Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:06:17.647Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The ‘Outer Circle’ as a role model for the ‘Expanding Circle’

Learning lessons on English worldwide

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2011

Kanavillil Rajagopalan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The post-World War II emergence of the linguistic phenomenon called ‘World English’ has given rise to seemingly endless discussion and much speculation among scholars and the lay public alike. The topics of discussion range from horrified exclamations at the mysterious apparition (like Horatio's ‘Look my Lord it comes! It beckons you to go with it, as if it some impartment did desire’, in Shakespeare's Hamlet), to what exactly we should call it or how at all should we otherwise identify it or make it identify itself (as in ‘Stay, speak, speak, I charge thee speak!’) and, finally to an attitude of familiarity breeding – for a change – conviviality and comfort (as in the somewhat resigned ‘Custom hath made it in him a property of easiness’).

Type
Original Article
Information
English Today , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , December 2011 , pp. 58 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Asker, B. 2006. ‘Some reflections on English as “semi-sacred” language.’ English Today, 22(1), 29–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, R. W. 1985. ‘The idea of World English.’ English Today, 1(1), 3–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, K. 2008. ‘English in Asia, Asian Englishes and the issue of proficiency.’ English Today, 24(2), 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, D. 2004. The Stories of English. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. 2005. ‘Me, a purist?’ English Today, 21(3), 63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, D. 2008. ‘Two thousand million?’ English Today, 24(1), 3–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dougill, J. 1987. ‘English as a decorative language.’ English Today, 23(1), 33–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dougill, J. 2008. ‘Japan and English as an alien language.’ English Today, 24(1), 18–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emeneau, M. 1956. ‘India as a linguistic area.’ Language, 32, 3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, S. P. 2006. ‘“Imaginary homelands” and diaspora: History, nation and contestation in Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh.’ In Ray, M. & Kundo, R. (eds), Salman Rushdie: Critical Essays. New Delhi: Atlantic, pp. 71–106.Google Scholar
Graddol, D. 2006. English Next: why Global English may mean the End of English as a Foreign Language. London: British Council.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. F. 2006. ‘Standard English in the world.’ In Rubdy, R. & Saraceni, M. (eds.), English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, pp. 95–109.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. 2006. ‘Written language, standard language, global language.’ In Kachru, B. B., Kachru, Y. & Nelson, C. (eds), The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 349–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, A. 2007. World Englishes. Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kramsche, C. & Whiteside, A. 2008. ‘Language ecology in multilingual settings. Towards a theory of symbolic competence.’ Applied Linguistics, 29(4), 645–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, N. 2009. ‘Science, language and linguistic culture.’ Language and Communication, 29, 6–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowenberg, P. L. 2002. ‘Assessing English proficiency in the Expanding Circle.’ World Englishes, 21(3), 431–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maley, A. 1985. ‘The most chameleon of languages.’ English Today, 1(1), 30–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meierkord, C. 2009. ‘It's kuloo tu: recent developments in Kenya's Englishes.’ English Today, 25(1), 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, R. 2008. ‘“Death of the mother tongue”: English as a glottophagic language in South Africa?’ English Today, 20(3), 34–6.Google Scholar
Onysko, A. 2009. ‘Exploring discourse on globalizing English.’ English Today, 25(1), 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipson, R. 2008. ‘The new linguistic imperial order: English as an EU lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia?’ Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies, 1(2). Online at <http://www.cbs.dk/content/download/98850/1275316/file/Aberdeen%20Phillipson%202007.pdf> (Accessed March 1, 2009)+(Accessed+March+1,+2009)>Google Scholar
Price, G. 1984. The Languages of Britain. London: Edwin Arnold.Google Scholar
Qiang, N. & Wolff, M. 2007. ‘Linguistic failures.’ English Today, 23(1), 61–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajagopalan, K. 2004. ‘The concept of “World English” and its implications for ELT.’ ELT Journal, 58(2), 111–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajagopalan, K. 2007. ‘Revisiting the nativity scene.’ Studies in Language, 31(1), 193–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramanathan, V. and Pennycook, A. (2007). ‘Talking across time: Postcolonial challenges to language, history, and difference.’ Journal of Contemporary Thought, 1–27.Google Scholar
Rooy, A. S. C-V. 2008. ‘From the Expanding to the Outer Circle: South Koreans learning English in South Africa.’ English Today, 24(4), 3–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skuttnab-Kangas, T. 2000. Linguistic genocide in education – or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Viswamohan, A. 2004. ‘Code-mixing with a difference.’ English Today, 20(3), 34–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar