We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)
Article purchase
Temporarily unavailable
References
Alim, Samy & Smitherman, Geneva. 2012. Articulate while Black: Barack Obama, language, and race in the U.S. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B.1903. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bantam Classic.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B.1967. The Philadelphia Negro. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Spears, Arthur K.2017. Unstressed BEEN: Past and present in African American English. American Speech92(2), 151–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1969. A sociolinguistic description of Detroit Negro speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar