Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T07:42:47.215Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The extra-European lichen collections of Archibald Menzies MD. FLS (1754–1842)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2010

D. J. Galloway
D. J. Galloway
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
Get access

Abstract

Two hundred years after their gathering, the pioneering lichen collections made by Archibald Menzies between 1784 and 1802 during his career as a naval surgeon are recorded and discussed. The bulk of Menzies's lichens come from three major collection periods: the Halifax Station (Nova Scotia) of 1784–1786; his time as surgeon to James Colnett on the circumnavigation of the Prince of Wales (1786–1789); and his extensive tour as naturalist to Vancouver's Discovery expedition (1791–1795). Menzies's extra-European lichen collections were the most extensive ever made during the 18th century and contain many first discoveries and type collections: (1) Nova Scotia, 16 taxa in 11 genera, 1 type; (2) Staten Island, 32 taxa in 19 genera, 5 types; (3) west coast of North America, 83 taxa in 45 genera, 11 types; (4) Sumatra, 10 taxa in 7 genera; (5) Cape of Good Hope, 30 taxa in 23 genera; (6) New Zealand, 14 taxa in 6 genera; (7) Tahiti, 5 taxa in 4 genera; (8) Hawaii, 25 taxa in 13 genera; (9) St Helena, 10 taxa in 8 genera. Major repositories of Menzies lichens are the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the Linnean Society of London (James Edward Smith herbarium) and the Natural History Museum, London.

Type
Articles
Information
Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 52 , Issue 2 , July 1995 , pp. 95 - 139
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua omnes detectos lichenes. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Acharius, E. (1810). Lichenographia Universalis. Göttingen.Google Scholar
Acharius, E. (1814). Synopsis methodica lichenum. Lund.Google Scholar
Agardh, J. G. (1870). Chlorodictyon, ett nytt slagte af Caulerpeenes grupp. Öfvers. Förh Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. 5: 427–434.Google Scholar
Ahti, T. (1961). Taxonomic studies on reindeer lichens (Cladonia, subgenus Cladina). Ann. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo 32: 1–160.Google Scholar
Ahti, T. (1977). Lichens of the boreal coniferous zone. In: Seaward, M. R. D. (ed.) Lichen Ecology, pp. 145–181. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ahti, T. (1978). Two new species of Cladonia from western North America. Bryologist 81: 334–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahti, T. (1980). Taxonomic revision of Cladonia gracilis and its allies. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 195–243.Google Scholar
Ahti, T. (1984). The status of Cladina as a genus segregated from Cladonia. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79: 25–61.Google Scholar
Ahti, T., Brodo, I. M. & Noble, W. J. (1987). Contributions to the lichen flora of British Columbia, Canada. Mycotaxon 28: 91–97.Google Scholar
Ahti, T. & Kashiwadani, H. (1984). The lichen genera Cladia, Cladina, and Cladonia in southern Chile. In: Inoue, H. (ed.) Studies on Cryptogams in Southern Chile, pp. 125–151. Tokyo: Kenseisha Ltd.Google Scholar
Ahti, T. & Lai, M.-J. (1979). The lichen genera Cladonia, Cladina and Cladia in Taiwan. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 16: 228–236.Google Scholar
Allen, D. E. (1977). Archibald Menzies in Nova Scotia. J. Soc. Bibliogr. Nat. Hist. 8: 319.Google Scholar
Almborn, O. (1966). Revision of some lichen genera in southern Africa. Bot. Not. 119: 70–112.Google Scholar
Almborn, O. (1988). Some distribution patterns in the lichen flora of South Africa. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 429–432.Google Scholar
Awasthi, D. D. (1991). A Key to the microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Biblioth. Lichenol. 40: 1–337.Google Scholar
Babington, C. (1855). Lichenes. In: Hooker, J. D. (ed.) Botany of the Antarctic voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843. II. Flora Novae Zelandiae. Part II. Flowerless Plants, pp. 266–311. London.Google Scholar
Balfour, F. R. S. (1924). Menzies'journal of Vancouver's voyages, April to October 1792. Trans. Roy. Scott. Arboric. Soc. 38(1): 16–25.Google Scholar
Bendz, G. J., Santesson, J. & Wachtmeister, C. A. (1965). Studies on the chemistry of lichens, 20. The chemistry of the Ramalina ceruchis group. Acta Chem. Scand. 19: 1185–1187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bitter, G. (1901). Zur Morphologie und Systematik von Parmelia, Untergattung Hypogymnia. Hedwigia 40: 171–274.Google Scholar
