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“Imagined Outcomes”: Contrasting Patterns of Opportunity, Capability, and Innovation in British Musical Instrument Manufacturing, 1930–1985

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2018

RICHARD K. BLUNDEL  and
DAVID J. SMITH
RICHARD K. BLUNDEL
Affiliation:
Richard K. Blundel is Professor of Enterprise and Organisation in the Department for Public Leadership and Social Enterprise (PuLSE), The Open University Business School, Michael Young Building, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
DAVID J. SMITH
Affiliation:
David J. Smith is Professor of Innovation Management at Nottingham Business School, Newton Building, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

By the mid-twentieth century in the United Kingdom, musical instrument manufacturing had become an increasingly mechanized activity. Craft skills had been displaced in many areas, yet remained a vital source of competitive advantage in local and international markets and were particularly valued by professional musicians. This article examines the contrasting experiences of two British musical instrument manufacturers, tracing the unfolding relationship between their pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities and capability development. Boosey & Hawkes, a large, well-established manufacturing and publishing company, was an early pioneer, while Paxman Bros., a small musical retailer, transformed itself into one of the world’s most respected specialist manufacturers. The narrative probes the factors that shaped decision making in these companies as they developed a series of design innovations for one of the more complex brass instruments: the French horn. It draws on relevant theoretical insights to examine how a dynamic interaction between opportunity and capability, coupled with unanticipated contingencies, contributed to divergent outcomes for each company.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 661 - 701
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2018. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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Footnotes

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support given to this research by a research grant from the British Academy/Leverhulme Trust (Small Research Grant SG130887). The authors also wish to record their gratitude to the music community at large, especially those horn players (both amateur and professional), music critics, organologists, writers, instrument makers, and museum curators and archivists (past and present) who provided invaluable help and assistance during the research for this article.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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Herbert, Trevor, and Wallace, John, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Phelan, Nancy. Charles Mackerras: A Musician’s Musician. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
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Carroll, Glenn R. “Concentration and Specialization: Dynamics of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (November 2000): 715–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Glenn R., and Swaminathan, Anand. “Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U.S. Brewing Industry.” American Journal of Sociology 90 (May 1985): 1262–1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, Stephanie, Kipping, Matthias, and Daniel Wadhwani, R.. “New Business Histories! Plurality in Business History Research Methods.” Business History 57 (January 2015): 30–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Galambos, Louis. “Business History and the Theory of the Growth of the Firm.” Explorations in Economic History 4 (October 1966): 3–16.Google Scholar
Galambos, Louis., and Amatori, Franco. “The Entrepreneurial Multiplier Effect.” Enterprise & Society 17, no. 4 (2016): 763–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giannini, Tula. “The Raoux Family of Master Horn Makers in France: New Documents and Perspectives.” Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society 40 (2014): 112–162.Google Scholar
Hembd, Bruce. “Thoughts on ‘Quality’ and an Overview of Trusted Brands in French Horns.” Horn Matters, November 9, 2011. hornmatters.com/2011/11/thoughts-on-quality-and-an-overview-of-trusted-brands-in-french-hornsGoogle Scholar
Howell, Jocelyn. Boosey & Hawkes: The Rise and Fall of a Wind Instrument Manufacturing Empire, vol. 1. Ph.D. diss., City, University of London, 2016.Google Scholar
Humphries, John. “W. Brown and Sons: A Nearly Forgotten Name in British Brass Making.” Historic Brass Society Journal 18 (2006): 1–15.Google Scholar
Larkin, Christopher. “Paxman.” In The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, 2nd ed., edited by Laurence, Libin, 40. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Lazonick, William. “The Chandlerian Corporation and the Theory of Innovative Enterprise.” Industrial and Corporate Change, 19 (April 2010): 317–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazonick, William. “Innovative Enterprise and Historical Transformation.” Enterprise and Society 3 (March 2002): 3–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard-Barton, Dorothy. “Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development.” Strategic Management Journal 13 (June 1992): 111–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, Brian J. “Knowledge, Coordination and the Firm: Historical Perspectives.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 16 (December 2009): 539–558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, Brian J. “Edith Penrose and George Richardson.” In Handbook on the Economics and Theory of the Firm, edited by Michael, Dietrich and Krafft, Jackie, 227–242. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012.Google Scholar
