 14347. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.Google Scholar
Hogg v. Ruffner. 66 US 1 Black 115 115, 1861.Google Scholar