¹ Bishoprics of Chester and Man Act 1541 (33 Hen 8. c 31) (W).Google Scholar

² See for instance the preamble to the Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533 (25 Hen 8. c21) (W).Google Scholar

³ Attorney-General v Dean and Chapter of Ripon Cathedral [1945] Ch 239 at 245, [1945] 1 All ER 479 at 483.Google Scholar

⁴ The declaration to this effect by King Henry IV on his accession, following the seizure of the Island by his supporters from the officers of William le Scrope, last claimant through the ancient Norse line, may not satisfy historians; but it is consistent with the way in which English monarchs, Parliaments and courts have since regarded Man.Google Scholar

⁵ The incapacity of tynwald to amend or contradict applicable parliamentary legislation, long accepted on the part of both Crown advisers and Manx judges, has become the subject of debate during the past twenty years. It has been challenged in obiter dicta and the passing of some insular Acts and Measures—for example the Statute Law Revision Measure (Isle of Man) 1994 purports to modify a requirement of London Gazette publication in the Church of England (Ecumenical Relations) Measure 1988 (W). But no serious policy challenge has been made, such as would be likely to bring the question before Parliament or the Privy Council for authoritative resolution.Google Scholar

⁶ The conquest of Wales by Edward I, and of Berwick by Edward III, left these territories initially in a position similar to the Isle of Man. But English common law replaced Welsh customary law under Henry VIII, and the Scots law formerly applicable in Berwick under James I. Both territories gained representation in the House of Commons. Welsh bishops sat in the Lords, and the process was completed by terminological incorporation under the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 (20 Geo 2, c 42) (W). While a new chapter began for Wales at the passing of the Welsh Church Act 1914 (W), Berwick remains fully integrated with England to this day. None of these later developments took place in relation to Man.Google Scholar

⁷ The leading judicial statement of this rule in the Manx context is Attorney-General v. Harris and Mylrea (Isle of Man Examiner, 13th October 1894).Google Scholar

⁸ Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 (25 Hen 8, c 19) (W).Google Scholar

⁹ Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533 (25 Hen 8, c 21) (W).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Examples are cited in the author's article ‘The Independence of the Manx Church’, recently published online in Studeyrys Manninagh (Electronic Journal of the Centre for Manx Studies, Douglas); http://www.manxstudies.im.Google Scholar

¹¹ Church Assembly Bill 1924.Google Scholar

¹² The Home Office view quoted here appears in its file HO45/16537 (Public Record Office, London); it was stated in early 1928 shortly after considering Chancellor Errington's reasoning, first expressed in an Opinion written jointly with Sir William Kiffin Taylor and F.H. Maughan QC for the Church of England Pensions Board.Google Scholar

¹³ Re Robinson deceased., Judgment delivered 30 Jaunary 1936. The full text is set out in young, G.V.C., Subject Guide to, and Chronological Table of the Acts of the Parliaments of England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom and of Northern Ireland extending or relating to the Isle of Man (including Church Assembly and General Synod Measures) 1350–1975 (1st edn, Douglas 1978), 13–26.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See ‘The Independence of the Manx Church’, note 10 above.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Church Assembly Act 1925.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Church (Application of General Synod Measures) Act 1979.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Church Legislation Procedure Act 1993.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Church Act 1969, extending the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963 (W) with modifications. Until 1765 the uncertain effect of the Bishoprics of Chester and Man Act 1541 had led to rivalry between the principal insular courts and the Chancery Court of York over appeals from Manx episcopal courts. Neither was in any event, the final instance: appeals would have lain from the Lord's courts for the Island to the King in Council, and from York to the royal Court of Delegates.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Appointment of Bishops Act 1533 (25 Hen 8. c 20) (W).Google Scholar

²⁰ New parishes and districts created under nineteenth and twentieth century legislation have only two churchwardens: see generally the Church (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure (Isle of Man) 1990.Google Scholar

²¹ Burials Act 1986.Google Scholar

²² The only civil officer at parish level is the Captain of the Parish, formerly responsible under the Governor for the local militia, and who now summons certain public meetings and may act as a returning officer.Google Scholar

²³ Towns Act 1852.Google Scholar

²⁴ Local Government Amendment Act 1894.Google Scholar

²⁵ Church Act 1880, ss 10–19, 39; Church Act 1938.Google Scholar

²⁶ Church Commissioners' schemes did require confirmation by the Governor in Council until 1983. Interestingly the Church Act 1983 introduced a decade of parliamentary, rather than royal, control over pastoral provision, substituting the Ecclesiastical Committee of tynwald for the Governor.Google Scholar

²⁷ Pastoral Measure (Isle of Man) 1990. The first such appeal, relating to the chapel of St Jude in the parish of Andreas, was pending as this paper was being written. The progress of the case may be traced in detail through law reports in the Isle of Man Church Leader.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1874.Google Scholar

²⁹ Church Act 1880, s 32.Google Scholar

³⁰ Clandestine Marriages Act 1757. See now the Marriage Act 1984.Google Scholar

³¹ Convocations Ordinance 1703.Google Scholar

³² The author has collaborated with Dr Peter Edge of Oxford Brookes University on a research project considering the Bishop's role in the Manx legislature from all angles. A full report on the project is expected to appear in early 2003.Google Scholar

³³ Although the Bishop is indeed a ‘baron’ of the Island (see the Lord's Rents Purchase Act 1913), there is no evidence that he ever participated in lawmaking in this capacity.Google Scholar

³⁴ tynwald is of course an ancient institution, but not as a forum for the making of new law. The historic role of the Deemsters and Keys was to ‘speak’ the customary law and apply it to current cases.Google Scholar

³⁵ This is a surmise based upon the date of the first recorded concurrence of ecclesiastics in legislation, which took place in 1637. James Stanley, Lord of Man (himself holding a high view of ‘church’ authority) was a close supporter of King Charles I who was himself at that date committed to the governmental views of Archbishop William Laud.Google Scholar

³⁶ Isle of Man Constitution Amendment Act 1919.Google Scholar

³⁷ The further changes were made by the Constitution Acts 1961 to 1990.Google Scholar

³⁸ This later concern—though far from fanciful, as the short-lived union provision in the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will 4, c 77) (W) showed—had arguably more basis as a genuine threat in 1982 than in recent years. The Bishop's stipend and expenses are now virtually the only area of financial subsidy from the English Church to the Island, and its current prosperity suggests that the Manx could even cover these if need be. Under the Dioceses Measure 1980 the Manx Bishop's consent would be necessary to unite his See with another: and although there have been recent suggestions that this requirement be lifted, it is unlikely that a Measure framed in Westminster for this purpose would proceed to royal assent if it provided for direct extension to the Island in the face of a tynwald petition to the contrary.Google Scholar

³⁹ Isle of Man Judicature Act 1921.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Ecclesiastical Civil Judicature Transfer Act 1884.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Church Act 1969, s 1.Google Scholar

⁴² Church Act 1969: Care of Churches and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure (Isle of Man) 1992; Patronage Measure (Isle of Man) 1997.Google Scholar

⁴³ Government Chaplaincies Act 1921.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Church Act 1893.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Cathedral Church Act 1980.Google Scholar