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ECEP: historical corpora, historical phonology and historical pronouncing dictionaries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2020

NURIA YÁÑEZ-BOUZA
NURIA YÁÑEZ-BOUZA*
Affiliation:
Facultade de Filoloxía e Tradución Universidade de VigoVigo, Pontevedra, [email protected]
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Abstract

This article presents the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP) in the context of historical phonology and historical corpora. The eighteenth century witnessed the proliferation of works on elocution and orthoepy and yet the field lacks searchable digital sources comparable to those available in other disciplines like historical syntax or historical pragmatics. Because of this and for other reasons such as the difficulty in deciphering idiosyncratic notation systems in the original materials, there has been a certain disregard for the study of eighteenth-century phonological evidence. The ECEP database aims to redress this absence of research material by collecting data from eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries in the form of IPA transcriptions (c. 1,600 different example words totalling c. 17,600 transcriptions) and supplementary metadata, with a view to facilitating systematic analyses of phonological, chronological and geographic patterns, and also normative attitudes. The richness of the contents in ECEP will thus be of interest to phonologists, dialectologists and language variationists from the historical as well as the synchronic perspective, in that eighteenth-century orthoepists laid the ground for what became ‘Received Pronunciation’. Methodologically, the compilation of the ECEP database aims to contribute to the thriving field of corpus linguistics with a new research tool for the study of the history of English.

Keywords

ECEPcorporahistorical phonologypronouncing dictionarieseighteenth century
Type
Research Article
Information
English Language & Linguistics , Volume 24 , Special Issue 3: Studies in Late Modern English historical phonology using the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP) , September 2020 , pp. 475 - 492
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

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Footnotes

The compilation of the ECEP database was supported by the British Academy / Leverhulme Trust (SG–132806) and the Santander Research Mobility Scheme (calls 2012/13 and 2014/15), and technical support was provided by the Humanities Research Institute at the University of Sheffield. The author would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and the European Regional Development Fund (FFI2016-77018-P) and the Autonomous Government of Galicia (ED431C 2017/50).

