Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T17:52:24.691Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A cognitive-behavioural treatment for a child with Attention-Deficit Disorder/Without Hyperactivity and Comorbid Anxiety

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 October 2015

Colleen Cornish
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Annemaree Carroll*
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
*
Schonell Special Education Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Phone: (07) 3365 6476, Fax: (07) 3365 8553, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This study reports a cognitive-behavioural intervention implemented to increase academic performance of an 11-year-old boy with Attention-Deficit Disorder/Without Hyperactivity. The child was trained in the use of positive self-talk to reduce the cognitive distortions and deficiencies associated with his symptoms. Reports from the child, his parent and his teacher, together with objective measures and observations, were used to assess the efficacy of treatment in reducing symptoms and increasing academic performance. Results suggest an increase in academic performance with a greater improvement in productivity rather than in accuracy. These improvements could be related to the decreases in the problematic symptoms of in attention and anxiety. Unconditional conclusions cannot be drawn, however, about the effect of the intervention on impulsivity, because of the difficulties found in measuring this construct Improvements to overcome this problem and other modifications that may improve the overall validity of future studies are suggested.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Australian Psychological Society 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C.S. (1986a). Teacher’s report form. Burlington, VT: Author.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C.S. (1986b). Child behavior checklist and youth self-report. Burlington, VT: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Barkley, R.A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barkley, R.A. (1991). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook. New York: The Guilford Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkley, R.A. (1994). Impaired delayed responding: A unified theory of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In Routh, D.K. (Ed.), Disruptive behavior disorders in childhood (pp. 1148). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkley, R.A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G.J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(2), 163188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bivens, J.A., & Berk, L.E. (1990). A longitudinal study of the development of elementary school children’s private speech. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36(4), 443463.Google Scholar
Borkowski, J.G., Schneider, W., & Pressley, M. (1989). The challenges of teaching good information processing to learning disabled students. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 36(3), 169185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boucugnani, L.L., & Jones, R.W. (1989). Behaviors analogous to frontal lobe dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4(2), 161173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, C.L. (1986). Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity. A review of preliminary experimental evidence. In Lahey, B.B. & Kazdin, A.E. (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 153175). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
DuPaul, G.J., Barkley, R.A., & McMurray, M.B. (1994). Response of children with ADHD to methylphenidate: Interaction with internalizing symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(6), 894903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DuPaul, G.J., Guevremont, D.C., & Barkley, R.A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of attention-deficit disorder in the classroom: The use of the attention training system. Behavior Modification, 16(2), 204225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykman, R.A., & Ackerman, P.T. (1993). Behavioral subtypes of attention deficit disorder. Exceptional Children, 60(2), 132141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiore, T.A., Becker, E.A., & Nero, R.C. (1993). Educational interventions for students with attention deficit disorder. Exceptional Children, 60 (2), 163173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, C.W., Filby, N.N., Marliave, R., Cahan, L.S., Dishaw, M.M., Moore, J.E., & Berliner, D.C. (1978). Teaching behaviors, academic learning time and student achievement: Final report of Phase III-B, Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study (Technical Beport V-l). San Francisco: Far West Regional Laboratory for Educational Research and Development. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 183525)Google Scholar
Friedman, D.L., Cancelli, A.A., & Yoshida, R.K. (1988). Academic engagement of elementary school children with learning disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 26, 327340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuhrman, M.J., & Kendall, P.C. (1986). Cognitive tempo and behavioural adjustment in children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10(1), 4550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodyear, P., & Hynd, G.W. (1992). Attention-deficit disorder with (ADD/H) and without (ADHD-PI) hyperactivity: Behavioral and neuropsychological differentiation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(3), 273305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guida, F.V., Ludlow, L.H., & Wilson, M. (1985). The mediating effect of time-on-task on the academic anxiety/achievement interaction: A structural model. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 19(1), 2126.Google Scholar
Hallahan, D.P., & Sapona, R. (1983). Self-monitoring of attention with learning-disabled children: Past research and current issues. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16(10), 616620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinshaw, S.P., & Melnick, S. (1992) Self-management therapies and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavior Modification, 16(2), 253273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinshaw, S.P., Henker, B., & Whalen, C.K. (1984a). Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for hyperactive boys: Comparative and combined effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(5), 739749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinshaw, S.P., Henker, B., & Whalen, C.K. (1984b). Self-control in hyperactive boys in anger-inducing situations: Effects of cognitive-behavioral training and of methylphenidate. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12(1), 5577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J., Rosman, B.L., Day, D., Albert, J., & Phillips, W. (1964). Information processing in the child: Significance of analytic and reflective attitudes. Psychological Monographs, 781(1, Whole No. 578).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamann, M.P., & Wong, B.Y.L. (1993). Inducing adaptive coping self-statements in the learning-disabled through a cognitive-behavioral intervention. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26(9), 630638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, P.C. (1985). Towards a cognitive-behavioral model of child psychopathology and a critique of related interventions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 357372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, P.C. (1990). Coping cat workbook. (Available from Kendall, Philip C., Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122).Google Scholar