Boonpragob, K. & Nash, T. H. III (1990). Seasonal variation of element status in the lichen Ramalina menziesiiTayl. from two sites in southern California: evidence for dry deposition accumulation. Environm. Exp. Bot. 30: 301–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boonpragob, K. & Nash, T. H. III (1991). Physiological responses of the lichen Ramalina menziesii Tayl., to the Los Angeles urban environment. Environm. Exp. Bot. 31: 229–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boonpragob, K., Nash, T. H. III & Fox, C. A. (1989). Seasonal deposition of acidic ions and ammonium to the lichen Ramalina menziesiiTayl. in southern California. Environm. Exp. Bot. 29: 187–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowler, P. A. (1977). Ramalina thrausta in North America. Bryologist 80: 529–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britten, J. (1886). John Zier F.L.S. J. Bot. 24: 101–104.Google Scholar
Britten, J. (1924). Menzies' Journal of Vancouver's Voyage, April to October, 1792. J Bot. 62: 119–123. [Review of NEWCOMBE (1923)]Google Scholar
Brodo, I. M. (1973). The lichen genus Coccotrema in North America. Bryologist 76: 260–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodo, I. M. (1984a). Lichenes Canadenses Exsiccati: Fascicle III. Bryologist 87: 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodo, I. M. (1984b). The North American species of the Lecanora subfusca group. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79: 63–185.Google Scholar
Brodo, I. M. & Hawksworth, D. L. (1977). Alectoria and allied genera in North America. Opera Bot. 42: 1–164.Google Scholar
Brodo, I. M. & Wong, P. Y. (1993). Lichenes Canadenses Exsiccati: Fascicle IV. Mycotaxon 46: 135–140.Google Scholar
Cramer, C. (1891). Über das Verhaeltniss von Chlorodictyon foliosum J. Ag. und Ramalina reticulata (Noehden) Krplhb. (lichenen). Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 1: 100–123.Google Scholar
Crombie, J. M. (1877). Lichenes Capenses: An enumeration of the lichens collected at the Cape of Good Hope by the Rev. A. E. Eaton during the Venus-transit expedition in 1874. J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 15: 165–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, C. F. (1972). Improved conditions and new data for the identification of lichen products by a standard thin-layer chromatographic method. J Chromatogr. 72: 113–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Culberson, C. F., Culberson, W. L. & Johnson, A. (1981). A standardized TLC analysis of β-orcinol depsidones. Bryologist 84: 16–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, W. L. (1963). A summary of the lichen genus Haematomma in North America. Bryologist 66: 224–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, W. L. & Culberson, C. F. (1968). The lichen genera Cetrelia and Platismatia (Parmeliaceae). Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 34: 449–558.Google Scholar
Degelius, G. (1937). Lichens from southern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands collected by Dr. E. Hultén. Meddelanden från Göteborgs botaniska trädgård 12: 105–144.Google Scholar
Degelius, G. (1974). The lichen genus Collema with special reference to the extraeuropean species. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 20(2): 1–215.Google Scholar
Dodge, C. W. (1959). Some lichens of tropical Africa. III. Parmeliaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 46: 39–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, C. W. (1964). Some lichens of tropical Africa. IV: Dermatocarpaceae to Pertusariaceae. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 12: 1–282.Google Scholar
Eastwood, E. A. (ed.) (1924). Menzies' California Journal. Quarterly of the California Historical Society 2(4): 265–340.Google Scholar
Egan, R. S. (1987). A fifth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. Bryologist 90: 77–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, R. S. (1989). Changes to the ‘Fifth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada'. Edition I. Bryologist 92: 68–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, R. S. (1990). Op. cit. Edition II. Bryologist 93: 211–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, R. S. (1991). Op. cit. Edition III. Bryologist 94: 396–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elix, J. A. (1979). A taxonomic revision of the lichen genus Hypogymnia in Australasia. Brunonia 2: 175–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, B. (1935). The Lichen Flora of the United States. Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Follmann, G. (1974). Zur Nomenklatur der Lichenen. I. Ergänzungen und Neukombinationen. Philippia 2(2): 73–74.Google Scholar
Follmann, G. (1976). Zur Nomenklatur der Lichenen. III. Über Desmazieria Mont. (Ramalinaceae) und andere kritische Verwandsschaftkreise. Philippia 3: 85–89.Google Scholar
Follmann, G. & Huneck, S. (1969). Mitteilungen über Flechteninhaltsstoffe. LXI. Zur Chemotaxonomie der Flechtenfamilie Ramalinaceae. Willdenowia 5: 181–216.Google Scholar
Follmann, G. & Huneck, S. (1970). Op. cit. LXXX. Zur Analyse und Stellung von Ramalinopsis mannii (Zahlbr.) Follm. & Hun. Z. Naturf. 25b: 1319–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forster, J. G. A. (1787). Fasciculus plantarum magellanicarum. Novi Comment. Soc. Sci. Götting. 9: 13–45.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1979). Biogeographical elements in the New Zealand lichen flora. In: Bramwell, D. (ed.) Plants and Islands, pp. 201–224. London.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1980). The lichen genera Argopsis and Stereocaulon in New Zealand. Bot. Not. 133: 261–279.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1981). Erik Acharius, Olof Swartz and the evolution of generic concepts in lichenology. In: Wheeler, A. & Price, J. H. (eds) History in the Service of Systematics. Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, Special Publication 1: 119–127.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1985a). Flora of New Zealand Lichens. Wellington.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1985b). Lichenology in the South Pacific, 1790–1840. In: Wheeler, A. & Price, J. H. (eds) From Linnaeus to Darwin: Commentaries on the history of biology and geology. Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, Special Publication 3: 205–214.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1986). Non-glabrous species of Pseudocyphellaria from southern South America. Lichenologist 18: 105–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1988a). Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens) I. The New Zealand species. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 17: 1–267.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1988b). Erik Acharius and his influence on English lichenology. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 18: 149–194.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1988c). La Billardière's Tasmanian lichens. Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 122: 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1991a). Phytogeography of Southern Hemisphere lichens. In: Crovello, T. & Nimis, P. L. (eds) Advances in Quantitative Phytogeography, pp. 230–262. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1991b). Biogeographical relationships of Pacific tropical lichen floras. In: Galloway, D. J. (ed.) Tropical Lichens: Their systematics, conservation, and ecology. Systematics Association Special Volume 43: 1–16. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1991c). Archibald Menzies (1754–1842): New Zealand's neglected bicentennial botanist. New Zealand Bot. Soc. Newsl. 26: 15–19.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1992). Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens) III. The South American species. Biblioth. Lichenol. 46: 1–275.Google Scholar
Galloway, D. J. (1994). Studies in the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach. 1. Southern South American species. Lichenologist 26: 223–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, D. J. & Arvidsson, L. (1990). Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens) II. Ecuadorean species. Lichenologist 22: 103–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, D. J. & Groves, E. W. (1987). Archibald Menzies MD, FLS (1754–1842), aspects of his life, travels and collections. Arch. Nat. Hist. 14: 3–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galloway, D. J. & James., P. (1977). Pseudocyphellaria berberina (G. Forster) D. Gall. & P. James; notes on its discovery and synonymy. Lichenologist 9: 95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, D. J. & Kemp, S. (1993). Palaeotropical species of Pseudocyphellaria collected by Gunnar Degelius in 1964 and 1970. Graphis Scripta 5: 8–11.Google Scholar
Godley, E. J. (1960). A note on Archibald Menzies. Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 88: 63–64.Google Scholar
Godley, E. J. (1965). Botany of the Southern Zone. Exploration to 1843. Tuatara 13: 140–181.Google Scholar
Goring, R. (1992). Chambers Scottish Biographical Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers.Google Scholar
Goward, T. & Ahti, T. (1992). Macrolichens and their zonal distribution in Wells Gray Provincial Park and its vicinity, British Columbia, Canada. Acta Bot. Fenn. 147: 1–60.Google Scholar
Groves, E. W. (1992). Archibald Menzies: an early botanist on the west coast of North America. His flowering plant observations and collections made during the years 1787–8 and 1792–4. Paper presented at the Vancouver Conference on Exploration and Discovery hosted by Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, 24–26 April 1992, and commemorating the bicentenary of the arrival of Captain George Vancouver on the Pacific coast of North America in 1792. 32 pp.Google Scholar
Gunn, M. & Codd, L. E. (1981). Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Balkema.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1969). How to Know the Lichens. Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1976). A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelina Hale (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 33: 1–60.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1985). Xanthomaculina Hale, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae. Lichenologist 17: 255–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1987). A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelia Acharius sensu stricto (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 66: 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. & Cole, M. (1988). Lichens of California. California Natural History Guides 54. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. & Kurokawa, S. (1962). Parmelia species first described from the British Isles. Lichenologist 2: 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasse, H. E. (1913). The lichen flora of southern California. Contr. U.S. Natl Herb. 17: 1–132.Google Scholar
Herre, A. W. C. T. (1904). The growth of Ramalina reticulata. Bot. Gaz. 38: 218–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herre, A. W. C. T. (1910). The lichen flora of the Santa Cruz Peninsula, California. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 12: 27–269.Google Scholar
Herre, A. W. C. T. (1945). Lichen distribution in California. Bryologist 48: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmgren, P. K., Holmgren, N. H. & Barnett, L. C. (1990). Index Herbariorum. Part I: The herbaria of the world, 8th edition. New York: New York Botanical Garden.Google Scholar
Hooker, J. D. (1847). Lichenes. In: Hooker, J. D.Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843. Vol. I. Flora Antarctica. Part 2. Botany of Fuegia, the Falklands, Kerguelen's Land etc., pp. 519–542. London.Google Scholar
Hooker, J. D. & Wilson, W. (1844). Musci Antarctici … London J. Bot. 3: 533–556.Google Scholar
Hooker, W. J. (1829). Parmelia enteromorpha. Hooker's Botanical Miscellany 1(2): 127–128.Google Scholar
Howard, G. E. (1950). Lichens of the State of Washington. Seattle.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. H. (1910). A manual of the genus Usnea as represented in North and Middle America, north of the 15th parallel. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. H. (1911). American species of Alectoria occurring north of the 15th parallel. Mycologia 3: 106–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. H. (1913). North American species of the genus Ramalina. Bryologist 16: 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. H. (1914a). Op. cit. Part IV. Bryologist 17: 17–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. H. (1914b). Op. cit. Part VI. Bryologist 17: 49–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. H. (1914c). Some comparisons of the lichen floras of Eurasia and North America. Torreya 14: 138–140.Google Scholar
Howe, R. H. (1914d). North American species of the genus Ramalina. VIII. Bryologist 17: 81–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hultén, E. (1940). History of botanical exploration in Alaska and Yukon territories from the time of their discovery to 1940. Bot. Not. 1940(4): 289–346.Google Scholar
Imshaug, H. A. (1957). Alpine lichens of western United States and adjacent Canada. I. The macrolichens. Bryologist 60: 177–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacquin, N. J. (1781). Miscellanea austriaca, Vol. 2. Vindobonae.Google Scholar
Jahns, H. M. (1970). Remarks on the taxonomy of the European and North American species of Pilophorus Th. Fr. Lichenologist 4: 199–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahns, H. M. (1981). The genus Pilophorus. Mycotaxon 13: 289–339.Google Scholar
James, P. W. & White, F. J. (1987). Studies on the genus Nephroma. The European and Macaronesian species. Lichenologist 19: 215–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, W. P. (1973). The genus Lobaria in North America north of Mexico. Bryologist 76: 225–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JØrgensen, P. M. (1975). Contributions to a monograph of the Mallotium-hairy Leptogium species. Herzogia 3: 433–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JØrgensen, P. M. (1978). The lichen family Pannariaceae in Europe. Opera Bot. 45: 1–124.Google Scholar
Kärnefelt, I. (1979). The brown fruticose species of Cetraria. Opera Bot. 46: 1–150.Google Scholar
Kärnefelt, I. (1986). The genera Bryocaulon, Coelocaulon and Cornicularia and formerly associated taxa. Opera Bot. 86: 1–90.Google Scholar
Kärnefelt, I., Mattson, J.-E. & Thell, A. (1992). Evolution and phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens. Plant Syst. Evol. 183: 113–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krog, H. (1968). The macrolichens of Alaska. Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 144: 1–180.Google Scholar
Krog, H. & Østhagen, H. (1978). Three new Ramalina species from Macaronesia. Norweg. J. Bot. 25: 55–59.Google Scholar
Krog, H. & Swinscow, T. D. V. (1976). The genus Ramalina in East Africa. Norweg. J. Bot. 24: 167–177.Google Scholar
Krog, H. & Swinscow, T. D. V. (1986). The lichen genera Lasallia and Umbilicaria in East Africa. Nordic J. Bot. 6: 75–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurokawa, S. (1962). A monograph of the genus Anaptychia. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 6: 1–115.Google Scholar
Kurokawa, S. (1973). Supplementary notes on the genus Anaptychia. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 37: 563–607.Google Scholar
Lai, M.-J. (1980a). Notes on some Hypogymniae (Parmeliaceae) from East Asia. Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 33: 209–214.Google Scholar
Lai, M.-J. (1980b). Studies on the cetrarioid lichens in Parmeliaceae of East Asia (I). Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 33: 215–229.Google Scholar
Lamb, I. M. (1977). A conspectus of the lichen genus Stereocaulon (Schreb.) Hoffm. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 43: 191–355.Google Scholar
Lamb, W. Kaye (ed.) (1984). George Vancouver. A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and round the world 1791–1795, 4 Vols, with an Introduction and Appendices. London: The Hakluyt Society.Google Scholar
Larson, D. W. (1983). Morphological variation and development in Ramalina menziesii Tayl. Amer. J. Bot. 70: 668–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, D. W., Matthes-sears, U. & Nash, T. H. (1985). The ecology of Ramalina menziesii. I. Geographical variation in form. Canad. J. Bot. 63: 2062–2068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, D. W., Matthes-sears, U. & Nash, T. H. (1986). Op. cit. II. Variation in water relations and tensile strength across an inland gradient. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 6–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laundon, J. R. (1992). Lepraria in the British Isles. Lichenologist 24: 315–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighton, W. A. (1856). Monograph of the British Umbilicariae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 18: 273–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighton, W. A. (1871). Notes on the lichens of the island of Saint Helena. Trans. Linn. Soc. 27: 155–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnaeus, C. (1771). Mantissa Plantarum Altera. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Llano, G. A. (1950). A monograph of the lichen family Umbilicariaceae in the Western Hemisphere. Off. Nav. Res. Dept of the Navy, Washington, DC: 1–281.Google Scholar
Lutz, K. G. (1894). Über die sogenannte Netzbildung bei Ramalina reticulata Kremp. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 12: 207–214.Google Scholar
Lysaght, A. M. (1971). Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766. His diaries, manuscripts and collections. London: Faber.Google Scholar
Massalongo, A. B. (1861). Lichenes Capensis quos collegit in itinere 1857–1858 Dr Wawra medicus navis (corvetta) Caes. R. Carolinae. Memorie del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Venezia 10: 33–90.Google Scholar
Matthes-sears, U. & Nash, T. H. (1986). The ecology of Ramalina menziesii. V. Estimation of gross carbon gain and thallus hydration source from diurnal measurements and climatic data. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 1698–1702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthes-sears, U., Nash, T. H. & Larson, D. W. (1986a). The ecology of Ramalina menziesii. III. In situ diurnal field measurements at two sites on a coastalinland gradient. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 988–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthes-sears, U., Nash, T. H. & Larson, D. W. (1986b). Op. cit. IV. In situ photosynthetic water patterns of water relations of reciprocal transplants between two sites on a coastal-inland gradient. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 1183–1187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthes-sears, U., Nash, T. H. & Larson, D. W. (1987). Op. cit. VI. Laboratory responses of net CO2 exchange to moisture, temperature, and light. Canad. J. Bot. 65: 182–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattsson, J.-E. & Lai, M.-J. (1993). Vulpicida, a new genus in Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes). Mycotaxon 46: 425–428.Google Scholar
Merrill, G. K. (1923). Lichens. In: Millspaugh, C. F. & Nuttall, L. W. (eds) Flora of Santa Catalina Island (California). Field Museum of Natural History Publications 212. Botany Series 5: 358–377.Google Scholar
Miller, H. S. (1970).The herbarium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert. Notes on its acquisition, dispersal, and present whereabouts. Taxon 19: 489–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller Argoviensis, J. (1889). Lichenes Oregonenses. Flora 72: 362–366. MOORE, D. M. (1983). Flora of Tierra del Fuego. Oswestry: Anthony Nelson.Google Scholar
Nash, T. H., Moser, T. J., Link, S. O., Ross, L. J., Olafsen, A. & Matthes, U. (1983). Lichen photosynthesis in relation to CO2 concentration. Oecologia 58: 52–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, T. H., Reiner, A., Demmig-adams, B., Kilian, E., Kaiser, W. M. & Lange, O. (1990). The effect of atmospheric desiccation and osmotic water stress on photosynthesis and dark respiration of lichens. New Phytol. 116: 269–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newcombe, C. F. (ed.) (1923). Menzies' Journal of Vancouver's Voyage, April to October, 1792. Archives of British Columbia Memoir 5: 1–171.Google Scholar
Noedhen, H. A. (1801) [‘1800’]. Fluchtige Bemerkungen den Zustand der Botanik in England betreffend. J. Botanik (Schrader) 2: 225–267.Google Scholar
Nylander, W. (1861). Lichenes Scandinaviae sive prodromus Lichenographiae Scandinaviae. Not. Sällsk. Fauna Fl. Fenn. Förk 5: 1–312.Google Scholar
Ohlsson, K. E. (1973). New and interesting macrolichens of British Columbia. Bryologist 76: 366–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohlsson, K. E. (1974). A revision of the lichen genus Sphaerophorus. PhD thesis, Michigan State University. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.Google Scholar
Olson, W. M. (1992). Remarks from ‘Voyage to the NW side of America’ by Captain James Colnett [aboard the vessel Prince of Wales from March 19 to June 21, 1788]. University of Alaska Southeast. 38 pp.Google Scholar
Olson, W. M. & Thilenius, J. F. (1993). The Alaska Travel Journal of Archibald Menzies, 1793–1794. Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Pierce, G. J. (1898). On the modes of dissemination and on the reticulations of Ramalina reticulata. Bot. Gaz. 25: 404–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, L. H. & Hale, M. E. (1982). Three new species of Hypogymnia from western North America (Lichenes: Hypogymniaceae). Mycotaxon 16: 157–161.Google Scholar
Posner, B. (1990). Untersuchungen zur Sekundärstoffverteilung im Flechtenthallus dargestellt an den Gattungen Lasallia, Lobaria und Usnea. Doctoral dissertation, Essen. 160 pp.Google Scholar
Posner, B., Feige, G. B. & Leuckert, C. (1991). Beiträge zur Chemie der Flechtengattung Lasallia Mérat. Z. Naturf. 46c: 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pursh, F. (1814). Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or a systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America. London.Google Scholar
Riddle, L. W. (1911). The rediscovery of Parmelia lophyrea Ach. Bryologist 14: 65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, P. W. (1974). Water relations and morphological variation in Ramalina menziesii Tayl. Bryologist 77: 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, P. W. (1978a). Ecological relationships of desert fog zone lichens. Bryologist 81: 277–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, P. W. (1978b). Evolutionary relationships in the Ramalina usnea complex. Lichenologist 10: 141–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, P. W. & Bowler, P. A. (1976). Ramalina leptocarpha and R subleptocarpha: a fertile-sorediate species pair. Bryologist 79: 364–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, P. W. & Bowler, P. A. (1978). Niebla, a new generic name for the lichen genus Desmazieria (Ramalinaceae). Mycotaxon 6: 497–499.Google Scholar
Sanders, W. (1989). Growth and development of the reticulate thallus in the lichen Ramalina menziesii. Amer. J. Bot. 76: 666–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, W. (1992). Comparative in situ studies of thallus net development in morphologically distinct populations of the lichen Ramalina menziesii. Bryologist 95: 192–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santesson, R. (1942). The South American Menegazziae. Ark. Bot. 30A: 1–35.Google Scholar
Sipman, H. J. M. (1983). A monograph of the lichen family Megalosporaceae. Biblioth. Lichenol. 18: 1–241.Google Scholar
Smith, C. W. (1991). Lichen conservation in Hawaii. In: Galloway, D. J. (ed.) Tropical Lichens: Their systematics, conservation, and ecology. Systematics Association Special Volume 43: 35–45. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications.Google Scholar
Stenroos, S. & Ahti, T. (1990). The lichen family Cladoniaceae in Tierra del Fuego: problematic or otherwise noteworthy taxa. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 27: 317–327.Google Scholar