References

References

Buchanan, James. 1757. Linguae Britannicae vera pronunciatio: or, A new English dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Burn, John. 1786. A pronouncing dictionary of the English language, 2nd edn. Glasgow.Google Scholar
Johnston, William. 1764. A pronouncing and spelling dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Jones, Stephen. 1797. Genuine edition. Sheridan improved: A general pronouncing and explanatory dictionary of the English language, 2nd edn.London.Google Scholar
Jones, Stephen. 1798. Sheridan improved: A general pronouncing and explanatory dictionary of the English language, 3rd edn. London.Google Scholar
Kenrick, William. 1773. A new dictionary of the English language. London.Google Scholar
Perry, William. 1775. The royal standard English dictionary. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Scott, William. 1786. A new spelling, pronouncing, and explanatory dictionary of the English language. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Thomas. 1761. A dissertation on the causes of the difficulties which occur in learning the English tongue. London.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Thomas. 1780. A general dictionary of the English language. London.Google Scholar
Spence, Thomas. 1775. The grand repository of the English language. Newcastle.Google Scholar
Walker, John. 1791. A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language. London.Google Scholar
Andersen, Gisle & Bech, Kristin (eds.). 2013. English corpus linguistics: Variation in time, space and genre. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antolin, Marie-Noëlle. 2003. Étude morpho-phonologique du dictionnaire de Bailey (1727). Master's dissertation, Université de Poitiers.Google Scholar
ARCHER 3.2. A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers version 3.2. 2013. Originally compiled under the supervision of Douglas Biber and Edward Finegan at Northern Arizona University and University of Southern California; modified and expanded by subsequent members of a consortium of universities. Current member universities are Bamberg, Freiburg, Heidelberg, Helsinki, Lancaster, Leicester, Manchester, Michigan, Northern Arizona, Santiago de Compostela, Southern California, Trier, Uppsala, Zurich. www.manchester.ac.uk/archer (accessed January 2015).Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 1996. The Jocks and the Geordies: Modified standards in eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries. In Britton, Derek (ed.), English historical linguistics 1994. Papers from the 8th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Edinburgh, 19–23 September 1994, 363–82. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 1999. English pronunciation in the eighteenth century: Thomas Spence's Grand Repository of the English Language (1775). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2004. English in modern times 1700–1945. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2009. Pronouncing dictionaries – I. Eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In Cowie, Anthony Paul (ed.), The Oxford history of English lexicography, vol. II: Specialized dictionaries, 149–75. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012a. ‘Can't see the wood for the trees?’ Corpora and the study of Late Modern English. In Markus, Manfred, Iyeiri, Yoko, Heuberger, Reinhard & Chamson, Emil (eds.), Middle and Modern English corpus linguistics: A multi-dimensional approach, 13–30. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012b. Evidence from sources after 1500. In Nevalainen & Traugott (eds.), 63–77.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012c. Late Modern English. In Bergs & Brinton (eds.), 63–78.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012d. ‘By those provincials mispronounced’: The strut vowel in eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries. Language & History 55(1), 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2020. ‘A received pronunciation’: Eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries and the precursors of RP. In Kytö, Merja & Smitterberg, Erik (eds.), Late Modern English: Novel encounters, 22–41. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Condorelli, Marco. 2014. Cut from the same cloth? Variation and change in the cloth lexical set. Token: A Journal of English Linguistics 3, 15–36.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Iamartino, Giovanni (eds.). 2016. The English normative tradition. Special issue Language & History 59(1), 1–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Sen, Ranjan. 2014. Towards a corpus of eighteenth-century English phonology. In Davidse, Kristin, Gentens, Caroline, Kimps, Ditte & Vandelanotte, Lieven (eds.), Recent advances in corpus linguistics: Developing and exploiting corpora, 31–53. Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C., Sen, Ranjan, Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria & Wallis, Christine. 2020. En[dj]uring [ʧ]unes or ma[tj]ure [ʤ]ukes? Yod-coalescence and yod-dropping in the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database. English Language and Linguistics 24(3), 493–526.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Sturiale, Massimo (eds.). 2012. Prescriptivism and pronouncing dictionaries: Past and present. Special issue Language & History 55(1), 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergs, Alexander T. & Brinton, Laurel J. (eds.). 2012. Historical linguistics of English: An international handbook, 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas & Reppen, Randi (eds.). 2015. The Cambridge handbook of English corpus linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claridge, Claudia. 2008. Historical corpora. In Lüdeling & Kytö (eds.), 242–59.Google Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1957. English pronunciation 1500–1700, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Duchesne, Frédéric. 2000. Numérisation et édition multi-supports du dictionnaire de James Buchanan (1766), en vue de son exploitation informatique et de son analyse linguistique. Master's dissertation, Université de Poitiers.Google Scholar