Kendall, P.C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 100110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, P.C., & Braswell, L. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for impulsive children (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kendall, P.C., Chansky, T.E., Freidman, M., Kim, R., Kortlander, E., Sessa, F.M., & Siqueland, L. (1991). Treating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. In Kendall, P.C. (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (pp. 131164). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kendall, P.C., & MacDonald, J.P. (1993). Cognition in the psychopathology of youth and implications for treatment. In Dobson, K.S. and Kendall, P.C. (Eds.), Psychopathology and Cognition (pp. 387427). San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
King, N.J., & Ollendick, T.H. (1989). Children’s anxiety and phobic disorders in school settings: Classification, assessment, and intervention issues. Review of Educational Research, 59(4), 431470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, E.A., & Grimley, L.K. (1986). Understanding and treating attention deficit disorder. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Lahey, B.B., & Carlson, C.L. (1991). Validity of the diagnostic category of attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity: A review of the literature. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24(2), 110120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahey, B.B., Schaughency, E.A., Hynd, G.W., Carlson, C.L., & Nieves, N. (1987). Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: Comparison of behavioral characteristics of clinic referred children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 108723.Google ScholarPubMed
Manning, B.H. (1988). Application of cognitive behavior modification: First and third graders’ self-management of classroom behaviors. American Educational Research Journal, 25(2), 193212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, B.H. (1990). Cognitive self-instruction for an off-task fourth grader during independent academic tasks: A case study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 15, 3646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClure, D.F., & Gordon, M. (1984). Performance of disturbed hyperactive and nonhyperactive children on an objective measure of hyperactivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12(4), 561572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milich, R., Hartung, C.M., Martin, C.A., & Haigler, E.D. (1994). Behavioral disinhibition and underlying processes in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. In Routh, D.K. (Ed.), Disruptive behaviour disorders in childhood (pp. 109136).New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, H. (1994). Kids, families and chaos: Living with attention deficit disorder. Torrensville, SA: Ed-Med Publishers.Google Scholar
Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J.A. (1996). Inhibition in ADHD, aggressive, and anxious children: A biologically based model of child psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(1), 1936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plizska, S.R. (1989). Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 882887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pliszka, S.R. (1992). Comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and overanxious disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 197203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porteus, S.D. (1969). Porteus maze tests: Fifty years’ application. Palo Alto: Pacific.Google Scholar
Pressley, M., Goodchild, F., Fleet, J., Zajchowski, R., & Evans, E.D. (1989). The challenges of classroom strategy instruction. Elementary School Journal, 89, 301342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapport, M.D., Denney, C., DuPaul, G.J., & Gardner, M.J. (1994). Attention deficit disorder and methylphenidate: Normalization rates, clinical effectiveness, and response prediction in 76 children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(6), 882893.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, R., & Harris, K.R. (1993). Self-monitoring of attention versus self-monitoring of performance: Effects on attention and academic performance. Exceptional children, 60, 2940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, C.R., & Richmond, B.O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6(2), 271280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarason, S.B., Davidson, K., Lighthall, F.F., Waite, R.R., & Ruebush, B.K. (1960). Anxiety in elementary school children. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sattler, J.M. (1992). Assessment of children. (Rev. & updated 3rd ed.). San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler Publisher Inc.Google Scholar
Stroop, J.R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trommer, B.L., Hoeppner, J.B., Lorber, R., & Armstrong, K.J. (1988). The go-no-go paradigm in attention deficit disorder. Annals of Neurology, 24, 610614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and language. New York, NY: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westby, C., & Cutler, S.K. (1994). Language and ADHD: Understanding the bases and treatment of self-regulatory deficits. Topics in Language Disorders, 14(4), 5676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wragg, J. (1989). Talk sense to yourself: A program for children and adolescents. Hawthorn, Vic: Australian Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Zatz, D., & Chassin, I. (1983). Cognition of test-anxious children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(4), 526535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zatz, D., & Chassin, I. (1985). Cognition of test-anxious children under naturalistic test taking conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 393402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed