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Pronominally headed relative clauses in early English

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2021

CYNTHIA L. ALLEN
CYNTHIA L. ALLEN*
Affiliation:
School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics Australian National University Canberra ACT [email protected]
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Abstract

Present-day English is unlike Old English in not using singular demonstrative pronouns with anaphoric reference to human beings. This article adds to the contributions of Cole (2017) and Los & van Kemenade (2018) in our understanding of the factors determining the choice between personal and demonstrative pronouns in Old English by documenting the hitherto unexamined use of these pronouns as heads of relative clauses. It also traces how the singular demonstrative pronouns referring to humans retreated as heads of relative clauses in Early Middle English. A corpus-based study shows that third-person personal pronouns were unusual as heads of relative clauses in Old English and normally referred to specific individuals, while demonstratives were the pronouns of choice for generic reference but could also refer to specific individuals. The increased use of personal pronouns for generic reference is well underway in Early Middle English. While the retreat of the singular demonstrative pronouns to refer to humans in Early Middle English seems to have some connection with the reduced marking of feature distinctions in that period, a simple explanation in terms of loss of gender is untenable.

Keywords

demonstrativespronounsrelative clausesOld EnglishEarly Middle English
Type
Research Article
Information
English Language & Linguistics , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , March 2022 , pp. 105 - 132
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

Thanks to two anonymous ELL reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of this article.

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