Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T12:28:02.617Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Cola in the German Democratic Republic. East German Fantasies on Western Consumption

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Extract

Coca Cola is frequently used to signal the large-scale transformation from socialism to capitalism in eastern and middle Europe, which began in East Germany in the autumn of 1989. In the famous German Wende-movie Goodbye Lenin, the caffeinated drink figures prominently. The main character in this movie is a middle-aged woman who has fallen into coma during one of the mass demonstrations in Berlin, in November 1989. When she finally wakes up, about one year later, her country no longer exists. Her children successfully hide this fact from her, surrounding her with the material remnants of the past. One day, when she gets out of bed, she sees people attaching a huge banner of Coca Cola to the large flat in front of her apartment bloc. The scene marks the beginning of her awareness that the world in which she used to live is definitively gone.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2011. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Books

Bessel, R. and Jessen, R.. Die Grenzen der Diktatur. Staat und GeseUschaft in der DDR. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1996.Google Scholar
de Bruyn, G. Vierzig Jahre. Ein Lebensbericht. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Fischer, 1996.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.Google Scholar
Eagleton, T. Trouble with Strangers. A Study of Ethics. Whiley-Blackwell: Oxford, 2009.Google Scholar
van Elteren, M. Americanism and Americanization. A Critical History of Domestic and Global Influence. London: McFarland & Company, 2006.Google Scholar
Fink, C. Living Silence. Burma under Military Rule. New York: White Lotus & Zed Books, 2001.Google Scholar
de Grazia, V. Irresistible Empire. America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Gries, R. Die Rationen-Gesellschaft. Versorgungskampf und Vergleichsmentalität: Leipzig, München und Köln nach dem Kriege. Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1991.Google Scholar
Haddow, R.H. Pavilions of Plenty. Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950’s. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Hager, K. Beiträge zur Kulturpolitik. Reden und Aufsä tze 1972 bis 1981. Berlin, Germany: Dietz Verlag, 1981.Google Scholar
Hallwirth, U. Auf der Suche nach einer neuen Identität? Zum nationalen Selbstverständnis in der westdeutschen Presse 1945–1955. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Lang, 1987.Google Scholar
Herf, J. Divided Memory. The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Hirdina, H. Gestalten für die Serie. Design in der DDR 1949–1989. Dresden, Germany: VEB Verlag der Kunst, 1988.Google Scholar
Jarausch, K. Dictatorship as Experience. Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR. New York: Berghahn, 1999.Google Scholar
Kaes, A. From Hitler to Heimat. The Return of History as Film. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Kocka, J. and Sabrow, M.. Die DDR als Geschichte. Fragen-Hypothesen-Perspektiven. Berlin, Germany: Akademie Verlag, 1994.Google Scholar
Krige, J. American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Kuisel, R.F. Seducing the French. The Dilemma of Americanization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Landsman, M. Dictatorship and Demand. The Politics of Consumerism in East Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Merkel, I. Utopie und Bedürfnis. Die Geschichte der Konsumkultur in der DDR. Köln, Germany: Böhlau Verlag, 1999.Google Scholar
Meuschel, S. Legitimation und Parteiherrschaft in der DDR. Zum Paradox von Stabilität und Revolution in der DDR 1945–1989. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp, 1992.Google Scholar
Mitscherlich, A. and Mitscherlich, M.. The Inability to Mourn. Principles of Collective Behavior. New York: Grove Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Oldenziel, R. and Zachmann, K.. Cold War Kitchen. Americanization, Technology, and European Users. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Pendergrast, M. For God, Country & Coca-Cola. The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It. New York: Basic Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Pritchard, G. The Making of the GDR 1945–53. From Antifascism to Stalinism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Ross, C. The East German Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR. London: Arnold, 2002.Google Scholar
Schildt, A. and Siegfried, D. (eds). European Cities, Youth and the Public Sphere in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn, 2005.Google Scholar
Simon, A. Versuch, mir und anderen die ostdeutsche Moral zu erklären. Giessen, Germany: Psycho-Sozial Verlag, 1995.Google Scholar
Sölle, D. Ein Volk ohne Vision geht zugrunde. Anmerkungen zur deutschen Gegenwart und zur nationalen Identität. Wuppertal, Germany: P. Hammer, 1986.Google Scholar
Stavrakakis, Y. Lacan and the Political. London: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Tormey, S. Making Sense of Tyranny. Interpretations of Totalitarianism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Veenis, M. The Scent of Soap and Christmas Parcels. East German Fantasies on Western Consumer Societies. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Verdery, K. The Transition from Socialism: Anthropology and Eastern Europe. New York: University of Rochester, 1992.Google Scholar
Weber, H. DDR. Grundrib der Geschichte 1945–1990. Hannover, Germany: Fackelträger Verlag, 1991.Google Scholar
Wedeen, L. Ambiguities of Domination. Politics, Rhetoric and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Articles and Essays

