Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T04:03:21.621Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Strategies and Boundaries: Subcontracting and the London Trades in the Long Eighteenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Giorgio Riello
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the eighteenth century subcontracting was an important way of organising production in sectors producing as different commodities as clocks, coaches, footwear, furniture and scientific instruments. This article argues that subcontracting was not simply a form of cost reduction in labour-intensive and technologically unsophisticated sectors. Subcontracting could be seen as a way to respond to profound changes in the way commodities were produced, exchanged and consumed in an eighteenth-century metropolis like London. The expansion in size and complexity of the metropolitan market, the appearance of new commodities classified as semi-luxuries and fashion items, and the consequent re-assessment of traditional social structures and norms of production, made subcontracting a tool of organisational flexibility.

Type
Articles
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , June 2008 , pp. 243 - 280
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2008. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Books

Wolken, T.A General Description of All Trades: Digested in Alphabetical Order. London, 1747.Google Scholar
Ball, Michael, and David, Sunderland. An Economic History of London, 1800¬1914. London: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Barnett, David. London, Hub of the Industrial Revolution. A Revisionary His-tory, 1775–1825. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1998.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine, ed. Markets and Manufacture in Early Industrial Europe. London: Routledge, 1991.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine, ed. The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700–1820, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1994.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine. ed. Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine, Pat, Hudson, and Michael, Sonenscher, eds. Manufacture in Town and Country Before the Factory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Boyce, Gordon, and Simon, Ville. The Development of Modern Business. Bas-ingstoke: Palgrave, 2002.Google Scholar
Campbell, R. The London Tradesman, Being a Compendious View of All the Trades, Professions, Arts. London: T. Gardner, 1747.Google Scholar
Clifford, Helen. Silver in London: The Parker and Wakelin Partnership 1760–1776. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Cox, Nancy. The Complete Tradesman. A Study of Retailing, 1550–1820. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.Google Scholar
Defoe, Daniel. The Complete English Tradesman… London: Charles Riving-ton, 1726.Google Scholar
DuPlessis, Robert S. Transitions to Capitalism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Earle, Peter. The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family life in London, 1660–1730. London: Methuen, 1989.Google Scholar
Edwards, Clive C. Eighteenth-Century Furniture. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Fisher, Jack F. London and the English Economy, 1500–1700, compiled by Penelope J. Corfield and Negley B. Harte London: Hambledon Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Fox, Robert, and Turner, Anthony J., eds. Luxury Trades and Consumerism in Ancient Regime Paris. Studies in the History of the Skilled Workforce. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.Google Scholar
Godley, Andrew. Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London, 1850–1914. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.Google Scholar
George, Dorothy. London Life in the Eighteenth Century. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1925.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Christopher. Life and Work ofThomas Chippendale. London: Studio Vista, 1978.Google Scholar
Green, David R. From Artisan to Paupers. Economic Change and Poverty in London, 1790–1870. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter G. The Industries in London Since 1861. London: Hutchinson, 1962.Google Scholar
Hayward, Helena, and Kirkham, Pat. William and John Linnell. Eighteenth CenturyLondon Furniture Makers. London: Studio Vista, 1980.Google Scholar
Kirkham, Pat. The London Furniture Trade 1700–1870. London: Furniture History Association, 1988.Google Scholar
La Roche, Sophie von. Sophie in London, 1786: Being the Diary of Sophie von La Roche. London: Cape, 1933.Google Scholar
Landes, David S. Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making ofthe Modern World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Lemire, Beverly. Dress, Culture and Commerce. The English Clothing Trade Before the Factory, 1660–1800. Basingstoke: Routledge, 1997.Google Scholar
Linebaugh, Peter. The London Hanged. Crime and Civil Society in the Eigh-teenth Century. London: Allen Lane, 1991.Google Scholar
Morris, Corbyn. Observations on the Past Growth and Present State ofthe City ofLondon. London, 1751.Google Scholar
Mortimer, Thomas. A General Commercial Dictionary Comprehending Trade, Manufactures and Navigation. London: Longman, 1819.Google Scholar
Nockolds, Harold. The Coachmakers. A History ofthe Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers. London: J. A. Allen, 1977.Google Scholar
Piore, Michael J., and Sabel, Charles F. The Second Industrial Divide. New York: Basic Books, 1984.Google Scholar
Popp, Andrew. Business Structure, Business Culture, and the Industrial Dis-trict: the Potteries, c. 1850–1914. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.Google Scholar
Porter, Michael. Cases in Competitive Strategies. London: Collier Macmillan, 1983.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio. A Foot in the Past: Consumers, Producers and Footwearin the Long Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Rule, John. The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England, 1750–1850. London: Longman, 1986.Google Scholar
Sabel, Charles F., and Jonathan, Zeitlin, eds. World of Possibilities: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Schumacher, Ernst F. Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered. London: Harper and Row, 1973.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Leonard D. London in the Age of Industrialisation: Entrepreneurs, Labour Force and Living Conditions, 1700–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Scranton, Philip. Endless Novelty: Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Sonenscher, Michael. The Hatters ofEighteenth-CenturyFrance. Berkeleyand London: University of California Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Sonenscher, Michael. Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics, and the Eighteenth-Century French Trades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Snodin, Michael, and John, Styles, Design and the Decorative Arts: Britain 1500–1800. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 2001.Google Scholar
Stanziani, Alessandro, ed. La qualite des produits en France (XVIIIe-XXe Siècles). Paris: Belin, 2003.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. The Economic Institutions ofCapitalism: Firms, Mar¬kets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Wilson, John F., and Popp, Andrew, eds. Industrial Clusters and Regional Business Networks in England, 1750–1970. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.Google Scholar
Zakim, Michael. Ready-Made Democracy. A History of Men’s Dress in the American Republic, 1760–1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Articles and Essays

Baker, Michael. “Roubiliac and Cheere in the 1730s and 40s: Collaboration and Sub-contracting in Eighteenth-century English Sculptors’ Workshops.” Church Monuments 10 (1995): 90–108.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine. “Small Producer Capitalism in Eighteenth-Century England.” Business History 35 (Jan. 1993): 17–39.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine. New Commodities, Luxuries and their Consumers in Eighteenth-Century England. In Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe, 1650–1850, eds. Berg, Maxine and Clifford, Helen. Manchester, 1999, pp. 63–85.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine. “From Imitation to Invention: Creating Commodities in Eighteenth-Century Britain.” Economic History Review 55 (Feb. 2002): 1¬30.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine. “French Fancy and Cool Britannia: The Fashion Markets of Early Modern Europe.” Journal for the Study ofBritish Culture 13 (Jan. 2006): 21–46.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine, and Helen, Clifford. Commerce and the Commodity: Graphic Display and Selling New Consumer Goods in Eighteenth-Century England. In Art Markets in Europe, 1400–1800, eds. Michael, North and David, Ormrod. Aldershot, 1998, pp. 187–200.Google Scholar
Berlin, Michael. ‘Broken all in Pieces’: Artisans and the Regulation of Work¬manship in Early Modern London. In The Artisan and the European Town, 1500–1900, ed. Geoffrey, Crossick. London, 1997, pp. 75–91.Google Scholar
Bowett, Adam, and Lindey, Laurie. “Labelled Furniture from the White Swan Workshop in St Paul’s Churchyard (1711-35).” Furniture History IXL (2003): 71–98.Google Scholar
Casson, Mark, and Rose Mary, B. Institutions and the Evolution of Modern Business: Introduction. In Institutions and the Evolution ofModern Busi¬ness, eds. Mark, Casson and Rose Mary, B. London, 1998, pp. 1–25.Google Scholar
Chapman, Stanley D. “The Innovating Entrepreneurs in the British Ready-made Clothing Industry.” Textile History 14 (June 1993): 5–25.Google Scholar
Chapman, Stanley D. “The ‘Revolution’ in the Manufacture of Ready-made Clothing, 1840–1860.” London Journal 29 (2004): 44–61.Google Scholar
Church, Roy A. “New Perspectives on the History of Products, Firms, Mar-keting, and Consumers in Britain and the United States Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Economic History Review 52 (Aug. 1999): 405–35.Google Scholar
Clifford, Helen. ‘The King’s Arms and Feathers’. A Case Study exploring the Networks of Manufacture Operating in the London Goldsmiths’ Trade in the Eighteenth Century. In Goldsmiths, Silversmiths and Bankers. Innovation and the Transfer of Skill, 1550 to 1750, ed. David, Mitchell. London, 1995, pp. 84–95.Google Scholar
Clifford, Helen. “Concepts of Invention, Identity and Imitation in the Lon¬don and Provincial Metal-working Trades, 1750–1800.” Journal ofDesign History 12 (Aug. 1999): 241–56.Google Scholar
Clifford, Helen. “Innovation or Emulation? Silverware and its Imitations in Britain 1750–1800. The Consumers’ Point of View.” History of Technology 23 (2001): 59–80.Google Scholar
Clifford, Helen. “A Nation of Shopkeepers: Trade Ephemera from 1655 to the 1860s in the John Johnson Collection.” Journal of Design History 15 (Aug. 2002): 275–80.Google Scholar
Clifford, Helen. Making Luxuries: The Image and Reality of Luxury Work¬shops in 18th-Century London. In The Vernacular Workshop: From Craft to Industry, 1400–1900, eds. Barnwell, P.A., Palmer, Marilyn, and Airs, Malcolm. York, 2004, pp. 17–27.Google Scholar
Coase, R.H. “The Nature of the Firm.” Economica 4 (1937): 386–405.Google Scholar
Coquery, Natacha. “The Language of Success: Marketing and Distributing Semi-Luxury Goods in Eighteenth Century Paris.” Journal of Design History 17 (Jan. 2004): 71–89.Google Scholar
Cottereau, Alain. The Fate of Collective Manufactures in the Industrial World: the Silk Industries of Lyons and London, 1800–1850. In World of Possibil¬ities: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization, eds. Sabel, Charles F., and Zeitlin, Jonathan. Cambridge, 1997, pp. 75–152.Google Scholar
Cox, Nancy. ‘Beggary of the Nation’: Moral, Economic and Political Attitudes to the Retail Sector in the Early Modern Period. In A Nation of Shopkeepers: Five Centuries of British Retailing, eds. Benson, John and Ugolini, Laura. London, 2003, pp. 26–51.Google Scholar
Daunton, Martin J. “Industry in London: Revision and Reflections.” London Journal 16 (1996): 1–8.Google Scholar
Davies, Alun C. “British Watchmaking and the American System.” Business History 35 (Jan. 1993): 40–54.Google Scholar
de Munch, Bert. “La qualité du corporativisme. Stratégies économiques et symboliques des corporations anversoises, XVIe-XVIIIe siãcles.” Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 54 (Jan. 2007): 116–44.Google Scholar
Decelauer, Harald. “Entrepreneurs in the Guilds: Ready To Wear Clothing and Subcontracting in Late 16th and Early 17th Century Antwerp.” Textile History 31 (Nov. 2000): 133–49.Google Scholar
Deceulaer, Harald. “Between Medieval Continuities and Early Modern Change: Proto-industrialization and Consumption in the Southern Low Countries (1300–1800).” Textile History 37 (Nov. 2006): 123–48.Google Scholar
Farr, James R. “On the Shop Floor: Guilds, Artisans, and the European Market Economy, 1350–1750.” Journal of Early Modern History 1 (Feb. 1997): 24¬54.Google Scholar
Farr, James R. Cultural Analysis and Early Modern Artisans. In The Artisan and the European Town, 1500–1900, ed. Crossick, Geoffrey. London, 1997, pp. 56–74.Google Scholar
Fox, Celina, “Images of Artists and Craftsmen in Georgian London.” Apollo 125 (1987): 357–63.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Madeline. “The Tailoring and Dressmaking Trades, 1700–1850.” Costume 6 (1972): 64–71.Google Scholar
Godley, Andrew. “The Development ofthe UK Clothing Industry, 1850–1950: Output and Productivity Growth.” Business History 37 (Oct. 1995): 46–63.Google Scholar
Green, David R. “The Nineteenth-Century Metropolitan Economy.” London Journal 16 (1996): 10–23.Google Scholar
Gregory, Clark. “Factory Discipline.” Journal ofEconomic History 54 (March 1994): 128–63.Google Scholar
Guerrini, Anna. “Anatomists and Entrepreneurs in Early Eighteenth-Century London.” Journal ofthe HistoryofMedicine and Allied Sciences 59 (April 2004): 219–39.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter G. “The East London Footwear Industry. An Industrial Quarter in Decline.” East London Papers 5 (1965): 3–21.Google Scholar
Hatley, V.A. and Rajczonek, Joseph. “Shoemakers in Northamptonshire 1762–1911: A Statistical Survey.” Northamptonshire Historical Series 6 (1971).Google Scholar
Harvey, Charles, Green, Edmund M., and Corfield, Penelope J. “Continuity, Change, and Specialization Within Metropolitan London: the Economy of Westminster, 1750–1820.” Economic HistoryReview 52 (Aug. 1999): 469–93.Google Scholar
Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane. Les boutiques d’Inventeurs à Londres et à Paris au XVIIIe Siècle: Jeux de l’Enchantement et de la Raison Citoyenne. In La Boutique et la Ville: Commerces, Commercants, Espaces et Clienteles, XVIe -XX Siècle, ed. Coquery, Natacha. Tours, 2000, pp. 203–21.Google Scholar
Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane, and Thebaud-Sorger, Marie. “Les Techniques dans l’Espace Public. Publicite des Inventions et Litterature d’Usage au XVIIIe Siècle (France, Angleterre).” Revue de Synthèse 127 (2006): 393–28.Google Scholar
Hohenberg, Paul M. Urban Manufactures in the Proto-industrial Economy: Culture Versus Commerce? In Markets and Manufacture in EarlyIndustrial Europe, ed. Maxine, Berg. London, 1991, pp. 159–72.Google Scholar
Honeyman, Katrina, and Jordan, Goodman. “Women’s Work, Gender Conflict, and Labour in Europe, 1500–1900.” Economic History Review 44 (Nov. 1991): 609–28.Google Scholar
Iliffe, Rob. “Material Doubts: Hooke, Artisan Culture and the Exchange of Information in 1670s London.” British Journal for the History of Science 28 (1995): 285–318.Google Scholar
Johnson, Paul. “Economic Development and Industrial Dynamism in Victo¬rian London.” London Journal 16 (1996): 27–37.Google Scholar
Jones, S.R.H. “Technology and the Organization of Work: a Reply.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 4 (March 1983): 63–6.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven L. “The Luxury Guilds in Paris in the Eighteenth Century.” Francia 9 (1981): 257–95.Google Scholar
Kirkham, Pat. “Samuel Norman: A Study of an 18th Century Craftsman.” Burlington Magazine 111 (1969), 501–13.Google Scholar
Kriegel, Lara. “Culture and the Copy: Calico, Capitalism, andDesignCopyright in Early Victorian Britain.” Journal of British Studies 43 (April 2004): 233–65.Google Scholar
Kusamitsu, Toshio. “British Industrialization and Design Before the Great Exhibition.” Textile History 12 (June 1981): 77–95.Google Scholar
Langlois, Richard N. “Chandler in a Larger Frame: Markets, Transaction Costs, and Organizational Form in History.” Enterprise & Society 5 (Sept. 2004): 355–75.Google Scholar
Lemire, Beverly. “Developing Consumerism and Ready-made Clothing in Britain 1750–1800.” Textile History 15 (June 1984): 21–44.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gillian. Producers, Suppliers, and Consumers: Reflections on the Lux¬ury Trades in Paris, c.1500-c.1800. In Luxury Trades and Consumerism in Ancien Régime Paris. Studies in the History of the Skilled Workforce, eds. Fox, Robert and Turner, Anthony. Aldershot, 1998, pp. 287–98.Google Scholar
Michie, Ranald C. “London and the Process of Economic Growth since 1750.” London Journal 17 (1997): 68–90.Google Scholar
McConnell, Anita. “From Craft Workshop to Big Business - The London Sci¬entific Instrument Trade’s Responses to Increasing Demand, 1750–1820.” London Journal 19 (1994): 36–53.Google Scholar
McKendrick, Neil. “Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline.” Historical Journal 4 (March 1961): 30–55.Google Scholar
Morrison, A.D. The Role of Subcontractors in the Manufacture of Precision Instruments in Provincial England During the Industrial Revolution. In New Directions in Economic and Social History. Papers Presented at the ‘New Researchers’ Sessions ofthe Economic HistorySocietyConference Held at Edinburgh. ed. Blanchard, Ian. Edinburgh, 1995, pp. 14–9.Google Scholar
Murray, Fergus. “The Decentralization of Production - The Decline of the Mass-Collective Worker?” Capitalist and Class 19 (1983): 74–99.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. Institutions and a Transaction-Cost Theory ofExchange. In Perspectives on Positive Political Economy, eds. Alt, James E. and Shepsle, Kenneth A. Cambridge, 1990, pp. 182–94.Google Scholar
Pollard, Sidney. “Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review 16 (June 1963): 254–71.Google Scholar
Porter, Michael. “From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy.” Har¬vard Business Review 65 (1987): 43–59.Google Scholar
Reynard, Pierre C. “Manufacturing Strategies in the Eighteenth Century: Sub-contracting for Growth among Papermakers in the Auvergne.” Journal of Economic History 58 (Feb. 1998): 155–82.Google Scholar
Reynard, Pierre C. “Manufacturing Quality in the Pre-industrial Age: Finding Value in Diversity.” Economic History Review 53 (Aug. 2000): 493–536.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio. The Shaping of a Family Trade: the Cordwainers’ Company in Eighteenth-Century London. In Guilds, Societyand Economyin London, 1400–1800, eds. Gadd Ian, A. and Patrick, Wallis. London, 2002, pp. 141¬159.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio. “La Chaussure a laMode: Product Innovation and Marketing Strategies in Parisian and London Boot and Shoemaking in the Early Nineteenth Century.” Textile History 34 (Nov. 2003): 107–32.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio. “A Taste of Italy: Italian Businesses and the Culinary Delica-cies of Georgian London.” London Journal 31 (2006): 201–22.Google Scholar
Richards, Eric. Margins of the Industrial Revolution. In The Industrial Rev-olution and British Society eds. O’Brien, Patrick K. and Quinault, Roland. Cambridge, 1993, pp. 203–28.Google Scholar
Sabel, Charles F., and Zeitlin, Jonathan. “Historical Alternatives to Mass Pro-duction.” Past & Present 108 (Aug. 1985): 133–76.Google Scholar
Scott, Katie. “Archives and Collections. The Waddesdon Manor Trade Cards: More than One History.” Journal of Design History 17 (Jan. 2004): 91–104.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Pam. “‘Cheapness and Economy’: Manufacturing and Retailing Ready-Made Clothing in London and Essex 1830–50.” Textile History 26 (Nov. 1995): 203–13.Google Scholar
Smith, D.J. “Army Clothing Contractors and the Textile Industries in the 18th Century.” Textile History 14 (Nov. 1983): 153–64.Google Scholar
Smith, Roger. “The Swiss Connection: International Networks in Some Eighteenth-century Luxury Trades.” Journal of Design History 17 (May 2004): 123–40.Google Scholar
Spate, O.H.K. “Geographical Aspects of the Industrial Evolution of London Till 1850.” Geographical Journal 92 (1938): 422–32.Google Scholar
Styles, John. Embezzlement, Industry and the Law in England, 1500–1800. In Markets and Manufacture in Early Industrial Europe, ed. Berg, Maxine, Hudson, Pat, and Sonenscher, Michael. Cambridge, 1983, pp. 173–205.Google Scholar
Styles, John. Manufacturing, Consumption and Design in Eighteenth-Century England. In Consumption and the World ofgoods, eds. Brewer, John and Porter, Roy. New York and London, 1993, pp. 527–54.Google Scholar
Styles, John. The Goldsmiths and the London Trades, 1550–1750. In Gold-smiths, Silversmiths and Bankers: Innovation and the Transfer of Skills, 1550–1750, ed. Mitchell, David. London, 1995, pp. 112–20.Google Scholar
Styles, John. “Product Innovation in Early Modern London.” Past & Present 168 (Aug. 2000): 124–69.Google Scholar
Sutton, Paul. “Soup and Supervision: the Metropolitan Watch and Clock Making Trade 1797–1817.” Journal of Historical Sociology 9 (Sept. 1996): 315–34.Google Scholar
Swann, June. “Mass Production of Shoes.” Journal ofthe International Asso-ciation of Costume 14 (1997): 44–8.Google Scholar
Szostak, Rick. “The Organisation of Work: the Emergence of the Factory Revisited.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation 11 (May 1989): 343–58.Google Scholar
Thompson, E.P. “Time, Work-discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.” Past & Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56–97.Google Scholar
Trinder, Barry S. Industrialising Towns, 1700–1840. In The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Vol. 2: 1540–1840, ed. Peter, Clark. Cambridge, 2000, pp. 805–30.Google Scholar
Wackernagel, Rudolph H. “Carlton House Mews: the State Coach ofthe Prince of Wales and of the Later King of Hanover. A study in the Late-Eighteenth-century ‘Mystery’ of Coach Building.” Furniture History 31 (1995): 47–115.Google Scholar
Wallis, Patrick. “Consumption, Retailing, and Medicine in Early-Modern London.” Economic History Review 61 (Feb. 2008): 26–53.Google Scholar
Wallis, Patrick. Controlling Commodities: Search and Reconciliation in the Early Modern Livery Companies. In Guilds, Societyand Economyin Lon¬don, 1400–1800, eds. Gadd Ian, A. and Patrick, Wallis. London, 2002, pp. 85–100.Google Scholar
Walsh, Clare. “Shop Design and the Display of Goods in Eighteenth-Century London.” Journal of Design History 8 (Sept. 1995): 157–76.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. “Transaction Cost Economics: The Governance ofCon-tractual Problems.” Journal of Law and Economics 22 (Oct. 1979): 233–61.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. “The Organization of Work: A Comparative Institutional Assessment.” Journal ofEconomic Behaviour and Organization 1 (March 1980): 5–38.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. “Technology and the Organization of Work: A Reply to Jones.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 4 (March 1983): 67–8.Google Scholar
Wrigley, E.A. “A Simple Example of London Importance in Changing English Society and Economy. 1650–1750.” Past & Present 37 (1966): 44–68.Google Scholar
Young, Hilary. “Manufacturing Outside the Capital: the British Porcelain Fac-tories, Their Sales Networks and Their Artists, 1745–1795.” Journal of De-sign History 12 (Aug. 1999): 257–69.Google Scholar

Unpublished Works and Studies

Federer, Andrew. “Payment, Credit and the Organization of Work in Eigh¬teenth Century Westminster” Unpublished paper presented at the SSRC Conference on “Manufacture in Town and Country Before the Factory.” Oxford, September 1980.Google Scholar
Freundel, Werner J. “The Production and Commissioning of London-Made Private Carriages, 1740–1800.” Unpublished MA thesis, V & A - RCA MA in History of Design, 1999.Google Scholar
Loftus, Donna, and Riello, Giorgio. “‘Historical Fashion’: the Neglected Role of the London Economy.” Unpublished paper presented at the Association of Business Historian Conference, Churchill College, University of Cambridge, May 2003.Google Scholar
Mitchell, David. “Coachbuilding Case Study.” Unpublished Paper, 2004.Google Scholar
Sutton, Paul. “Metropolitan Artisans and the Discourse of the Trade, c. 1750–1825” Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Essex, 1994.Google Scholar
Walker, M.J. “The Extent of the Guild Control of Trades in England, c. 1660–1820: a Study Based on a Sample of Provincial Towns and London Compa-nies.” Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986.Google Scholar

Official Publications

British Parliamentary Papers. Common’s Journal 23, (3 May 1738).Google Scholar
British Parliamentary Papers. Select Committee on Petitions Relating to Duty on Leather, 4 (no. 593, 1812–13).Google Scholar

Archival Sources

Old Bailey Proceedings, 6 July 1774: John Allies, John Mince, Theft, 469.Google Scholar