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² R. Naz, ‘Préfet apostolique’, 7 DDC, col. 166; Berger, A., Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Roman Law (Philadelphia. 1953), p. 64Google Scholar; Lee, *****Ignatius Ting Pong, ‘Praefectus Missionis-Praefectus Apostolicus’. (1956) 35 Commentarium pro Religiosis (hereafter ‘CpR’) 353–358, (1957) 36 CpR 51–55Google Scholar. More recently, Julio Garcia Martin suggests that when the evidence is viewed more globally the development of the law of prefects apostolic was more orderly than previously supposed: ‘De religiosorum regimine in missionibus synthesis his-torica ab inita SCPF usque ad pontificatum Gregorii XVI’, (1984) 65 CpR 283–304.Google Scholar

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⁴ Gasparri, Petri Card, Schema Codicis luris Canonici (Rome, 1916), pp 113–120Google Scholar; ‘De ecclesiis particularibus’, (1972) 4 Communicationes 40–41.Google Scholar

⁵ Hecken, J. Van. ‘Les missions chez los Mongols aux temps modernes’, (1954) 10 Neue Zeitschrift für Missionwissenschufi 20–34Google Scholar; Annuario Pontificio per l'Anno 1997 (hereafter ‘AP’)(Vatican City, 1997). pp 1053 1058Google Scholar. For Kano. see (1996) 88 Ada Apostolicas Sedis (hereafter ‘AAS’) 883; for Nepal, see (1997) 89 A AS 269. The first apostolic nuncio to Mongolia was appointed on 8 September 1992. and the first Mongolian ambassador to the Holy See presented his letters of credence on 28 October 1993: AP. pp 1333, 1363. After this article had been completed and the manuscript submitted for publication a new departure with respect to autonomous missions came about. In late 1997 the Holy See created within the former Soviet Union four new autonomous missions: those of Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan established on 29 September 1997 and that of Kyrgyzstan established on 22 December 1997: Annuario Pontificio per l'Anno 1998 (Vatican City, 1998). pp 1086. 1087.Google Scholar

⁶ Moroni, G., 46 Dizionario di Eruditione Storico Ecelesiaslica (Venice, 1847) 141.Google Scholar

⁷ During the Avignon papacy in the fourteenth century there was a brief efflorescence of the title of honorary papal chaplain, and some three thousand of them were created. Thereafter during the fifteenth century, with the creation of protonotaries apostolic extraordinary, the number of honorary papal chaplains dwindled: Guillemain, Bernard, ‘Les chaplains d'honneur des papes d'Avignon’, in (1952) 64 Mélanges d' Archeologie et d'histoire: Ecole francaise de Rome 227Google Scholar. See also Burns, Charles. ‘Vatican sources and the honorary papal chaplains of the fourteenth century’ in Gatz, Erwin (ed.). Roemisehe Kurie kirehliihe Finanzen. vatikanisches Archiv: Studien zu Ehren von Hermann Hoberg, in (1979) 45Google ScholarMiseellanea Historiae Pontificae 65 79Google Scholar. and Schaefer, K., ‘Paepstliche Ehrenkaplaene aus deutschen Diozesen in vierzehnten Jahrhundert’. (1907) 31 Roemisehe Quartehchrifl 91–13.Google Scholar

⁸ By way of analogy, in 1818 the Prince Regent instituted the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, which later became an honour for British civil servants. Membership was divided into three degrees, each with distinctive postnominal initials, namely commander (CMG). knight commander (KCMG) and knight grand cross (GCMG). So grand were many of the recipients that a wag later said that these postnominals were in fact acronyms, respectively, for ‘Call me God’, ‘Kindly call me God’, and ‘God calls me God’

⁹ Kurtscheid, B.. ‘De quibusdam praelatis Romanae curiae’, (1935) 8 Apollinaris 62–71Google Scholar; ‘Protonotaires’, (1965) VII DDC col. 389–395Google Scholar; Micke, . ‘Die apostolische Protonotare’, (1868) 20 Anhiv fuer katholischen Kirchenrecht 231Google Scholar. The style of ‘Excellency’ was not accorded by the Holy See to all Roman Catholic bishops until 1930: see decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonies (1931) 23 AAS 22. Before that time the episcopal style of address was governed by local custom, and in Britain Roman Catholic archbishops were ‘Most Reverend’ and bishops ‘Right Reverend’—like their Anglican counterparts. In about 1900 American Roman Catholic (suffragan) bishops began to adopt the Irish usage of ‘Most Reverend’. Also about this time, as the number of honorary papal prelates began to rise, American bishops ceased to be addressed as ‘Monsignor’. although in Britain Catholic bishops continue to be addressed as ‘my lord’. The ancient practice of the apostolic chancery had been to address bishops in Latin as ‘Amplitudo vestra’, and a French or Quebeçois bishop was ‘Sa Grandeur’ until the new usage of 1930: Battandier, Albert, ‘Addresses, Ecclesiastical’, I Catholic Encyclopaedia, pp 137–140Google Scholar. Interestingly, in 1969 Paul VI restored the ancient Avignon practice to some extent when he permitted cardinals (as well as bishops) to be addressed as ‘Monsignor’: see Ut sivc (cited in note 11 below), arts 23. 24.

¹⁰ Motu proprio, Inter multiplices, (1905) Acda Sanctae Sedis 49Google Scholar; apostolic constitution. Ad incrementum (1934) 26 AAS 497.Google Scholar

¹¹ Motu proprio. Pontificalis domus, (1968) 60 AAS 305Google Scholar; motu proprio. Pontificalia insignia. (1968) 60 AAS 374Google Scholar; instruction. Ut sive sollkite. (1969) 61 AAS 334.Google Scholar

¹² Gérin, M., Le Gouvernment des Missions (Quebec, 1944), p 178.Google Scholar