ECEG = Eighteenth-Century English Grammars Database. 2010. Compiled by María E. Rodríguez-Gil (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) & Nuria Yáñez-Bouza (The University of Manchester). https://eceg.iatext.ulpgc.es/Google Scholar
ECEP = Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database. 2015. Compiled by Joan C. Beal, Nuria Yáñez-Bouza, Ranjan Sen & Christine Wallis (University of Sheffield and Universidade de Vigo). Published by the Digital Humanities Institute, University of Sheffield. www.dhi.ac.uk/projects/ecep/Google Scholar
Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel & Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo (eds.). 2012. The handbook of historical sociolinguistics. Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2009. ‘Telling people how to speak’: Rhetorical grammars and pronouncing dictionaries. In van Ostade, Ingrid Tieken-Boon & van der Wurff, Wim (eds.), Current issues in Late Modern English, 89–116. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Honeybone, Patrick & Salmons, Joseph (eds.). 2015. The Oxford handbook of historical phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Charles. 1989. A history of English phonology. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Jones, Charles. 1995. A language suppressed: The pronunciation of Scots in the eighteenth century. Edinburgh: John Donald.Google Scholar
Jones, Charles. 2006. English pronunciation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Charles. 2012. Phonology. In Bergs & Brinton (eds.), 827–42.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja & Pahta, Päivi (eds.). 2016. The Cambridge handbook of English historical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1999. Phonology and morphology. In Lass, Roger (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. III: 1476–1776, 56–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
López-Couso, María José, Méndez-Naya, Belén, Núñez-Pertejo, Paloma & Palacios-Martínez, Ignacio (eds.). 2016. Corpus linguistics on the move: Exploring and understanding English through corpora. Amsterdam: Brill/Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lüdeling, Anke & Kytö, Merja (eds.). 2008. Corpus linguistics: An international handbook, 2 vols. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMahon, Michael K. C. 1998. Phonology. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. IV: 1776–1997, 373–535. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2016. Audio recordings. In Kytö & Pahta (eds.), 146–63.Google Scholar
Martín Arista, Javier (ed.), Fernández, Laura García, Palacios, Miguel Lacalle, Ojanguren López, Ana Elvira & Narbona, Esaúl Ruiz. 2016. NerthusV3: Online Lexical Database of Old English. Nerthus Project. Universidad de La Rioja. www.nerthusproject.comGoogle Scholar
Mugglestone, Lynda. 2003[1995]. ‘Talking proper’: The rise of accent as social symbol, 2nd edn.Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mugglestone, Lynda. 2017. Received Pronunciation. In Brinton, Laurel J. & Bergs, Alexander (eds.), The history of English, vol. 5: Varieties of English, 151–68. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu & Traugott, Elizabeth C. (eds.). 2012. The Oxford handbook of the history of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Keeffe, Anne & McCarthy, Michael (eds.). 2009. The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rayson, Paul, Hoffmann, Sebastian & Leech, Geoffrey (eds.). 2011. Methodological and historical dimensions of corpus linguistics (Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English, VARIENG series). www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/volumes/06/Google Scholar
Strang, Barbara M. H. 1970. A history of English. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Suhr, Carla, Nevalainen, Terttu & Taavitsainen, Irma (eds.). 2019. From data to evidence in English language research. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmis, Ivor. 2017. Historical research on spoken language: Corpus perspectives. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapateau, Nicolas. 2015. Placement de l'accent et voyelles inaccentuées dans la prononciation de l'anglais du XVIIIe siècle sur la base du témoignage des dictionnaires de prononciation, des vers et de la musique vocale. PhD dissertation, Université de Poitiers.Google Scholar
Trapateau, Nicolas. 2016. ‘Pedantick’, ‘polite’, or ‘vulgar’? A systematic analysis of eighteenth-century normative discourse on pronunciation in John Walker's dictionary (1791). Language & History 59(1), 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapateau, Nicolas. 2017. Dating phonological change on the basis of eighteenth-century British English dictionaries and orthoepic treatises. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 38(2), 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English, 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wichmann, Anne. 2008. Speech corpora and spoken corpora. In Lüdeling & Kytö (eds.), 187–207.Google Scholar
Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. 2016a. Early and Late Modern English grammars as evidence in English historical linguistics. In Kytö & Pahta (eds.), 164–80.Google Scholar
Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. 2016b. Phonological variants in eighteenth-century English: Evidence from contemporary pronouncing dictionaries. Paper presented at the 40th AEDEAN Conference, Huesca, 9–11 November 2016.Google Scholar
Yañez-Bouza, Nuria, Beal, Joan C., Sen, Ranjan & Wallis, Christine. 2018. ‘Proper’ pro-nun-∫ha-∫hun in eighteenth-century English: ECEP as a new tool for the study of historical phonology and dialectology. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 33(1), 203–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, James. 1757. Linguae Britannicae vera pronunciatio: or, A new English dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Burn, John. 1786. A pronouncing dictionary of the English language, 2nd edn. Glasgow.Google Scholar
Johnston, William. 1764. A pronouncing and spelling dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Jones, Stephen. 1797. Genuine edition. Sheridan improved: A general pronouncing and explanatory dictionary of the English language, 2nd edn.London.Google Scholar
Jones, Stephen. 1798. Sheridan improved: A general pronouncing and explanatory dictionary of the English language, 3rd edn. London.Google Scholar
Kenrick, William. 1773. A new dictionary of the English language. London.Google Scholar
Perry, William. 1775. The royal standard English dictionary. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Scott, William. 1786. A new spelling, pronouncing, and explanatory dictionary of the English language. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Thomas. 1761. A dissertation on the causes of the difficulties which occur in learning the English tongue. London.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Thomas. 1780. A general dictionary of the English language. London.Google Scholar
Spence, Thomas. 1775. The grand repository of the English language. Newcastle.Google Scholar
Walker, John. 1791. A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language. London.Google Scholar
Andersen, Gisle & Bech, Kristin (eds.). 2013. English corpus linguistics: Variation in time, space and genre. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antolin, Marie-Noëlle. 2003. Étude morpho-phonologique du dictionnaire de Bailey (1727). Master's dissertation, Université de Poitiers.Google Scholar
ARCHER 3.2. A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers version 3.2. 2013. Originally compiled under the supervision of Douglas Biber and Edward Finegan at Northern Arizona University and University of Southern California; modified and expanded by subsequent members of a consortium of universities. Current member universities are Bamberg, Freiburg, Heidelberg, Helsinki, Lancaster, Leicester, Manchester, Michigan, Northern Arizona, Santiago de Compostela, Southern California, Trier, Uppsala, Zurich. www.manchester.ac.uk/archer (accessed January 2015).Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 1996. The Jocks and the Geordies: Modified standards in eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries. In Britton, Derek (ed.), English historical linguistics 1994. Papers from the 8th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Edinburgh, 19–23 September 1994, 363–82. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 1999. English pronunciation in the eighteenth century: Thomas Spence's Grand Repository of the English Language (1775). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2004. English in modern times 1700–1945. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2009. Pronouncing dictionaries – I. Eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In Cowie, Anthony Paul (ed.), The Oxford history of English lexicography, vol. II: Specialized dictionaries, 149–75. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012a. ‘Can't see the wood for the trees?’ Corpora and the study of Late Modern English. In Markus, Manfred, Iyeiri, Yoko, Heuberger, Reinhard & Chamson, Emil (eds.), Middle and Modern English corpus linguistics: A multi-dimensional approach, 13–30. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012b. Evidence from sources after 1500. In Nevalainen & Traugott (eds.), 63–77.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012c. Late Modern English. In Bergs & Brinton (eds.), 63–78.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2012d. ‘By those provincials mispronounced’: The strut vowel in eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries. Language & History 55(1), 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2020. ‘A received pronunciation’: Eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries and the precursors of RP. In Kytö, Merja & Smitterberg, Erik (eds.), Late Modern English: Novel encounters, 22–41. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Condorelli, Marco. 2014. Cut from the same cloth? Variation and change in the cloth lexical set. Token: A Journal of English Linguistics 3, 15–36.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Iamartino, Giovanni (eds.). 2016. The English normative tradition. Special issue Language & History 59(1), 1–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Sen, Ranjan. 2014. Towards a corpus of eighteenth-century English phonology. In Davidse, Kristin, Gentens, Caroline, Kimps, Ditte & Vandelanotte, Lieven (eds.), Recent advances in corpus linguistics: Developing and exploiting corpora, 31–53. Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C., Sen, Ranjan, Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria & Wallis, Christine. 2020. En[dj]uring [ʧ]unes or ma[tj]ure [ʤ]ukes? Yod-coalescence and yod-dropping in the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database. English Language and Linguistics 24(3), 493–526.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. & Sturiale, Massimo (eds.). 2012. Prescriptivism and pronouncing dictionaries: Past and present. Special issue Language & History 55(1), 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergs, Alexander T. & Brinton, Laurel J. (eds.). 2012. Historical linguistics of English: An international handbook, 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas & Reppen, Randi (eds.). 2015. The Cambridge handbook of English corpus linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claridge, Claudia. 2008. Historical corpora. In Lüdeling & Kytö (eds.), 242–59.Google Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1957. English pronunciation 1500–1700, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Duchesne, Frédéric. 2000. Numérisation et édition multi-supports du dictionnaire de James Buchanan (1766), en vue de son exploitation informatique et de son analyse linguistique. Master's dissertation, Université de Poitiers.Google Scholar
ECEG = Eighteenth-Century English Grammars Database. 2010. Compiled by María E. Rodríguez-Gil (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) & Nuria Yáñez-Bouza (The University of Manchester). https://eceg.iatext.ulpgc.es/Google Scholar
ECEP = Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database. 2015. Compiled by Joan C. Beal, Nuria Yáñez-Bouza, Ranjan Sen & Christine Wallis (University of Sheffield and Universidade de Vigo). Published by the Digital Humanities Institute, University of Sheffield. www.dhi.ac.uk/projects/ecep/Google Scholar
Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel & Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo (eds.). 2012. The handbook of historical sociolinguistics. Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2009. ‘Telling people how to speak’: Rhetorical grammars and pronouncing dictionaries. In van Ostade, Ingrid Tieken-Boon & van der Wurff, Wim (eds.), Current issues in Late Modern English, 89–116. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Honeybone, Patrick & Salmons, Joseph (eds.). 2015. The Oxford handbook of historical phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Charles. 1989. A history of English phonology. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Jones, Charles. 1995. A language suppressed: The pronunciation of Scots in the eighteenth century. Edinburgh: John Donald.Google Scholar
Jones, Charles. 2006. English pronunciation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Charles. 2012. Phonology. In Bergs & Brinton (eds.), 827–42.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja & Pahta, Päivi (eds.). 2016. The Cambridge handbook of English historical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1999. Phonology and morphology. In Lass, Roger (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. III: 1476–1776, 56–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
López-Couso, María José, Méndez-Naya, Belén, Núñez-Pertejo, Paloma & Palacios-Martínez, Ignacio (eds.). 2016. Corpus linguistics on the move: Exploring and understanding English through corpora. Amsterdam: Brill/Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lüdeling, Anke & Kytö, Merja (eds.). 2008. Corpus linguistics: An international handbook, 2 vols. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMahon, Michael K. C. 1998. Phonology. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. IV: 1776–1997, 373–535. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2016. Audio recordings. In Kytö & Pahta (eds.), 146–63.Google Scholar
Martín Arista, Javier (ed.), Fernández, Laura García, Palacios, Miguel Lacalle, Ojanguren López, Ana Elvira & Narbona, Esaúl Ruiz. 2016. NerthusV3: Online Lexical Database of Old English. Nerthus Project. Universidad de La Rioja. www.nerthusproject.comGoogle Scholar
Mugglestone, Lynda. 2003[1995]. ‘Talking proper’: The rise of accent as social symbol, 2nd edn.Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mugglestone, Lynda. 2017. Received Pronunciation. In Brinton, Laurel J. & Bergs, Alexander (eds.), The history of English, vol. 5: Varieties of English, 151–68. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu & Traugott, Elizabeth C. (eds.). 2012. The Oxford handbook of the history of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Keeffe, Anne & McCarthy, Michael (eds.). 2009. The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rayson, Paul, Hoffmann, Sebastian & Leech, Geoffrey (eds.). 2011. Methodological and historical dimensions of corpus linguistics (Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English, VARIENG series). www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/volumes/06/Google Scholar
Strang, Barbara M. H. 1970. A history of English. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Suhr, Carla, Nevalainen, Terttu & Taavitsainen, Irma (eds.). 2019. From data to evidence in English language research. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmis, Ivor. 2017. Historical research on spoken language: Corpus perspectives. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapateau, Nicolas. 2015. Placement de l'accent et voyelles inaccentuées dans la prononciation de l'anglais du XVIIIe siècle sur la base du témoignage des dictionnaires de prononciation, des vers et de la musique vocale. PhD dissertation, Université de Poitiers.Google Scholar
Trapateau, Nicolas. 2016. ‘Pedantick’, ‘polite’, or ‘vulgar’? A systematic analysis of eighteenth-century normative discourse on pronunciation in John Walker's dictionary (1791). Language & History 59(1), 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapateau, Nicolas. 2017. Dating phonological change on the basis of eighteenth-century British English dictionaries and orthoepic treatises. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 38(2), 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English, 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wichmann, Anne. 2008. Speech corpora and spoken corpora. In Lüdeling & Kytö (eds.), 187–207.Google Scholar
Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. 2016a. Early and Late Modern English grammars as evidence in English historical linguistics. In Kytö & Pahta (eds.), 164–80.Google Scholar
Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. 2016b. Phonological variants in eighteenth-century English: Evidence from contemporary pronouncing dictionaries. Paper presented at the 40th AEDEAN Conference, Huesca, 9–11 November 2016.Google Scholar
Yañez-Bouza, Nuria, Beal, Joan C., Sen, Ranjan & Wallis, Christine. 2018. ‘Proper’ pro-nun-∫ha-∫hun in eighteenth-century English: ECEP as a new tool for the study of historical phonology and dialectology. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 33(1), 203–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar