Graptolite biostratigraphy affords a robust and relatively accurate means of correlating Ordovician and Silurian hemipelagite and turbidite sequences and has been used to establish the structural development of the regional thrust belt in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The overall structural pattern has long been recognised: greywackes within individual thrust slices, deposited within a relatively short time-interval, become sequentially younger southwards; each overlies the basal Moffat Shale Group which was deposited over a longer time. However, recent refinement of the graptolite biozonal scheme has allowed the better assessment of along-strike variations within the thrust belt which are here illustrated by two transects; one, based on work in the Rhins of Galloway and the Kirkcudbright areas (SW Southern Uplands), and the other in the Peebles-Hawick area (NE Southern Uplands). The SW transect most closely approximates to the regular pattern wherein a southward-propagating thrust-front incorporated sequentially younger greywacke units. The uniform geometry is interrupted only locally, towards the southern margin of the thrust belt, by a system of back-thrusts producing structural pop-ups. The NE transect departs from this regular model: a northern sector shows the orderly initiation of the thrust belt, but towards the SE a more irregular distribution of the thrust-slice agescan be best explained by outof- sequence movement. This transect also shows more repetitive imbrication of the same biostratigraphic interval than is apparent farther SW. In both transects the fundamental changes in thrustbelt geometry took place from mid-Llandovery times onwards, with a reversion to forward-breaking, in-sequence thrusting at the beginning of the Wenlock. The cause is a matter for speculation, but may be linked withthe accommodation of an obstacle to forward-thrust propagation. However it is recognised that such variationsin thrust geometry are a fundamental feature of most thrust belts and do not require a single regionally significant cause.

The Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna from Peary Land, North Greenland, is a rich repository of soft-bodied and poorly-sclerotised fossils. A new arthropod from the fauna, Kleptothule rasmusseni, is described. The animal is broadly trilobite-like, possessing a trilobed exoskeleton which is divided into distinct cephalic, thoracic and caudal regions. However, it is unusual in that it possesses a large number of segments, and demonstrates pronounced cephalic segmentation, and a very narrow cephalon and thorax. There is some evidence that the exoskeleton was lightly mineralised.

Kleptothule is compared to some of the olenellimd trilobites, especially those taxa that possess a many-segmented ‘opisthothorax’. Its morphology raises some issues discussed by Lauterbach (1983) in his assignment of some olenellids to the stem-group of the chelicerates. However, it is not considered herein that such a model can be supported. A complete analysis of basal trilobites and the stem-group leading to them must await a fuller description of key taxa from China and Greenland.

A formal lithostratigraphy is erected for all the Ordovician rocks in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. At the base of the succession, the Crawford Group (Arenig–Llanvirn) encompasses the chert and lava sequences usually associated with the tract-bounding faults, and includes the only proven Arenig rocks in the Southern Uplands. The overlying Moffat Shale Group (Caradoc–Llandovery) is now restricted to the black and grey graptolitic shales which succeed the grey and red chert successions. The Leadhills Supergroup (Caradoc–Ashgill) forms the overwhelming bulk of the sedimentary succession and includes the thick Ordovician turbidite successions of the Northern Belt. Existing stratigraphical terminology is reviewed, revised or extended as appropriate to maintain maximum continuity with current usage. Type sections for each unit are either proposed, where newly defined or revised, or cited in the case of existing definitions.

The upper Cambrian trilobite Olenus wahlenbergi Westergård, 1922 occurs abun- dantly in stinkstone concretions in the Alum Shales at Andrarum, in Skåne, southern Sweden (Olenus/Homagnostus obesus Zone). All growth stages from anaprotaspis onwards are represented, though the early stages are comparatively uncommon and complete specimens are rare. Fine details of structure are preserved, suitable for scanning electron microscopic study.

