Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T13:06:13.200Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Problematising Style Differences Theory and Professional Learning in Educational Psychology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2013

Stephen G. Rayner*
Affiliation:
Newman University, School of Education, Birmingham, United Kingdom
*
Address for correspondence: Stephen Rayner, Dean of Education, Newman University, School of Education, Bartley Green, Birmingham, B32 3NT, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The conceptual basis for a model of professional learning in educational psychology is presented in this article. The approach is one aimed at an integration and application of theories of knowledge management with educational and organisational psychology in a pragmatic research methodology underpinning professional learning. The model focuses upon the idea of praxis and the working ideal of a ‘thinking practitioner’. This is in turn applied to the development of individual differences theory as part of a critical revision problematising theory associated with researching style differences in cognition, learning and management. A need for critical revisionism, new directions in researching style differences and professional education is identified as part of an example illustrating a way to establish valid epistemic change and paradigm shift necessary for this development. The argument underpinning this approach, finally, concludes that the future is very much part of the past, as a knowledge source for informing contemporary professional learning thereby ensuring practice is not stuck in the present.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Australian Psychological Society Ltd 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allard, M., & Carlson, E.R. (1963). The generality of cognitive complexity. Journal of Social Psychology, 59, 7375.Google Scholar
Armstrong, S.J., & Cools, E. (2009). Cognitive styles and their relevance for business and management: A review of development over the past two decades. In Zhang, L.F. & Sternberg, R.J. (Eds.), Perspectives on the nature of intellectual styles (pp. 253290). Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Armstrong, S., Peterson, E., & Rayner, S.G. (2012). Understanding and defining cognitive style and learning style: A Delphi study in the context of educational psychology. Educational Studies, 38 (4), 449455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, S., van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2012). Intellectual styles, management of careers, and improved work performance. In Zhang, L.F., Sternberg, R.J., & Rayner, S. (Eds.), Handbook of intellectual styles (pp. 273294). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Benfari, R. (1966). The scanning control principle and its relationship to affect manipulation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 22, 203216.Google Scholar
Bernstein, R.J. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Best, B. (2011) Accelerated learning pocketbook. Otley, UK: Innovation for Education.Google Scholar
Bieri, J. (1966). Cognitive complexity and personality development. In Harvey, O.J. (Ed.), Experience, structure and adaptability (pp. 1337). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Bieri, J., Atkins, A.L., Briar, S., Leaman, R.L., Miller, H., & Tripodi, T. (1966). Clinical and social judgment. NewYork: Wiley.Google Scholar
Boon, J., & Gozna, L. (2009). Firing pea-shooters at elephants. The Psychologist, 22, 762–764.Google Scholar
Bruner, J.S, & Tajfel, H. (1961). Cognitive risks and environmental change. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 62, 231241.Google Scholar
Coffield, F.C., Moseley, D.V.M., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: Findings of a systematic and critical review of learning styles models. London: Learning and Skills Research Centre.Google Scholar
Cohen, R.A. (1967. Primary group structure, conceptual styles and school achievement (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Cools, E. (2012). Understanding styles in organizational behaviors: A summary of insights and implications. Zhang, In L.F., Sternberg, R.J., & Rayner, S. (Eds.), Handbook of intellectual styles (pp. 329352). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Cools, E., & Rayner, S. (2011). Researching style: More of the same or moving forward? (pp. 295306). In Rayner, S. & Cools, E. (Eds.), Style differences in cognition, learning, and management: Theory, research and practice. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Curry, L. (1987). Integrating concepts of cognitive or learning style: A review with attention to psychometric standards. Ottawa, ON: Canadian College of Health Service Executives.Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Das, J.P. (1988 Implications for school learning. In Schmeck, R.R. (Ed.), Strategies and styles of learning (pp. 101130). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