Macpherson, Alan, and Holt, Robin. “Knowledge, Learning and Small Firm Growth: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.” Research Policy 36 (March 2007): 172–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, Colin, and Harvey, Charles. “Entrepreneurship: Contexts, Opportunities and Processes.” Special issue, Business History 55 (January 2013): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathez, Jeremy. “Paxman Bros. Ltd.: The Force of Destiny.” Brass Bulletin 108 (1999): 72–78.Google Scholar
Myers, Arnold. “Brasswind Innovation and Output of Boosey & Co. in the Blaikley Era.” Historic Brass Society Journal 14 (2002): 391–423.Google Scholar
Myers, Arnold. “Brasswind Manufacturing at Boosey & Hawkes, 1930–59.” Historic Brass Society Journal 15 (2003): 55–72.Google Scholar
Myers, Arnold. “Design, Technology and Manufacture since 1800.” In The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments, edited by Trevor, Herbert and Wallace, John, 115–130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Paxman, Robert. “In Memoriam: Richard Merewether.” The Horn Call 26 (April 1986): 13–16.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. “Foreword to the Third Edition.” In The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, 3rd ed. i–xx. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1959b] 1995.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. “The Growth of the Firm—A Case Study: The Hercules Powder Company.” Business History Review 34 (March 1960): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. “History, the Social Sciences and Economic ‘Theory,’ with Special Reference to the Multinational Enterprise.” In Historical Studies in International Corporate Enterprise, edited by Alice, Teichova, Lévy-Leboyer, Maurice, and Nussbaum, Helga, 7–13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew. “Making Choices in Time.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 467–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew., and Holt, Robin. “The Presence of Entrepreneurial Opportunity.” Business History 55 (January 2013): 9–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raff, Daniel M. G. “How to Do Things with Time.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 435–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raff, Daniel M. G. “Rejoinder.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 507–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayna, Thierry, and Striukova, Ludmila. “Engineering vs. Craftsmanship: Innovation in the Electric Guitar Industry 1945–1984.” DIME Working Paper on Intellectual Rights No. 68, May 2008. London: University College.Google Scholar
Roscoe, Philip, Cruz, Allan Discua, and Howorth, Carole. “How Does an Old Firm Learn New Tricks? A Material Account of Entrepreneurial Opportunity.” Business History 55 (January 2013): 53–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine Meisner. “What Is Business History?” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 475–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowlinson, Michael, Hassard, John, and Decker, Stephanie. “Research Strategies for Organizational History: A Dialogue Between Historical Theory and Organization Theory.” Academy of Management Review 39 (July 2014): 250–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Dave. “‘What’s Wrong with Brass Bands?’ Cultural Change and the Band Movement, 1918–c. 1964.” In Bands: The Brass Band Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries, edited by Trevor, Herbert, 57–101. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Shane, Scott. “Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Organization Science 11 (August 2000): 448–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, David J., and Blundel, Richard K.. “Improvisation and Entrepreneurial Bricolage Versus Rationalization: A Case-Based Analysis of Contrasting Responses to Economic Stability in the UK Brass Musical Instruments Industry.” Journal of General Management 40 (November 2014): 53–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Usselman, Steven W. “Purposes and Practices in Firm-level History.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 486–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Hippel, Eric. “Lead Users: A Source of Novel Product Concepts.” Management Science 32 (July 1986): 791–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Catherine. “An Interview with Richard Merewether.” The Horn Call: The Journal of the International Horn Society 15 (1985): 87–89.Google Scholar
White, Kelly J., and Myers, Arnold. “Woodwind Instruments of Boosey & Co.” Galpin Society Journal 57 (May 2004): 208–214.Google Scholar
Winter, Sidney G. “An Evolutionary Program for Business History?” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 498–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyse, Pascal. “Test your strength.” The Guardian, January 26, 2007. www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jan/26/classicalmusicandoperaGoogle Scholar
Boosey & Hawkes Archive, Horniman Museum and Gardens, London (this also includes the business archives of Hawkes & Son, and archives of the previously acquired firms, Besson & Co. and Rudall, Carte & Co.).Google Scholar
British Newspaper Archive, British Library, London.Google Scholar
Morley-Pegge Papers, Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, Oxford University, Oxford.Google Scholar
Music Division, Library of Congress, online.Google Scholar
Barnard, Chester A. The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.Google Scholar
Bigio, Robert. Rudall, Rose & Carte: The Art of the Flute in Britain. London: Tony Bingham, 2011.Google Scholar
Baines, Anthony. Brass Instruments: Their History and Development. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications (1976) 1993.Google Scholar
Gamble, Stephen, and Lynch, William C.. Dennis Brain: A Life in Music. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Herbert, Trevor, and Wallace, John, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphries, John. The Early Horn: A Practical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Kay, Neil M. Pattern in Corporate Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Leonard-Barton, Dorothy. Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Merewether, Richard. The Horn, The Horn. London: Paxman Musical Instruments Ltd., 1978.Google Scholar
Montagu, Jeremy. The French Horn. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications, 1990.Google Scholar
Morley-Pegge, Reginald. The French Horn, 2nd ed. Tonbridge, UK: Ernest Benn, 1973.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, (1959) 1995.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, (1959) 2009.Google Scholar
Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1975.Google Scholar
Phelan, Nancy. Charles Mackerras: A Musician’s Musician. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Rees, Jasper. Found My Horn: One Man’s Struggle with the Orchestra’s Most Difficult Instrument. London: Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2008.Google Scholar
Rose, Algernon S. Talks with Bandsmen. London: Tony Bingham, (1895) 1995.Google Scholar
Rusbridger, Alan. Play It Again: An Amateur Against the Impossible. London: Vintage, 2014Google Scholar
Shackle, George L. S. Epistemics and Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Shackle, George L. S. The Nature of Economic Thought: Selected Papers, 1955–1964. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1966) 2010.Google Scholar
Tuckwell, Barry. Horn. London: Macdonald. 1983.Google Scholar
Wallace, Helen. Boosey & Hawkes: The Publishing Story. London: Boosey & Hawkes. 2007.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Sharon A., Barney, Jay B., and Anderson, Philip. “Forming and Exploiting Opportunities: The Implications of Discovery and Creation Processes for Entrepreneurial and Organizational Research.” Organization Science 24 (February 2013): 301–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Philip, and Tushman, Michael L.. “Managing through Cycles of Technological Change.” Research Technology Management 34 (May 1991): 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon, Louise. “The Pace Family of Musical Instrument Makers, 1788–1901.” Galpin Society Journal 57 (May 2004): 117–124.Google Scholar
Baker, Ted, and Nelson, Reed E.. “Creating Something from Nothing: Resource Construction through Entrepreneurial Bricolage.” Administrative Science Quarterly 50 (September 2005): 329–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, Robert. “Design, Technology and Manufacture before 1800.” In The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments, edited by Trevor, Herbert and Wallace, John, 24–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Berghoff, Hartmut. “Marketing Diversity: The Making of a Global Consumer Product–Hohner’s Harmonicas, 1857–1914.” Enterprise and Society 2, no. 3 (2001): 338–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, Michael H. “Greater Boston’s Industrial Ecosystem: A Manufactory of Sectors.” Technovation 39 (June 2015): 4–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundel, Richard K. “Beyond Strategy: A Critical Review of Penrose’s ‘Single Argument’ and its Implications for Economic Development.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22 (January 2015): 97–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brand, Jennifer. From Design to Decline: Boosey & Hawkes and Clarinet Making in Britain, 1879–1966, vol. 1. Ph.D. diss., Goldsmiths, University of London, 2013.Google Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca. “Golden Opportunities: Jewelry Making in Birmingham between Mass Production and Specialty.” Enterprise and Society 4, no. 3 (June 2003): 272–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca, and Newton, Lucy. “Pianos for the People: From Producer to Consumer in Britain, 1851–1914.” Enterprise and Society 14, no. 2 (2013): 37–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Glenn R. “Concentration and Specialization: Dynamics of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (November 2000): 715–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Glenn R., and Swaminathan, Anand. “Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U.S. Brewing Industry.” American Journal of Sociology 90 (May 1985): 1262–1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, Stephanie, Kipping, Matthias, and Daniel Wadhwani, R.. “New Business Histories! Plurality in Business History Research Methods.” Business History 57 (January 2015): 30–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimov, Dimo. “Grappling with the Unbearable Elusiveness of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (January 2011): 57–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galambos, Louis. “Business History and the Theory of the Growth of the Firm.” Explorations in Economic History 4 (October 1966): 3–16.Google Scholar
Galambos, Louis., and Amatori, Franco. “The Entrepreneurial Multiplier Effect.” Enterprise & Society 17, no. 4 (2016): 763–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giannini, Tula. “The Raoux Family of Master Horn Makers in France: New Documents and Perspectives.” Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society 40 (2014): 112–162.Google Scholar
Hembd, Bruce. “Thoughts on ‘Quality’ and an Overview of Trusted Brands in French Horns.” Horn Matters, November 9, 2011. hornmatters.com/2011/11/thoughts-on-quality-and-an-overview-of-trusted-brands-in-french-hornsGoogle Scholar
Howell, Jocelyn. Boosey & Hawkes: The Rise and Fall of a Wind Instrument Manufacturing Empire, vol. 1. Ph.D. diss., City, University of London, 2016.Google Scholar
Humphries, John. “W. Brown and Sons: A Nearly Forgotten Name in British Brass Making.” Historic Brass Society Journal 18 (2006): 1–15.Google Scholar