The protaspis has five axial rings, which in the adult become divided transversely and reduced to three, and the preglabellar field expands markedly in the holaspis. The librigena broadens during development and the eye, with its widely separated lenses is retained on the librigena throughout meraspid development. The visual surface dehisces during ecdysis from the early holaspid onwards, due to emplacement of the ocular suture. The hypostome apparently changes from a conterminant to a natant condition in the early holaspis, which is consistent with the growth of the preglabellar field at this stage. The transitory pygidium has a slightly serrated margin throughout development, but becomes entire when all thoracic segments have been liberated.

Cuticular sculpture changes dramatically throughout ontogeny. Large (Type A) tubercles appear on the fixigena in early meraspides; these become prominent and coalesce by the end of meraspid development. They are abruptly replaced by smaller (Type B) tubercles in the early holaspid, which link to form a rough network in mature specimens. Comparable Type A tubercles in early meraspid librigenae give rise to a strong polygonal caecal sculpture in holaspids, while a radial sculpture on the broadening anterior border develops independently. The significance of these cuticular changes remains obscure. A median occipital organ is described for the first time in the Olenidae.

One of the writers' main aims has been to help to prepare the way for a new approach to problems in which the natural occurrence of forsteritic olivines is a vital factor. Variation in their shapes and textural relations in minor intrusions, lavas and melts is examined and the historical development of concepts of their growth and resorption, particularly in magmas, is traced. Particular attention is focused on the olivines of picritic, minor intrusions. It is concluded that in the interpretation of olivine shapes there has been discrimination in favour of magmatic resorption rather than skeletal crystallization. From a wide and detailed survey of forsteritic olivines it is established that they tend to grow rapidly and that their phenomenal variation in habit and shape is probably due to a specific growth sensitivity to slight environmental differences. Concepts of the physical conditions leading to skeletal crystallization are briefly reviewed and discussed.

Silurian and late Ordovician K-bentonites of the British Isles provide a record of prolonged volcanism during the convergence of terranes associated with closure of the Iapetus and Tornquist Oceans. In the Southern Uplands–Longford-Down and Midland Valley terranes, they range from late Caradoc to Telychian, withfurther early Homerian occurrences. South of the Iapetus suture, in Eastern Avalonia, the range is Hirnantianto early Ludlow in northern England and early Telychian to earliest Ludfordian in the Welsh Borderland and English Midlands. In both cases, the distributions indicate that volcanism was more long-lived and probably more extensive than is depicted in current plate tectonic reconstructions. Average intervals between K-bentonites are estimated, based on Harland et al. (1990), as: c. 65000 years at Dob's Linn (late Aeronian to early Telychian); c. 39000 years in the Cautley area (Telychian); c. 51000 years in a borehole at Walsall (late Llandovery to Sheinwoodian). Trace element geochemistry suggests mostly subalkaline dacitic to rhyolitic magmas in which LILE-enrichment accompanies variable enrichment in crustally derived elements (Ta, Nb). The geochemistry suggests comparison with continental arc volcanism of ‘withinplate, attenuated lithosphere’ character. Ta–Nb enrichment and an absence of Eu anomalies from REE profiles are consistently present northof the Iapetus suture, but trace element patterns are less consistent south of the suture where negative Eu anomalies are generally present. Discriminant function analysis successfully distinguishes Llandovery, Wenlockand Ludlow K-bentonites from south of the Iapetus suture, and Llandovery K-bentonites from north and south ofthe suture. Those from north of the Iapetus suture probably originated in volcanism along the southern marginof Laurentia before final closure of the Iapetus Ocean. Those from south of the suture may have been derived from volcanism associated with late destruction of Iapetus and Tornquist oceanic crust, although an alternative involving volcanism at the southern margin of Eastern Avalonia or Baltica may accord better with the distribution of K-bentonites and the geographical trend of the fragmentary outcrops of Silurian volcanic rocks from southern Ireland to Belgium.

The early Tertiary Mull-Morvern lava succession, NW Scotland, represents the thickest continuous section (1000 m from sea level to the top of Ben More) of Tertiary lavas exposed in the UK. This succession has been sampled and geochemically analysed, on a flow-by-flow basis, throughout the lava succession. Field observations during the course of this sampling suggest that the early lava flows (the Staffa Magma sub-Type) ponded in palaeovalleys along with interlava sediments. In the main part of the Mull lava succession (the Mull Plateau Group) the lava flows are on average ∼ 5 m thick. Most previous Hebridean workers have assumed that the red horizons commonly found between these later lava flows, represent weathered flow tops. However, this study has shown that in some places these red ‘boles’ appear to be a combination of both volcanic ash and weathered basalt.

Chemically distinctive units of flows have been found throughout the succession. The two most abundant magma sub-types of the Mull Plateau Group, primitive (>9wt% MgO) basalts with Ba/Nb» 15 and more evolved (<9wt% MgO) basalts-hawaiites with Ba/Nb<15, form packets of flow units which can be up to 200 m thick. These chemically distinctive flow units have been correlated across the lava succession. However, the correlation of individual lava flows has proved difficult. The Mull Plateau Group lavas generally become more evolved and less contaminated with continental crust towards the top of the succession, culminating in the trachytes of the Pale Group on Ben More. Basaltic lavas above the Pale Group have markedly different trace element ratios, and seem to represent shallower, more extensive asthenospheric melting than the Mull Plateau Group.

An in situ magnetic susceptibility survey of Unit 10 of the Eastern Layered Intrusion of the Isle of Rum, in a line perpendicular to the strike, was carried out as a guide to selecting sampling sites for subsequent laboratory magnetic studies. These laboratory studies indicate that the dominant magnetic phase is magnetite. An effective particle size of the magnetite was derived from the magnetic data: it was found that high concentrations (∼0·3%) of magnetite in the perioditites were achieved by the presence of fewer but larger particles. The regions of lower magnetite concentration (∼0·01%), which are mainly in the plagioclase-rich rocks, contain more abundant but smaller particles.

The variations in magnetic properties correlate with the abundance and inferred temperatures of formation of hydrothermal alteration minerals in the rocks. Petrographic observations indicate temperatures of alteration of 500–800°C in the olivine-rich peridodites in the lower part of the Unit, but of the order of 300°C in the plagioclase-rich rocks at the top of the Unit.

These relationships between magnetic mineralogy and hydrothermal alteration suggest that the magnetite was produced by olivine oxidation during hydrothermal alteration. It is proposed that variations in the magnetic properties of layered cumulate rocks may be used to map out variations in the temperature and intensity of hydrothermal fluid flow. The variations in the Unit 10 rocks studied are interpreted as indicating control of high-temperature hydrothermal fluid flow through them by contrast in permeability between brittle peridotites and quasiplastic plagioclase-rich rocks.

Manned submersible dives were conducted in the submarine canyon channel system of Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic Ocean. Visual observations were made, and sediment samples collected and analysed to elucidate the nature of the sedimentary regime. In the upper part of the canyon (480-940 m water depth) sediments consisted of a mixture of terrigenous quartz rich silts and sands, skeletal carbonate of benthonic and planktonic origin and minor clay minerals and authigenic dolomite. There were localised Lophelia pertusa coral thickets on both the flanks and floor of the canyon. Sedimentary structures and physical measurements revealed there to be active transport of sediments in the canyon down to a depth of at least 940 m, effected by (?tidal) reversing currents and bioturbation. In these parts of the canyon, deposits around glacial dropstones and coral thickets indicate that there has been a maximum of 0-1 m of net sediment accumulation since the last glacial period. At 3000 m water depth, in the channel system, the sediments were fine calcareous ooze with a drape (up to 0-3 m thick) of flocculant phytoplankton detritus. At these depths, there was no evidence for present-day sediment resuspension by currents.

Marine shelf siliciclastics of the early Cambrian Buen Formation of North Greenland have yielded the earliest abundant, well localised Bradoriida (Arthropoda) from the Laurentian part of North America: the shelf-dwelling Petrianna gen. nov. Petrianna apparently has a fairly rigid, phosphatic shell. Its assignment to the Cambriidae, a family markedly dissimilar morphologically from the phosphatocopines (the only Bradoriida hitherto regarded as having a primary phosphatic shell), implies rejection of the criterion of carapace composition in the ordinal/subordinal classification of Bradoriida.

Petrianna confirms the Bradoriida as a consistent component of the earliest arthropod faunas. Cambriids are currently known only from the early Cambrian of Greenland, Siberia and China and offer potential for correlation. Cambriid occurrences span parts of the Redlichiid, Olenellid and Bigotinid trilobite faunal realms but are known only from tropical/subtropical regions, thus indicating possible palaeolatitudinal controls on their distribution.

A deep borehole drilled at Rookhope in Weardale, Co. Durham in 1960–61 proved the Weardale Granite below Carboniferous sediments at a depth of 390 m; an account of the Carboniferous rocks is presented. The boring commenced in the basal Namurian Great Limestone and entered the Dinantian at the bottom of the limestone at 25 m. Most of the ten Brigantian cyclothems sectioned in the borehole are compound and average 30 m thick. They consist of an initial cycle often more than 20 m thick and overlying minor cycles that are usuallyless than 6 m thick. Each of the cycles, both initial and minor, are coarsening upwards sequences from marine limestone or mudstohe to deltaic and fluvial mudstone, sandstone, seatearth and occasionally a thin coal seam. The underlying Asbian consists of seven cyclothems averaging 8 m thick. By contrast they are simple coarsening upwards sequences similar to the Brigantian initial cycles, but no minor cycles are developed.

Marine fossils are abundant in the majority of cyclothems and are listed against their stratigraphical horizon in the borehole. Special studies of miospores, conodonts and foraminiferans from the borehole are presented. A consensus of biostratigraphical evidence shows that the base of the Carboniferous succession in the borehole is of early Asbian age.

There are three distinct Silurian successions exposed in South Mayo and North Galway, western Ireland, of which the Louisburgh-Clare Island succession is the most northerly. It is separated from the adjacent Croagh Patrick succession by the Emlagh Fault. Three of the formations (Strake Banded, Knockmore Sandstone, Bunnamohaun Siltstone) in this 1·5 km Louisburgh–Clare Island succession had previously been interpreted as intertidal to offshore marine deposits. Almost all the facies present display characteristics of fluvial sedimentation and there is evidence for a contemporaneous volcanic centre to the west of the present outcrop. The exceptions are some grey laminated mudrocks with a fragmentary fauna which are interpreted as lacustrine and which show striking similarities to parts of the Silurian inliers in the central Midland Valley of Scotland. Despite these similarities the evidence for direct connection between western Ireland and Scotland is unproven. Within western Ireland correlations are hindered by uncertainties of the age of the Louisburgh-Clare Island succession and the age span of the adjacent Croagh Patrick succession.

In a recent paper Johnston et al. (1994) have provided an innovative interpretation of the tectonostratigraphic relationships between distinct terranes juxtaposed along the Intra–Sudetic Fault in the Sudetes Mountainsof the Polish Variscides. They identified this fault as a major crustal fracture between Gondwana and Baltica, rramed the Tornquist Suture, resulting from the closure of the Tornquist Sea during the Caledonian orogeny. This interpretation is based on new U/Pb ages on zircon and titanite from igneous and metamorphic rocks (Oliver et al. 1993), field observations and reassessment of pre–existing data. Previously, the Sudetes were generally thought to haveformed during the Hercynian orogeny, although Caledonian age deformation was also inferred (Oberc 1977, 1986; Don 1984, 1986, 1990).