de Boer, K., & Sonderegger, R. (Eds.). (2012). Conceptions of critique in modern and contemporary philosophy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dunn, R., & Griggs, S. (2003). Synthesis of the Dunn and Dunn Learning Styles Model research: Who, what, when, where and so what — The Dunn and Dunn learning styles model and its theoretical cornerstone. New York: St John's University.Google Scholar
Dunn, R., & Honigsfeld, A. (2011). Learning-styles-based differentiating instruction for at-risk students: Rationale, research documentation, assessment tools, and alternative approaches. In Rayner, S. & Cools, E. (Eds.), Style differences in cognition, learning and management (pp. 263277). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Evans, C., & Waring, M. (2008). Trainee teachers’ cognitive styles and notions of differentiation. Education and Training, 50, 140154.Google Scholar
Evans, C., & Waring, M. (2011). Enhancing feedback practice: A personal learning styles pedagogy approach (188 – 203). In Rayner, S. & Cools, E. (Eds.), Style differences in cognition, learning, and management: Theory, research and practice (pp. 188203). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed [Translated by Tramos, Myra Bergman]. New York: Seabury Press.Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1997). Fostering diversity through personalized education: Implications of a new understanding of human intelligence. Prospects, 27 (3), 346363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, R.W, Holzman, P., Klein, G., Linton, H., & Spence, D. (1959). Cognitive control: A study of individual differences in cognitive behaviour. Psychological Issues, 1, 4.Google Scholar
Gardner, R.W, & Long, R.I. (1962). Cognitive controls of attention and inhibition: A study of individual consistencies. British Journal of Psychology, 53, 381388.Google Scholar
Geake, J. (2008). Neuromythologies in education. Educational Research, 50 (2): 123133.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, D. (2004). Personalising Learning 1: Next steps in working laterally. London: Specialist Schools Trust.Google Scholar
Harvey, O.J., Hunt, D.E, & Schroder, H.M. (1961). Conceptual systems and personality organisation. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hearnshaw, L.S. (1979). Cyril Burt, Psychologist. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Heydon, R.M. (2005). The theory and practice of pedagogical ethics: Features for an ethical praxis in/out of special education. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37 (4), 381394.Google Scholar
Holzman, P.S. (1966). Scanning: A principle of reality contact. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 23, 835844.Google Scholar
Holzman, P.S. (1971). Cognitive control principles: An addendum. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 33, 949950.Google Scholar
Holzman, P.S., & Klein, G.S. (1954). Cognitive-system principles of levelling and sharpening: Individual differences in visual time-error assimilation effects. Journal of Psychology, 37, 105122.Google Scholar
Honey, P., & Mumford, A. (2006). The Learning Styles Questionnaire, 80-item version. Maidenhead, UK: Peter Honey Publications.Google Scholar
Hopwood, C.J., & Donnellin, M.B. (2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14 (3), 332346.Google Scholar
Hudson, L. (1966). Contrary imaginations. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Hudson, L. (1968). Frames of mind. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1965). Individual differences in the resolution of response uncertainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 154160.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1966). Developmental studies in reflection and analysis. In Kidd, A.H. & Rivoire, J.L. (Eds.), Perceptual development in children (pp. 487522). New York: International University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, P.D. (2003). Rethinking the multiplicity of cognitive resources and curricular representations: Alternatives to ‘learning styles’ and ‘multiple intelligences’. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 35 (1), 4581.Google Scholar
Kleppe, A.G., Warmer, J.B., & Bast, W. (2003). MDA explained, the model driven architecture: Practice and promise. Boston, MA: Pearson.Google Scholar
Kogan, N., & Morgan, F.T. (1969). Task and motivational influences on the assessment of creative and intellectual ability in children. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 80, 92127.Google Scholar
Kogan, N., & Wallach, M.A. (1964). Risk-taking: A study in cognition and personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Kogan, N., & Wallach, M.A. (1967). Risk taking as a function of the situation, the person and the group. In Mandler, G., Mussen, P., Kogan, N., & Wallach, M.A. (Eds.), New directions in psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 111278). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Kozhevnikov, M. (2007). Cognitive styles in the context of modern psychology: Toward an integrated framework of cognitive style. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 464481.Google Scholar
Kristjánsson, K. (2005). Smoothing it: Some Aristotelian misgivings about the phronesis-praxis perspective on education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 37 (4), 455473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T.S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lather, P. (1986). Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review, 56 (3), 257278.Google Scholar
Lynham, S.A. (2002). The general method of theory-building research in applied disciplines. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 4 (3), 221241.Google Scholar
McCarthy, B. (1990). Using the 4MAT system to bring learning styles to schools. Educational Leadership, 48 (2), 3137.Google Scholar
Marton, F. (1975). On non-verbatim learning: 1. Level of processing and level of outcome. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 16 (1), 273279.Google Scholar
Mayer, R.E. (2008). Incorporating individual differences into the science of learning: A commentary on Sternberg. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 507508.Google Scholar
Messick, S. (1992). Multiple intelligences or multilevel intelligence? Selective emphasis on distinctive properties of hierarchy: On Gardner's Frames of Mind and Steinberg's Beyond IQ in the context of theory and research on the structure of human abilities. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 365384.Google Scholar
Messick, S. (1994). The matter of style: Manifestations of personality in cognition, learning and teaching. Educational Psychologist, 29, 121136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messick, S. (1996). Bridging cognition and personality in education: The role of style in performance and development. European Journal of Personality, 10, 353376.Google Scholar
Messick, S., & Kogan, N. (1963). Differentiation and compartmentalisation in object-sorting measures of categorising style. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 16, 4751.Google Scholar
Messick, S., & Kogan, N. (1966). Personality consistencies in judgement: Dimensions of role constructs. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 1, 165175.Google Scholar
Miliband, D. (2006). Choice and voice in personalised learning. In Personalising education (OECD's Schooling for Tomorrow series). Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Google Scholar
Miller, M.B., Donovan, C.L., Bennett, C.M., Aminoff, E.M., & Mayer, R.A. (2012). Individual differences in cognitive style and strategy predict similarities in the patterns of brain activity between individuals. NeuroImage, 59, 8393.Google Scholar
Mourlas, C., Tsianos, N., & Germanakos, P. (Eds.). (2009). Cognitive and emotional processes in web-based education: Integrating human factors and personalization. Hershey, Pa: IGI Global.Google Scholar
Nesselroade, J.R. (2002). Elaborating the differential in differential psychology. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 37 (4), 543561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nixon, L., Gregson, M., & Spedding, T. (2007). Pedagogy and the Intuitive appeal of learning styles in post compulsory education in England. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 59 (1), 3950.Google Scholar
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O'Connor, J., & Seymour, J. (2003). Introducing NLP neuro-linguistic programming. London: Aquarian/Thorsons.Google Scholar
Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rowher, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 105119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pask, G. (1976). Styles and strategies of learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46, 128148.Google Scholar
Pask, G., & Scott, B.C.E. (1972). Learning strategies and individual competence. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 4, 217253.Google Scholar
Paul, J.L., & Marfo, K. (2001). Preparation of educational researchers in philosophical foundations of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 71 (4), 525547.Google Scholar
Peterson, E.R. (2012). Book review [Review of the book Handbook of intellectual styles: Preferences in cognition learning and thinking, by Li-Fang Zhang, Robert J. Sternberg & Stephen Rayner]. Intelligence, 40, 402403.Google Scholar
Peterson, E.R., Rayner, S.G., & Armstrong, S.J. (2009). Researching the psychology of cognitive style and learning style: Is there really a future? Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 518523.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, P.F. (1958). The measurements and correlates of category width as a cognitive variable. Journal of Personality, 26, 532–544.Google Scholar
Prashnig, B. (1998). The power of diversity: New ways of learning and teaching. Auckland, NZ: David Bateman.Google Scholar
Rayner, S. (2000). Reconstructing style differences in thinking and learning: Profiling learning performance. In Riding, R. & Rayner, S. (Eds.), International perspectives on individual differences. Volume 1, Cognitive styles (pp. 115177). Stamford, CT: Ablex.Google Scholar
Rayner, S. (2007). Managing special and inclusive education. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayner, S. (2009). Educational diversity and learning leadership: A proposition, some principles and a model of inclusive leadership? Educational Review, 61 (4), 433447.Google Scholar
Rayner, S. (2011). Researching style: epistemology, paradigm shifts and research interest groups. Learning and Individual Differences, 21 (2), 255262.Google Scholar
Rayner, S. (2013). Cognitive styles and learning styles. In Wright, J.D. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rayner, S., & Cools, E. (Eds.). (2011). Style differences in cognition, learning and management. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rayner, S., & Peterson, E. (2009). Re-affirming style as an individual difference — Global paradigm or knowledge diaspora. In Zhang, L.F. & Sternberg, R.J. (Eds.), Perspectives on the nature of intellectual styles (pp. 107134). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Rayner, S., Roodenburg, J., & Roodenburg, E. (2012). Understanding an integrated theory of intellectual styles: Models, measures and meaning. In Zhang, L.F., Sternberg, R.J., & Rayner, S.G. (Eds.), Handbook of intellectual styles (pp. 4766). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Riding, R.J., & Rayner, S.G. (1998). Cognitive styles and learning strategies. London: David Fulton Pub.Google Scholar
Reynolds, M. (1997). Learning styles: A critique. Management Learning, 28, 115133.Google Scholar
Ritter, L. (2007). Unfulfilled promises: How inventories, instruments and institutions subvert discourses of diversity and promote commonality. Teaching in Higher Education, 12 (5&6), 569579.Google Scholar
Rodgers, J.L. (2010). The epistemology of mathematical and statistical modeling: A quiet methodological revolution. American Psychologist, 65, 112.Google Scholar
Sadler-Smith, E. (2009). A duplex model of cognitive style. In Zhang, L.F. & Sternberg, R.J. (Eds.), Perspectives on the nature of intellectual styles (pp. 328). Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Sadler-Smith, E. (2012). Metacognition and styles. In Zhang, L.F., Sternberg, R.J., & Rayner, S. (Eds.), Handbook of intellectual styles (pp. 153172). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Scarr, S. (1994). Burt, Cyril, L. In Sternberg, R.J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of intelligence (Vol. 1., pp. 231234). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schroder, H.M, Driver, M.J, & Streufert, S. (1967). Human information processing. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfilment. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Sharma, G., & Kolb, D. (2011). The Learning Flexibility Index: Assessing contextual flexibility in learning style. In Rayner, S. & Cools, E. (Eds.), Style Differences in Cognition, Learning and Management (pp. 6077). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sharp, J.G., Bowker, R., & Byrne, J. (2008). VAK or VAK-uous? Towards the trivialisation of learning and the death of scholarship. Research Papers in Education, 23 (3), 293314.Google Scholar
Signell, K S. (1966). Cognitive complexity in person perception and nation perception: A developmental approach. Journal of Personality, 34, 517537.Google Scholar
Smith, A., Lovatt, M., & Wise, D. (2003). Accelerated learning: A user's guide. London: Network Educational Press.Google Scholar
Soller, D.R., Wahl, R., Weisenfluh, J., Brodaric, B., Hastings, J., Laudati, R., & Fredericks, R. (2001). Progress report on the National Geologic Map Database, Phase 3: An online database of map information digital mapping techniques ‘01 — Workshop proceedings (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01–223). USGS Online Publications Directory.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. (2008). Applying psychological theories to educational practice. American Educational Research Journal, 45 (1), 150165.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R.J., Zhang, L.F., & Rayner, S. (2012). Epilog. In Zhang, L.F. & Sternberg, R.J. (Eds.), Perspectives on the nature of intellectual styles (pp. 415418). Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Storberg-Walker, J. (2006). From imagination to application: Making the case for the general method of theory-building research in applied disciplines. Human Resource Development International, 1 (2), 227259.Google Scholar
Tiedemann, J. (1989). Measures of cognitive style: A critical review. Educational Psychologist, 24, 261275.Google Scholar
Torraco, R.J. (1997). Theory-building research methods. In Swanson, R.A. & Holton III, E.F. (Eds.), Human resource development handbook: Linking research and practice (pp. 114137). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Vermunt, J.D. (2011). Patterns in student learning and teacher learning: Similarities and differences. In Rayner, S. & Cools, E. (Eds.), Style differences in cognition, learning and management (pp. 173187). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
von Wittich, D., & Antonakis, J. (2011). The KAI cognitive style inventory: Was it personality all along? Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 10441049.Google Scholar
Witkin, H.A. (1962). Psychological differention; Studies of development. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, B.J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45 (1), 166183.Google Scholar