Larkin, Christopher. “Paxman.” In The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, 2nd ed., edited by Laurence, Libin, 40. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Lazonick, William. “The Chandlerian Corporation and the Theory of Innovative Enterprise.” Industrial and Corporate Change, 19 (April 2010): 317–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazonick, William. “Innovative Enterprise and Historical Transformation.” Enterprise and Society 3 (March 2002): 3–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard-Barton, Dorothy. “Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development.” Strategic Management Journal 13 (June 1992): 111–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, Brian J. “Knowledge, Coordination and the Firm: Historical Perspectives.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 16 (December 2009): 539–558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, Brian J. “Edith Penrose and George Richardson.” In Handbook on the Economics and Theory of the Firm, edited by Michael, Dietrich and Krafft, Jackie, 227–242. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012.Google Scholar
Macpherson, Alan, and Holt, Robin. “Knowledge, Learning and Small Firm Growth: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.” Research Policy 36 (March 2007): 172–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, Colin, and Harvey, Charles. “Entrepreneurship: Contexts, Opportunities and Processes.” Special issue, Business History 55 (January 2013): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathez, Jeremy. “Paxman Bros. Ltd.: The Force of Destiny.” Brass Bulletin 108 (1999): 72–78.Google Scholar
Myers, Arnold. “Brasswind Innovation and Output of Boosey & Co. in the Blaikley Era.” Historic Brass Society Journal 14 (2002): 391–423.Google Scholar
Myers, Arnold. “Brasswind Manufacturing at Boosey & Hawkes, 1930–59.” Historic Brass Society Journal 15 (2003): 55–72.Google Scholar
Myers, Arnold. “Design, Technology and Manufacture since 1800.” In The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments, edited by Trevor, Herbert and Wallace, John, 115–130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Paxman, Robert. “In Memoriam: Richard Merewether.” The Horn Call 26 (April 1986): 13–16.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. “Foreword to the Third Edition.” In The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, 3rd ed. i–xx. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1959b] 1995.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. “The Growth of the Firm—A Case Study: The Hercules Powder Company.” Business History Review 34 (March 1960): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, Edith Tilton. “History, the Social Sciences and Economic ‘Theory,’ with Special Reference to the Multinational Enterprise.” In Historical Studies in International Corporate Enterprise, edited by Alice, Teichova, Lévy-Leboyer, Maurice, and Nussbaum, Helga, 7–13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew. “Making Choices in Time.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 467–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popp, Andrew., and Holt, Robin. “The Presence of Entrepreneurial Opportunity.” Business History 55 (January 2013): 9–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raff, Daniel M. G. “How to Do Things with Time.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 435–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raff, Daniel M. G. “Rejoinder.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 507–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayna, Thierry, and Striukova, Ludmila. “Engineering vs. Craftsmanship: Innovation in the Electric Guitar Industry 1945–1984.” DIME Working Paper on Intellectual Rights No. 68, May 2008. London: University College.Google Scholar
Roscoe, Philip, Cruz, Allan Discua, and Howorth, Carole. “How Does an Old Firm Learn New Tricks? A Material Account of Entrepreneurial Opportunity.” Business History 55 (January 2013): 53–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Christine Meisner. “What Is Business History?” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 475–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowlinson, Michael, Hassard, John, and Decker, Stephanie. “Research Strategies for Organizational History: A Dialogue Between Historical Theory and Organization Theory.” Academy of Management Review 39 (July 2014): 250–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Dave. “‘What’s Wrong with Brass Bands?’ Cultural Change and the Band Movement, 1918–c. 1964.” In Bands: The Brass Band Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries, edited by Trevor, Herbert, 57–101. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Shane, Scott. “Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Organization Science 11 (August 2000): 448–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, David J., and Blundel, Richard K.. “Improvisation and Entrepreneurial Bricolage Versus Rationalization: A Case-Based Analysis of Contrasting Responses to Economic Stability in the UK Brass Musical Instruments Industry.” Journal of General Management 40 (November 2014): 53–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Usselman, Steven W. “Purposes and Practices in Firm-level History.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 486–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Hippel, Eric. “Lead Users: A Source of Novel Product Concepts.” Management Science 32 (July 1986): 791–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Catherine. “An Interview with Richard Merewether.” The Horn Call: The Journal of the International Horn Society 15 (1985): 87–89.Google Scholar
White, Kelly J., and Myers, Arnold. “Woodwind Instruments of Boosey & Co.” Galpin Society Journal 57 (May 2004): 208–214.Google Scholar
Winter, Sidney G. “An Evolutionary Program for Business History?” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 3 (2013): 498–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyse, Pascal. “Test your strength.” The Guardian, January 26, 2007. www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jan/26/classicalmusicandoperaGoogle Scholar
Boosey & Hawkes Archive, Horniman Museum and Gardens, London (this also includes the business archives of Hawkes & Son, and archives of the previously acquired firms, Besson & Co. and Rudall, Carte & Co.).Google Scholar
British Newspaper Archive, British Library, London.Google Scholar
Morley-Pegge Papers, Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, Oxford University, Oxford.Google Scholar
Music Division, Library of Congress, online.Google Scholar