Stevens, G. N. (1991). The tropical Pacific species of Usnea and Ramalina and their relationship to species in other parts of the world. In: Galloway, D. J. (ed.) Tropical Lichens: Their systematics, conservation, and ecology. Systematics Association Special Volume 43: 47–67. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swartz, O. P. (1788). Nova Genera & Species Plantarum seu Prodromus descriptionum vegetabilium, maximam partem incognitorum quae sub itinere in Indiam Occidentalem Annis 1783–1787. Holmiae, Upsaliae & Aboae.Google Scholar
Swinscow, T. D. V. & Krog, H. (1976). The genera Anaptychia and Heterodermia in East Africa. Lichenologist 8: 103–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinscow, T. D. V. & Krog, H. (1979). The fruticose species of Usnea subgenus Usnea in East Africa. Lichenologist 11: 207–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinscow, T. D. V. & Krog, H. (1988). Macrolichens of East Africa. London. Tavares, I. I. (1987). The taxa of Usnea (Lichenes) described by Michaux from eastern North America. Mycotaxon 30: 39–68.Google Scholar
Taylor, T. (1847). New lichens, principally from the herbarium of Sir William J. Hooker. London J. Bot. 6: 148–197.Google Scholar
Thomson, J. W. (1968) [‘1967’]. The Lichen Genus Cladonia in North America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Thomson, J. W. (1984). American Arctic Lichens. 1. The macrolichens. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Thunberg, C. P. (1823). Flora Capensis. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. (1976). The genus Thelomma. Bot. Not. 129: 221–249.Google Scholar
Tucker, S. C. (1973). New records and comments on lichens of California. Bryologist 76: 209–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, S. C. & Jordan, W. P. (1979) [‘1978’]. A catalog of California lichens. Wasmann J. Biol. 36: 1–105.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1845). An enumeration of North American Lichenes, with a preliminary view of the structure and general history of these plants, and of the Friesian system: to which is prefixed an essay on the natural systems of Oken, Fries and Endlicher. Cambridge. 59 pp.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1848a). A synopsis of the lichenes of the northern United States and British America. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 1: 195–285.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1848b). A synopsis of the lichens of New England, the other northern states, and British America. Cambridge. 93 pp.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1858). Supplement to an enumeration of North American Lichenes; Part first, containing brief diagnoses of new species. Amer. J. Science Arts ser. 2, 25: 422–430.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1859). Supplement to an enumeration of North American Lichenes, continued. Amer. J. Science Arts ser. 2, 28: 200–206.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1860). Observations on North American and some other lichens. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 4: 383–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1866). Lichens of California, Oregon and the Rocky Mountains; so far as yet known. Amherst.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1872a). Genera lichenum, an arrangement of the North American lichens. Amherst.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1872b). Lace lichen. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 2.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, E. (1882). A Synopsis of the North American lichens: Part I, comprising the Parmeliacei, Cladoniei, and Coenogoniei. Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuhkanen, S., Kuokka, I., Hyvönen, J., Stenroos, S. & Niemelä, J. (1992). Tierra del Fuego as a target for biogeographical research in the past and present. Ann. Inst. Patagonia 19: 1–107.Google Scholar
Turner, D. & Borrer, W. (1839). Specimen of a Lichenographia Britannica. Yarmouth.Google Scholar
Walker, F. J. (1985). The lichen genus Usnea subgenus Neuropogon. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist), Bot. 13: 1–130.Google Scholar
Weber, W. A. (1970). The names of two common Californian Ramalina species. Taxon 19: 253–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetmore, C. M. (1960). The lichen genus Nephroma in North and Middle America. Michigan State Univ. Biol. Ser. 1: 372–452.Google Scholar
Wheeler, L. C. (1938). Lichens of Point Lobos Reserve. Bryologist 41: 107–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, F. J. & James, P. W. (1985). A new guide to microchemical techniques for the identification of lichen substances. Brit. Lichen Soc. Bull. 57 (Suppl.): 1–41.Google Scholar
White, F. J. & James, P. W. (1988). Studies on the genus Nephroma II. The southern temperate species. Lichenologist 20: 103–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilks, W. & Hutchinson, H. R. (1914). Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America 1823–1827. London.Google Scholar