Balbier, U.A. and Rösch, C.. “Mehr als eine Fuβnote. Das Verhältnis zwischen der DDR und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika,” In Umworbener Klassenfeind. Das Verhältnis der DDR zu den USA, eds. U. A. Balbier and C. Rösch, 1126. Berlin, Germany: Christoph Links Verlag, 2006.Google Scholar
Bessel, R. “Hatred after War. Emotion and the Postwar History of East Germany.” History and Memory 17 (2005): 195217.Google Scholar
Brinkley, A. “The Concept of an American Century.” In The American Century in Europe, eds. Moore, R.L. and Vaudagna, M., 721. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Castillo, G. “Domesticating the Cold War: Household Consumption as Propaganda in Marshall Plan Germany.” Journal of Contemporary History 40 (2005): 261–88.Google Scholar
Castillo, G.. “The American ‘Fat Kitchen’ in Europe: Postwar Domestic Modernity and Marshall Plan Strategies of Enchantment.” In Cold War Kitchen. Americanization, Technology, and European Users, eds. Oldenziel, R. and Zachmann, K., 3359. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Ciesla, B. and Poutros, P.G.. “Food Supply in a Planned Economy. SED Nutrition Policy between Crisis Response and Popular Needs.” In Dictatorship as Experience. Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR, ed. Jarausch, K. 143–63. New York: Berghahn, 1999.Google Scholar
Confino, A. “Fantasies about the Jews. Cultural Reflections on the Holocaust.” History and Memory 17 (2005): 296322.Google Scholar
Cook, R.F. “Good Bye, Lenin!: Free-Market Nostalgia for Socialist Consumerism.” Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 43 (2007): 206–20.Google Scholar
Crowley, D. “Warsaw’s Shops, Stalinism and the Thaw.” In Style and Socialism. Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe, eds. Reid, S. and Crowley, D., 2549. Berg: Oxford, 2000.Google Scholar
Diesener, G. and Gries, R.. “‘Chic zum Geburtstag unserer Republik’. Zwei Projekte zur Produkt- und Politikpropaganda im Deutsch-Deutschen Vergleich.” Geschichtswerkstatt 25 (1992): 5669.Google Scholar
Gries, R. “‘Hurrah, I’m Still Alive!’ East German Products Demonstrating East German Identities.” In Over the Wall/After the Fall: Post-Communist Cultures through an East-West Gaze, eds. Forrester, S., Zaborowska, M.J. and Gapova, E., 181200. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Hamilton, S. “Supermarket USA Confronts State Socialism: Airlifting the Technopolitics of Industrial Food Distribution into Cold War Yugoslavia.” In Cold War Kitchen. Americanization, Technology, and European Users, eds. Oldenziel, and Zachmann, , 137–63. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Heldmann, P. “Konsumpolitik in der DDR. Jugendmode in den sechziger Jahren.” In Konsumpolitik. Die Regulierung des privaten Verbrauchs im 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Berghoff, H. 135–59. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999.Google Scholar
Hell, J. “History as Trauma, or, Turning to the Past Once Again: Germany 1949/1989.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 96 (1997): 911–48.Google Scholar
Jarausch, K. “Beyond Uniformity: The Challenge of Historicizing the GDR.” In Dictatorship as Experience, ed. Jarausch, K. 318. New York: Berghahn Books, 1999.Google Scholar
Laufer, J. “From Dismantling to Currency Reform: External Origins of the East German Dictatorship, 1943–1948.” In Dictatorship as Experience, ed. Jarausch, K. 7391. New York: Berghahn Books, 1999.Google Scholar
Maier, C.S. “Introduction: ‘Issue then is Germany and with it Future of Europe’.” In The Marshall Plan and Germany. West German Development within the Framework of the European Recovery Program, eds. Maier, C.S. and Bischof, G. 139. Oxford: Berg, 1991.Google Scholar
Mbembe, A. “Provisional Notes on the Postcolony.” Africa 62 (1992): 138.Google Scholar
Merkel, I. “Leitbilder und Lebensweisen von Frauen in der DDR.” In Sozialgeschichte der DDR, eds. Kaelble, H., Kocka, J. and Zwahr, H., 359–83. Stuttgart, Germany: Klett Cotta, 1994.Google Scholar
Merl, S. Sowjetisierung in der Welt des Konsums. In Amerikanisierung und Sowjetisierung in Deutschland 1945–1970, ed. Jarausch, K., 167–95. Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1997.Google Scholar
Niethammer, L. “Glasnost privat 1987.” In Die volkseigene Erfahrung. Eine Archäologie des Lebens in der Industrieprovinz der DDR, eds. Niethammer, L., Plato, A.v. and Wierling, D., 976. Berlin, Germany: Rowohlt, 1991.Google Scholar
Patterson, P.H. “Truth Half Told: Finding the Perfect Pitch for Advertising and Marketing in Socialist Yugoslavia, 1950–1991.” Enterprise and Society 4 (2003): 179225.Google Scholar
Plato, A.v. “Denunziation im Systemwechsel. Verhaftete, Deportierte und Lagerhäftlinge in der SBZ um 1945.” Historical Social Research 26 (2001): 179203.Google Scholar
Port, M.v.d. “Circling around the Really Real: Spirit Possession Ceremonies and the Search for Authenticity in Bahian Candomblé.” Ethos 33 (2005): 149–79.Google Scholar
Reid, S.E. “Who Will Beat Whom? Soviet Popular Reception of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959.” Kritika 9 (2008): 855904.Google Scholar
Scholz, N. “The ‘Modern Home’ During the 1950s. West German Cultural Reconstruction and the Ambivalent Meanings of Americanization.” Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 121 (2008): 296311.Google Scholar
Schutts, J. “Born Again in the Gospel of Refreshment? Coca-Colanization and the Re-Making of Postwar German Identity.” In Consuming Germany in the Cold War, ed. Crew, D., 121–51. Berg: Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar
Schutts, J.. “‘Die erfrischende Pause’. Marketing Coca-Cola in Hitler’s Germany.” In Selling Modernity: Advertising in Twentieth-Century Germany, eds. Swett, P.E., Wiesen, J. and Zatlin, J.R., 151–82. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Stavrakakis, Y. “Objects of Consumption, Causes of Desire: Consumerism and Advertising in Societies of Commanded Enjoyment.” Gramma 14 (2006): 83106.Google Scholar
Trommler, F. “The Creation of History and the Refusal of the Past in the German Democratic Republic.” In Coping with the Past. Germany and Austria after 1945, eds. Harms, K., Reuter, L.R. and Dürr, V., 7994. Wisconsin, MI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Veenis, M. “Consumption in East Germany. The Seduction and Betrayal of Things.” Journal of Material Culture 4 (1999): 79112.Google Scholar
Veenis, M.. “Longing for the Country of the True Germans: Covering Up Shared Lies by Comforting Scents.” In Wildness and Sensation. Anthropology of Sinister and Sensuous Realms, eds. Ginkel, R.v. and Strating, A., 322–44. Antwerpen, Belgium: Het Spinhuis, 2007.Google Scholar
Weiner, M. “Consumer Culture and Participatory Democracy: The Story of Coca-Cola during World War II.” Food and Foodways 6 (1996): 109–30.Google Scholar
Wiesen, J. Miracles for Sale: Consumer Displays and Advertising in Postwar West Germany. In D. F. Crew Consuming Germany in the Cold War. Oxford: Berg, 2003, 151–79.Google Scholar
Wildt, M. “Changes in Consumption as Social Practice in West Germany during the 1950s.” In Getting and Spending. European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century, eds. Strasser, S., McGovern, C. and Judt, M., 301–17. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Zachmann, K. “A Socialist Consumption Junction. Debating the Mechanization of Housework in East Germany, 1956–1957.” Technology and Culture 43 (1999): 73100.Google Scholar
Zatlin, J.R. “Consuming Ideology. Socialist Consumerism and the Intershops, 1970–1989.” In Arbeiter in der SBZ-DDR, eds. Hübner, P. and Tenfelde, K., 555–73. Essen, Germany: Klartext Verlag, 1999.Google Scholar
Žižek, S. Eastern Europe’s Republics of Gilead. New Left Review 183 (1990): 5063.Google Scholar

Magazines

Form und Zweck.Google Scholar
Kultur im Heim.Google Scholar
Neue Werbung.Google Scholar

Unpublished Work

Port, M.v.d. Dat wat rest. Over sacralisering en de ongerijmdheden van het bestaan. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Free University. Inaugural lecture, 2010.Google Scholar
Veenis, M. “Dromen van Dingen. Oost-Duitse Fantasieën over de Westerse Consumptiemaatschappij.” PhD thesis, Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Archival Sources

BstU (Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. KD Rudolstadt (Gera), 003017.Google Scholar
SAPMO (Stiftung Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR), Berlin.Google Scholar
DE1, 28941.Google Scholar
DE1, 51552.Google Scholar
DE4, AV-29842.Google Scholar
DE4, AV 6411.Google Scholar
DL, 102234.Google Scholar

Interviews

Mrs. X., local government official Rudolstadt, June 15, 1994, Rudolstadt.Google Scholar
Heiko, X., salesman of household goods, June 1, 1994, Rudolstadt.Google Scholar
Student X, June 22, 1994, Rudolstadt.Google Scholar
Stefan, X., social worker, April 26, 1994, Rudolstadt.Google Scholar