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Turkey’s Small Capital, A Player from the Start: Relations with the State and Big Capital
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2015
Abstract
This article aims to shed light on the early history of small-scale capital in Turkey. Turkey’s paradigm of development in the 1960s and 1970s, as in other belatedly industrializing countries, meant active state involvement, generally in favor of big capital. This emphasis on the large players has caused small capital’s influence on the era’s state policies to be largely overlooked. This article argues that small capital, popularized in the 1990s with the concept “Anatolian capital,” has deeper roots in Turkish economic and business history than formerly thought.
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References
Bibliography of Works Cited
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Öksüz, Abdullah Ecevit (ed.). Anadolu'da Girişimcilik Kültürü Sempozyumu 16-17 Mayıs 2008, Konya Tebliğ Kitabı. Konya: İttifak Holding, 2009.Google Scholar
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Özdemir, Şennur. MÜSİAD: Anadolu Sermayesinin Dönüşümü ve Türk Modernleşmesinin Derinleşmesi. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 2006.Google Scholar
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Savaş, Vural F. Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı. İstanbul: İktisadi Araştırmalar Tesisi, 1966.Google Scholar
Smitka, Michael. Competitive Ties: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automotive Industry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Soral, Erdoğan. Özel Kesimde Türk Müteşebbisleri. Ankara: Ankara İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi, 1974.Google Scholar
Sönmez, Mustafa. İşte Eseriniz: 100 Göstergede Kuruluştan Çöküşe Türkiye Ekonomisi. İstanbul: İletişim, 2003.Google Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang, and Yamamura, Kozo (eds.). The Origins of Non-Liberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison. New York: Cornell University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Thoburn, John T., and Takashima, Makato. Industrial Subcontracting in the UK and Japan. Brookfield, VT: Avebury, 1992.Google Scholar
Thompson, Grahame. Between Hierarchies and Markets: The Logic and Limits of Network Forms of Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Türkiye Halk Bankası. Türkiye’de Esnaf Kefalet Kooperatifleri ve Mesleki Krediler Durumu. Ankara: Türkiye Halk Bankası, 1960.Google Scholar
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. 1971 Faaliyet Raporu.İstanbul: Türkiye Odalar Birliği, 1971.Google Scholar
Türkiye Ticaret Odaları, Sanayi Odaları, and Ticaret Borsaları Birliği. Türkiye’de El Aletleri Sanayinde Yatırım İmkanları. Ankara: TOBB, 1965.Google Scholar
Yücekök, Ahmet. Türkiye'de Örgütlenmiş Dinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Tabanı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1971.Google Scholar
Çeçen, A. Aydın, Doğruel, A. Suat, and Doğruel, Fatma, “Economic Growth and Structural Change in Turkey, 1960–1988.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26, no. 1 (1994): 37–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya. “Understanding Ottoman Guilds.” In Crafts and Craftsmen of the Middle East, edited by Suraiya, Faroqhi and Deguilhem, Randi, 3–41. London: I.B.Tauris, 2005.Google Scholar
Fruin, W. Mark. “Business Groups and Interfirm Networks.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business History, edited by Jones, Geoffrey and Zeitlin, Jonathan, 244–268.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hagen, James M., and Choe, Soonkyoo. “Trust in Japanese Interfirm Relations: Institutional Sanctions Matter., The Academy of Management Review 23, no. 3 (July 1998): 589–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
İdil, Engin. “Borudan Orkestraya Borusan.” In 75 Yılda Çarkları Döndürenler, 139–151. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 1999.Google Scholar
Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım, and Balıkçı, Emre. “The ‘Forgotten’ People: Turkey’s Artisans in the 1950s.” British Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 2 (April 2013): 183–204.Google Scholar
Lane, Christel, and Bachmann, Resnard. “Cooperation in Inter Firm Relations in Britian and Germany: The Role of Social Institutions.” British Journal of Sociology 48 (June 1997): 226–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmbruch, Gerhard. “The Institutional Embedding of Market Economies: The German ‘Model’ and Its Impact on Japan.” In Origins of Non-Liberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison, edited by Wolfgang, Streeck and Yamamura, Kozo, 39–93. New York: Cornell University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Manow, Philip. “Welfare State Building and Coordinated Capitalism in Japan and Germany.” In Origins of Non-Liberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison, edited by Wolfgang, Streeck and Yamamura, Kozo, 94–120. New York: Cornell University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
McKitrick, Frederick L. “An Unexpected Path to Modernisation: The Case of German Artisans during the Second World War.” Contemporary European History 5, no. 3 (1996): 401–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, Theo, and Sugur, Nadir. “Small Employers in Turkey: The OSTIM Estate at Ankara.” Middle Eastern Studies (April 1996): 230–252.Google Scholar
Shambayati, Hootan. “The Rentier State, Interest Groups and the Paradox of Autonomy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran.” Comparative Politics 26, no. 3 (1994): 307–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang. “Between Pluralism and Corporatism: German Business Associations and the State.” Journal of Public Policy 3, no. 3 (August 1983): 265–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sydow, Jörg. “Flexible Specialization in Regional Networks.” In Business Networks Prospects for Regional Development, edited by Staber, Udo H., Schaefer, Norbert V., and Sharma, Basu, 24–41. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitlin, Jonathan. “Industrial Districts and Regional Clusters.”In The Oxford Handbook of Business History, edited by Geoffrey, Jones and Zeitlin, Jonathan, 219–244. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Aker, Ahmet. 12 Mart Döneminde Dışa Bağımlı Tekelleşme. İstanbul: Sander Yayınları, 2005.Google Scholar
Aktar, Ayhan. Kapitalizm, Azgelişmişlik ve Türkiye’de Küçük Sanayi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 1990.Google Scholar
Altun, Mehmet. Ortak Aklı Ararken: TÜSİAD’ın İlk On Yılı 1970–1980. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2009.Google Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth Joseph. The Economics of Information. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Bolat, Ömer. Medeniyet İdeali: Konuşmalar, Söyleşiler. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2007.Google Scholar
Bozbeyli, Ferruh. Türkiye’de Siyasi Partilerin Ekonomik ve Sosyal Görüşleri—Belgeler (İkinci Kitap Üçüncü Cilt). İstanbul: Baha Matbaası, 1969.Google Scholar
Bozbeyli, Ferruh. Türkiye’de Siyasi Partilerin Ekonomik ve Sosyal Görüşleri—Belgeler (İkinci Kitap Birinci Cilt). İstanbul: Baha Matbaası, 1969.Google Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe, and Savaşkan, Osman. New Capitalism in Turkey: The Relationship Between Politics, Religion, and Business. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colli, Andrea. The History of Family Business, 1850–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Çınar, Mine E. Potential Growth of Small Scale Industries in Less Developed Countries: The Case of Turkey. İstanbul, Boğaziçi University, 1986, pp. 31–37.Google Scholar
Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. İkinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planında Türk Özel Sektörü.İstanbul: Milli Basımevi, 1970.Google Scholar
Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. Planlı Devreye Geçiş İçin 1962 Yılı Program Tasarısı: Teknik Yardım. Ankara: DPT, 1962.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. Güven: Sosyal Erdemler ve Refahın Yaratılması. Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, 1998.Google Scholar
Galbraith, John Kenneth. Ekonomi Kimden Yana. İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar Yayınevi, 1995.Google Scholar
Halk, Bankası. Esnaf Kefalet Kooperatifleri Birlik Kooperatifi ve Halk Bankası Faaliyetleri ile İlgili Derleme. Ankara: Halk Bankası, 1956.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A., and Soskice, David. Varities of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrigel, Gary. Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Herschlag, Zvi Yehuda. Turkey: An Economy in Transition. The Hague: U Van Keulen, 1958.Google Scholar
İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. Ortak Pazar ve Türkiye’de Dayanıklı Tüketim Malları Sanayi Rekabet İmkanları Araştırması. İstanbul: İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı, 1971.Google Scholar
İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. Milletlerarası Fason İmalatı: Bir Yeni İhraç İmkanı. İstanbul: İKV Yayınları, 1971.Google Scholar
İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. Şirketlerarası Birleşme—İşbirliği (Konsantrasyon) Hareketleri. İstanbul: İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı, 1969.Google Scholar
Kazgan, Gülten. Tanzimattan XXI. Yüzyıla Türkiye Ekonomisi: Birinci Küreselleşmeden İkinci Küreselleşmeye. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2002.Google Scholar
Kazgan, Gülten. Türkiye Ekonomisinde Krizler (1929–2001) Ekonomi Politik Açısından Bir İnceleme. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2008.Google Scholar
Koçel, Tamer (ed.). 4.Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi. İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2004.Google Scholar
Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics. London: MacMillan for the Royal Society, 1961.Google Scholar
Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi. Küçük ve Orta Sanayi İşletmelerinin Kredi Problemleri. Ankara, 1969.Google Scholar
Öksüz, Abdullah Ecevit (ed.). Anadolu'da Girişimcilik Kültürü Sempozyumu 16-17 Mayıs 2008, Konya Tebliğ Kitabı. Konya: İttifak Holding, 2009.Google Scholar
Öniş, Ziya. State and Market: The Political Economy of Turkey in Comparative Perspective. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University, 1998.Google Scholar
Özdemir, Şennur. MÜSİAD: Anadolu Sermayesinin Dönüşümü ve Türk Modernleşmesinin Derinleşmesi. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 2006.Google Scholar
Owen, Roger, and Pamuk, Şevket. 20.Yüzyılda Ortadoğu Ekonomileri Tarihi, (İstanbul: Sabancı University, 2002.Google Scholar
Savaş, Vural F. Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı. İstanbul: İktisadi Araştırmalar Tesisi, 1966.Google Scholar
Smitka, Michael. Competitive Ties: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automotive Industry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Soral, Erdoğan. Özel Kesimde Türk Müteşebbisleri. Ankara: Ankara İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi, 1974.Google Scholar
Sönmez, Mustafa. İşte Eseriniz: 100 Göstergede Kuruluştan Çöküşe Türkiye Ekonomisi. İstanbul: İletişim, 2003.Google Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang, and Yamamura, Kozo (eds.). The Origins of Non-Liberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison. New York: Cornell University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Thoburn, John T., and Takashima, Makato. Industrial Subcontracting in the UK and Japan. Brookfield, VT: Avebury, 1992.Google Scholar
Thompson, Grahame. Between Hierarchies and Markets: The Logic and Limits of Network Forms of Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Türkiye Halk Bankası. Türkiye’de Esnaf Kefalet Kooperatifleri ve Mesleki Krediler Durumu. Ankara: Türkiye Halk Bankası, 1960.Google Scholar
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. 1971 Faaliyet Raporu.İstanbul: Türkiye Odalar Birliği, 1971.Google Scholar
Türkiye Ticaret Odaları, Sanayi Odaları, and Ticaret Borsaları Birliği. Türkiye’de El Aletleri Sanayinde Yatırım İmkanları. Ankara: TOBB, 1965.Google Scholar
Yücekök, Ahmet. Türkiye'de Örgütlenmiş Dinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Tabanı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1971.Google Scholar
Çeçen, A. Aydın, Doğruel, A. Suat, and Doğruel, Fatma, “Economic Growth and Structural Change in Turkey, 1960–1988.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26, no. 1 (1994): 37–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya. “Understanding Ottoman Guilds.” In Crafts and Craftsmen of the Middle East, edited by Suraiya, Faroqhi and Deguilhem, Randi, 3–41. London: I.B.Tauris, 2005.Google Scholar
Fruin, W. Mark. “Business Groups and Interfirm Networks.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business History, edited by Jones, Geoffrey and Zeitlin, Jonathan, 244–268.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hagen, James M., and Choe, Soonkyoo. “Trust in Japanese Interfirm Relations: Institutional Sanctions Matter., The Academy of Management Review 23, no. 3 (July 1998): 589–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
İdil, Engin. “Borudan Orkestraya Borusan.” In 75 Yılda Çarkları Döndürenler, 139–151. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 1999.Google Scholar
Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım, and Balıkçı, Emre. “The ‘Forgotten’ People: Turkey’s Artisans in the 1950s.” British Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 2 (April 2013): 183–204.Google Scholar
Lane, Christel, and Bachmann, Resnard. “Cooperation in Inter Firm Relations in Britian and Germany: The Role of Social Institutions.” British Journal of Sociology 48 (June 1997): 226–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmbruch, Gerhard. “The Institutional Embedding of Market Economies: The German ‘Model’ and Its Impact on Japan.” In Origins of Non-Liberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison, edited by Wolfgang, Streeck and Yamamura, Kozo, 39–93. New York: Cornell University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Manow, Philip. “Welfare State Building and Coordinated Capitalism in Japan and Germany.” In Origins of Non-Liberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison, edited by Wolfgang, Streeck and Yamamura, Kozo, 94–120. New York: Cornell University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
McKitrick, Frederick L. “An Unexpected Path to Modernisation: The Case of German Artisans during the Second World War.” Contemporary European History 5, no. 3 (1996): 401–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, Theo, and Sugur, Nadir. “Small Employers in Turkey: The OSTIM Estate at Ankara.” Middle Eastern Studies (April 1996): 230–252.Google Scholar
Shambayati, Hootan. “The Rentier State, Interest Groups and the Paradox of Autonomy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran.” Comparative Politics 26, no. 3 (1994): 307–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang. “Between Pluralism and Corporatism: German Business Associations and the State.” Journal of Public Policy 3, no. 3 (August 1983): 265–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sydow, Jörg. “Flexible Specialization in Regional Networks.” In Business Networks Prospects for Regional Development, edited by Staber, Udo H., Schaefer, Norbert V., and Sharma, Basu, 24–41. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitlin, Jonathan. “Industrial Districts and Regional Clusters.”In The Oxford Handbook of Business History, edited by Geoffrey, Jones and Zeitlin, Jonathan, 219–244. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar