Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:45:02.521Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Social networks and language change in Tudor and Stuart London – only connect?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2015

TERTTU NEVALAINEN*
Affiliation:
Department of Modern Languages, University of Helsinki, PO Box 24 (Unioninkatu 40), FI-00014 University of [email protected]

Abstract

Place is an integral part of social network analysis, which reconstructs network structures and documents the network members’ linguistic practices in a community. Historical network analysis presents particular challenges in both respects. This article first discusses the kinds of data, official documents, personal letters and diaries that historians have used in reconstructing social networks and communities. These analyses could be enriched by including linguistic data and, vice versa, historical sociolinguistic findings may often be interpreted in terms of social networks.

Focusing on Early Modern London, I present two case studies, the first one investigating a sixteenth-century merchant family exchange network and the second discussing the seventeenth-century naval administrator Samuel Pepys, whose role as a community broker between the City and Westminster is assessed in linguistic terms. My results show how identifying the leaders and laggers of linguistic change can add to our understanding of the varied ways in which linguistic innovations spread to and from Tudor and Stuart London both within and across social networks.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Archer, Ian W. 2000. Social networks in Restoration London: The evidence of Samuel Pepys's diary. In Shepard & Withington (eds.), 76–94.Google Scholar
Bailey, Richard W. & Moore, Colette. 2007. Henry Machyn's English: Getting it right. In Cain, Christopher M. & Russom, Geoffrey (eds.), Studies in the history of the English Language III, 231–50. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bax, Randy. 2000. A network strength scale for the study of eighteenth century English. European Journal of English Studies 4 (3), 277–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergs, Alexander. 2005. Social networks and historical sociolinguistics: Studies in morphosyntactic variation in the Paston Letters (1421–1503). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulton, Jeremy. 1987. Neighbourhood and society: A London suburb in the seventeenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, Peter. 2004. Languages and communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CEEC = Corpus of Early English Correspondence. 1998. Compiled by Terttu Nevalainen, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Jukka Keränen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi, and Minna Palander-Collin. Helsinki: Department of English, University of Helsinki. www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CEEC/index.html.Google Scholar
ChambersJ. K., Peter Trudgill J. K., Peter Trudgill & Schilling-Estes, Natalie (eds.). 2004. The handbook of language variation and change. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo. 2012. The role of social networks and mobility in diachronic sociolinguistics. In Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel & Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo (eds.), The handbook of historical sociolinguistics, 332–52. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo & Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel. 2004. A sociolinguistic approach to the diffusion of Chancery written practices in late fifteenth century private correspondence. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 105 (2), 133–52.Google Scholar
D'Cruse, Shani. 1994. The middling sort in eighteenth-century Colchester: Independence, social relations and the community broker. In Barry, Jonathan & Brooks, Christopher (eds.), The middling sort of people: Culture, society and politics in England, 1550–1800, 181207. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
De la Bédoyère, Guy (ed.). 2006. The letters of Samuel Pepys, 1656–1703. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic variation as social practice. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Efron, Bradley & Tibshirani, Robert. 1993. An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s. v. ‘Samuel Pepys’. www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/450926/Samuel-Pepys (29 July 2014).Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Susan. 2000. Coalitions and the investigation of social influence in linguistic history. European Journal of English Studies 4 (3), 265–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Susan. 2010. Coalitions, networks, and discourse communities in Augustan England: The Spectator and the early eighteenth-century essay. In Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Eighteenth-century English, 106–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, Alexander. 1621. Logonomia Anglica. London: Iohannes Beale.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1983. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory 1, 201–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gries, Stefan Th. & Hilpert, Martin. 2010. Modeling diachronic change in the third person singular: A multifactorial, verb- and author-specific exploratory approach. English Language and Linguistics 14, 293320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazen, Kirk. 2004. The family. In Chambers et al. (eds.), 500–25.Google Scholar
Heath, Helen Truesdell (ed.). 1955. The letters of Samuel Pepys and his family circle. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Janda, Richard D. & Joseph, Brian D.. 2003. On language, change, and language change – or, of history, linguistics, and historical linguistics. In Joseph, Brian D. & Janda, Richard D. (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 3180. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. & Kopaczyk, Joanna. 2013. Communities of practice as a locus of language change. In Kopaczyk & Jucker (eds.), 1–16.Google Scholar
Knighton, Charles S. 2004. Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Jan 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21906 (11 August 2014).Google Scholar
Kopaczyk, Joanna & Jucker, Andreas H. (eds.). 2013. Communities of practice in the history of English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kytö, Merja. 1993. Third-person present singular verb inflection in early British and American English. Language Variation and Change 5, 113–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of linguistic change, vol. 1, Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change, vol. 2, Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Latham, Robert (ed.). 1983. The diary of Samuel Pepys, vol. X, Companion. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James & Milroy, Lesley. 1985. Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21, 339–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 1987. Language and social networks, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 2000. Social network analysis and language change: Introduction. European Journal of English Studies 4 (3), 217–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 2004. Social networks. In Chambers et al. (eds.), 549–72.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999. Making the best use of ‘bad’ data: Evidence for sociolinguistic variation in Early Modern English. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 100 (4), 499533.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu. 2000. Mobility, social networks and language change in early modern England. European Journal of English Studies 4 (3), 253–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu & Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. 2000. The changing role of London on the linguistic map of Tudor and Stuart England. In Kastovsky, Dieter & Mettinger, Arthur (eds.), The history of English in a social context, 279337. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu & Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. 2003. Historical sociolinguistics: Language change in Tudor and Stuart England. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu, Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena & Mannila, Heikki. 2011. The diffusion of language change in real time: Progressive and conservative individuals and the time-depth of change. Language Variation and Change 23 (1), 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurmi, Arja. 2013. ‘All the rest ye must lade yourself’: Deontic modality in sixteenth-century English merchant letters. In van der Wal, Marijke J. & Rutten, Gijsbert (eds.), Touching the past: Studies in the historical sociolinguistics of ego-documents, 165–82. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurmi, Arja, Nevala, Minna & Palander-Collin, Minna (eds.). 2009. The language of daily life in England (1400–1800). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PCEEC = Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence. 2006. Annotated by Ann Taylor, Arja Nurmi, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk & Terttu Nevalainen. Compiled by the CEEC Project Team. University of York and University of Helsinki. Distributed through the Oxford Text Archive. www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CEEC/pceec.html.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Steve. [1989]2002. Worlds within worlds: Structures of life in sixteenth-century London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. 1998. Social factors and pronominal change in the seventeenth century: The Civil-War effect? In Fisiak, Jacek & Krygier, Marcin (eds.), Advances in English historical linguistics (1996), 361–88. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena & Nevalainen, Terttu. 2007. Historical sociolinguistics: The Corpus of Early English Correspondence. In Beal, Joan C., Corrigan, Karen P. & Moisl, Hermann L. (eds.), Creating and digitizing language corpora, vol. 2, Diachronic databases, 148–71. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sairio, Anni. 2009. Language and letters of the Bluestocking network: Sociolinguistic issues in eighteenth-century epistolary English (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 75). Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.Google Scholar
Shepard, Alexandra & Withington, Phil (eds.). 2000. Communities in Early Modern England: Networks, place, rhetoric. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2008. Letters as a source for reconstructing social networks: The case of Robert Lowth. In Dossena, Marina & van Ostade, Ingrid Tieken-Boon (eds.), Studies in Late Modern English correspondence: Methodology and data, 5176. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2009. An introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, Barbara (ed.). 1953. The Johnson letters, 1542–1552. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of London.Google Scholar
Winchester, Barbara. 1955. Tudor family portrait. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Withington, Phil & Shepard, Alexandra. 2000. Introduction: Communities in early modern England. In Shepard & Withington (eds.), 1−15.Google Scholar