Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T17:57:52.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Grammatical person and the variable syntax of Old English personal pronouns1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2009

RHONA ALCORN*
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, Dugald Stewart Building, Charles Street, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, [email protected]

Abstract

The variable positioning of bare personal pronouns in Old English prose remains something of a mystery. In the role of prepositional object, for example, these elements are often found in positions where other prepositional object types are rarely attested. This article reports the results of an empirical study of a correlation between the variable placement of these pronouns and their specification for grammatical person. By demonstrating that this correlation defies a number of independent explanations, it is argued that person is an important aspect of the syntax of these constituents. The identification of two further correlations, one involving narrative mode and the other involving the relative positioning of preposition and verb, further demonstrates the value of quantitative methods in historical linguistics.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary sources

Corpus

YCOE: Taylor, Ann, Warner, Anthony, Pintzuk, Susan & Beths, Frank. 2003. The York-Toronto-Helsinki parsed corpus of Old English prose. http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang22/YCOE/YcoeHome.htmGoogle Scholar
coaelhom: Pope, John C. (ed.). 1967–8. Homilies of Ælfric: A supplementary collection, 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press. [EETS OS 259, 260.]Google Scholar
coaelive: Skeat, Walter W. (ed.). 1881–1900. Ælfric's lives of saints, 4 vols. [Reprinted in 2 vols. 1966.] London: Oxford University Press. [EETS OS 76, 82, 94, 114.]Google Scholar
coboeth: Sedgefield, Walter J. (ed.). 1899. King Alfred's Old English version of Boethius’ De consolatione philosophiae. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
cochronA: Plummer, Charles (ed.). 1892–9. Two of the Saxon chronicles parallel, 2 vols. [Reissued Dorothy Whitelock, Oxford 1952.] Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
cochronD: Classen, Ernest & Harmer, Florence E. (eds.). 1926. An Anglo-Saxon chronicle. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
cocura: Sweet, Henry (ed.). 1871. King Alfred's West-Saxon version of Gregory's Pastoral Care, 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press. [EETS OS 45, 50.]Google Scholar
cogregdC: Hecht, Hans (ed.). 1900–7. Bischofs Wœrferth von Worcester Übersetzung der Dialoge Gregors des Grossen. Leipzig: G. H. Wigand. [Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa 5.]Google Scholar
colaece: Cockayne, Thomas O. 1864–6. Leechdoms, wortcunning and starcraft of early England. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green.Google Scholar
comart3: Kotzor, Günter (ed.). 1981. Das altenglische Martyrologium, vol. 2. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
conicodC: Hulme, William H. 1904. The Old English gospel of Nicodemus. Modern Philology 1, 579610.Google Scholar
cootest: Crawford, Samuel J. (ed.). 1922. The Old English version of the Heptateuch. Ælfric's treatise on the Old and New Testament and his preface to Genesis. [Reprinted with additions by Neil R. Ker 1969.] London: Oxford University Press. [EETS OS 160.]Google Scholar
cowsgosp: Skeat, Walter W. (ed.). 1871–87. The four gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian and Old Mercian versions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Also: Liuzza, Roy M. (ed.). 1994. The Old English version of the gospels, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [EETS OS 304.]Google Scholar
cowulf: Bethurum, Dorothy (ed.). 1957. The homilies of Wulfstan. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Reprinted 1998, Sandpiper Books.]Google Scholar

References

Allen, Cynthia L. 1980. Movement and deletion in Old English. Linguistic Inquiry 11 (2), 261323.Google Scholar
Bonet, Eulalia. 1994. The Person-Case Constraint: A morphological approach. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 22, 3352.Google Scholar
Bosworth, Joseph & Toller, T. Northcote. 1898. An Anglo-Saxon dictionary, based on the manuscript collections of the late Joseph Bosworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cardinaletti, Anna. 1990. Subject/object asymmetries in German null-topic constructions and the status of SpecCP. In Mascaró, Joan & Nespor, Marina (eds.), Grammar in progress, 7584. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Cardinaletti, Anna. 1999. Pronouns in Germanic and Romance languages: An overview. In Riemsdijk, van (ed.), 33–81.Google Scholar
Cardinaletti, Anna & Starke, Michal. 1996. Deficient pronouns: A view from Germanic. In Thráinsson, Höskuldur, Epstein, Samuel D. & Peter, Steve (eds.), Studies in comparative Germanic syntax (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 38, vol. II), 2165. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardinaletti, Anna & Starke, Michal. 1999. The typology of structural deficiency: A case study of the three classes of pronouns. In Riemsdijk, van (ed.), 145–233.Google Scholar
Clark Hall, John R. 1960. A concise Anglo-Saxon dictionary, 4th edition. [With a supplement by Herbert D. Meritt.] Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America.Google Scholar
Gutman, Eynat. 2004. Third person null subjects in Hebrew, Finnish and Rumanian: An accessibility-theoretic account. Journal of Linguistics 40 (3), 463–90.Google Scholar
Haegeman, Liliane. 1993. The morphology and distribution of object clitics in West Flemish. Studia Linguistica 47 (1), 5794.Google Scholar
Kemenade, Ans van. 1987. Syntactic case and morphological case in the history of English. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitson, Peter. 1996. The dialect position of the Old English Orosius. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 30, 335.Google Scholar
Koopman, Willem F. 1992. Old English clitic pronouns: Some remarks. In Colman, Fran (ed.), Evidence for Old English: Material and theoretical bases for reconstruction, 4487. Edinburgh: John Donald.Google Scholar
Koopman, Willem F. 1997. Another look at clitics in Old English. Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1), 7393.Google Scholar
Lowry, Richard. 2001–9. VassarStats: Web site for statistical computation. http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry//odds2×2.htmlGoogle Scholar
Miller, Thomas (ed.). 1890–8. The Old English version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 4 vols. London: Trübner & Co. [EETS OS, 95, 96, 110, 111.]Google Scholar
Mitchell, Bruce. 1978. Prepositions, adverbs, prepositional adverbs, postpositions, separable prefixes, or inseparable prefixes, in Old English? Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 79, 240–57.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Bruce. 1985. Old English syntax, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Ogura, Michiko. 1992. Why is the element order to cwœð him ‘said to him’ impossible? In Rissanen, Matti, Ihalainen, Ossi, Nevalainen, Terttu & Taavitsainen, Irma (eds.), History of Englishes: New methods and interpretations in historical linguistics, 373–8. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Orchard, Andrew P. M. 1995. Pride and prodigies: Studies in the monsters of the Beowulf manuscript. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.Google Scholar
Pintzuk, Susan. 1991. Phrase structures in competition: Variation and change in Old English word order. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Plummer, Charles (ed.). 1892. Two of the Saxon chronicles parallel, vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Quirk, Randolph & Wrenn, C. L.. 1955. An Old English grammar, 2nd edition. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Randall, Beth. 2005. CorpusSearch 2: A tool for linguistics research. http://corpussearch.sourceforge.net/CS.htmlGoogle Scholar
Riemsdijk, Henk van (ed.). 1999. Clitics in the languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sichel, Ivy. 2002. Pronoun movement and attraction. Proceedings of the Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics (IATL) 18, http://linguistics.huji.ac.il/IATL/18/Sichel.pdf (12 June 2007).Google Scholar
Skeat, Walter W. (ed.). 1881–1900. Ælfric's lives of saints, 4 vols. [Reprinted in 2 vols. 1966.] London: Oxford University Press. [EETS OS, 76, 82, 94, 114.]Google Scholar
Sweet, Henry (ed.). 1871. King Alfred's West-Saxon version of Gregory's Pastoral Care, 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press. [EETS OS, 45, 50.]Google Scholar
Taylor, Ann. 2008. Contact effects of translation: Distinguishing two types of influence in Old English. Language Variation and Change 20 (2), 341–65.Google Scholar
Taylor, Ann, Warner, Anthony, Pintzuk, Susan & Beths, Frank. 2003. The York−Toronto−Helsinki parsed corpus of Old English prose. http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang22/YCOE/YcoeHome.htmGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, Benjamin (ed.). 1844–6. The Sermones Catholici, or Homilies of Ælfric, 2 vols. London: The Ælfric Society.Google Scholar
Toebosch, Annemarie. 2003. Gender-animacy and the morpho-syntax of object clitics in Dutch. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan-Flint.Google Scholar
Wende, Fritz. 1915. Über die nachgestellten Präpositionen im Angelsächsischen. Berlin: Mayer & Müller. [Palaestra 70.]Google Scholar
Zwart, Jan-Wouter. 2005. Continental West-Germanic languages. In Cinque, Guglielmo & Kayne, Richard S. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of comparative syntax, 903–46. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar