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Boundless Competition: Subcontracting and the London Economy in the Late Nineteenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Giorgio Riello
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Abstract

Why did subcontracting remain, well until the end of the nineteenth century, a viable way to organize metropolitan manufacturing? This article addresses historically and theoretically the reasons for the permanence of subcontracting as a viable alternative to centralized forms of production in London. It also questions the literature that equates the decline of subcontracting with the rise of sweating and argues for a reinterpretation of traditional explanations that saw the “sweater” as a central figure in the “degeneration” of the metropolitan productive system. The article concludes by proposing a reinterpretation of the “decline of subcontracting” and argues that the logic of flexibility of subcontracting was challenged by the increasing power of London wholesalers and retailers and the demands of fin-de-siècle mass consumption.

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Enterprise & Society , Volume 13 , Issue 3 , September 2012 , pp. 504 - 537
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2012. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

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References

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Green, David R. “The Metropolitan Economy: Continuity and Change, 1800–1939.” In London: A New Metropolitan Geography, edited by Keith, Hoggart and Green, David R., 8–33. London: Arnold, 1991.Google Scholar
Green, David R. “The Nineteenth-Century Metropolitan Economy: A Revisionist Interpretation.” London Journal 21 (1996): 9–25.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter. “Industrial London: A General View.” In Greater, London, edited by Coppock, John T. and Prince, Hugh C., 225–45. London: Faber and Faber, 1964.Google Scholar
Harrison, Casey. “An Organization of Labor: Laissez-Faire and Marchandage in the Paris Building Trades through 1848.” French Historical Studies 20 (Summer 1997): 357–81.Google Scholar
Harvey, Charles, Green, Edmund M., and Corfield, Penelope J.. “Continuity, Change, and Specialization within Metropolitan London: The Economy of Westminster, 1750–1820.” Economic History Review 52 (August 1999): 469–93.Google Scholar
Hosgood, Christopher P. “‘Mercantile Monasteries’ : Shops, Shop Assistants, and Shop Life in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain.” Journal of British Studies 38 (July 1999): 322–52.Google Scholar
Johnson, Paul. “Conspicuous Consumption and Working-Class Culture in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 38 (1988): 27–42.Google Scholar
Johnson, Paul “Economic Development and Industrial Dynamism in Victorian London.” London Journal 21 (1996): 27–37.Google Scholar
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Kershen, Anne J. “Morris Cohen and the Origins of the Women’s Wholesale Clothing Industry in the East End.” Textile History 28 (February 1997): 39–46.Google Scholar
Lazonick, William. “Social Organization and Technological Leadership.” In Convergence of Productivity. Cross-National Studies and Historical Evidence, edited by Baumal, W.J., Nelson, R.R., and Wolft, E.N., 164–93. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
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Gary Brian, Magee, “Technological Divergence in a Continuous Flow Production Industry: American and British Paper Making in the Late Victorian and Edwardian Era.” Business History 41 (January 1997): 21–46.Google Scholar
Marriott, John. “‘West Ham: London’s Industrial Centre and Gateway to the World’: Industrialisation, 1840–1910.” London Journal 13 (1987–1988): 121–42.Google Scholar
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