^{page 515 note *} I have not learnt in what years, these two previous floods occurred. The Roller Flood takes its name from the circumstance that a large wooden roller for farm purposes, lying on Leeshaugh, near Coldstream, was lifted by the flood, carried down to the mouth of the river, and stranded on Spital beach. Having been recovered, it was sent back to Lees. Probably this flood occurred in October 1797, the year in which Kelso Bridge was swept away.

The Berwick Fair Flood is supposed to have occurred in the month of May,—that being the month of the principal fair at Berwick. Mr Jeffrey, in his “ History of Roxburghshire,” mentions that a flood occurred in the Teviot in the year 1846, which was greater than that in 1831. In the Tweed, this flood did not rise so high as that in the year 1831.

^{page 515 note †} Near the junction of the Tweed and Whitadder, a considerable change has visibly taken place in the course and levels of both rivers. The Ordnance Survey Map indicates that the Tweed below Gainslaw farm has left traces of an ancient bed, at least 50 yards north of its present channel; and at that place the south bank shows a high cliff, indicating the action of the stream against it, probably after the river left the north bank. But there are more ancient records of change than those noted by the Ordnance surveyors. About ¼ of a mile to the north there is a steepish bank, the base of which is now 21 feet above the surface of the Tweed; and in the Whitadder valley there is a corresponding bank at the same height, showing that the two rivers had once united, at or near a point about a mile from where the Whitadder now joins the Tweed. The flood mark of the Whitadder now is only about 12 or 13 feet above the stream in its present channel.

^{page 525 note *} As notice has been taken of a considerable change in the course of the river at Melrose, by which, property once on the north side became transferred to the south, a similar case may be mentioned as having occurred between Carham and Cornhill. At this place there is an extensive haugh on the south side of the Tweed, now under cultivation. It is bounded on the south by a bank about 50 feet high, and exceedingly steep. It is plain that this bank has been formed by the river when it ran about 25 feet above its present channel. A hollow along a part of that bank at its base, has from time immemorial gone by the name of “ Dry Tweed.” There is here a portion of land possessed by Sir John Marjoribanks, Bart., as part of his estate of Lees, which estate is situated on the north side of the river, and in Scotland. The river is here the boundary between England and Scotland. This bit of land extends to 12 or 13 acres. Sir John's right having been questioned, he established it by old plans in a court of law some years ago. Robert Chambers, in his “Ancient Sea Margins” (p. 180), refers to two terraces noticed by him near Abbotsford and Galashiels—one 346, and the other 395 feet above the sea.

^{page 530 note *} In the “ Berwickshire Nat. Club,” vol. ii. p. 345, there will be found a list of old camps, castles, and towers situated in this part of the Borderland. In this list several are mentioned as situated near Millfield Plain, which are not marked in the Ordnance Map.

^{page 530 note †} The names of “ Howmyre ” and “ Floaty,” which refer to places or fields on the lower grounds, probably originate from this cause.

^{page 531 note *} The rock was pointed out to me by Mr Hardie, Secretary of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club.

^{page 532 note *} The Parish Churches of Morebattle and Linton are on the top of sandy knolls, adjoining the Cayle. Their singular position has given rise to legends, notice of which will be found in Jeffrey's “ Roxburghshire,” vol. i. pp. 41 and 43.

^{page 533 note *} In Eccles parish, at Hardacres, there is an old camp, on the west end of a kaim or high gravelridge, whichhad been surrounded by water on three sides. Swinton Loch is also spoken of, in “ Boston's Memoirs.” There is not even a marsh there now.

^{page 537 note *} The original name of this farm was “ Boulders Broch ”—supposed to mean a broch or fortress formed of boulders. Boulders were formerly there in great numbers, the foundations of strong walls.

^{page 541 note *} These ridges of gravel have so influenced the popular mind as to be made use of for identifying places on the Borders. The terms “ Long-ridge,” “ Kaims,” “ Kaim-know,” “ Kaim-flat,” “ Cambridge,” “ Campton,” all have reference to these ridges. The estate of Kaims, in Eccles parish, when its proprietor Henry Home, a historian and philosopher, was made a Judge in the Supreme Court of Scotland, supplied him with a title—Lord Kames.

^{page 541 note †} The direction of the striæ on the Kerchester Boulders (page 546) and the Carham Limestone rock (page 548) agrees with the direction of the gravel ridges near Kaimflat and Kelso.

^{page 544 note *} These granite pebbles must have come from the Dumfriesshire hills.

^{page 545 note *} A somewhat similar case has been mentioned to me by Mr Curle of Melrose. He states that, when a cutting was made for the railway between St Boswells and Earlston, a well-rounded boulder was extracted from boulder clay, about 4½ feet by 3 feet in size. It was a porphyry of exactly the same nature as that now quarried on the north side of the Eildon hills, distant to the west of the boulder about 3 miles, and at about the same level above the sea. It was lying with its longer axis about east and west, and there were striæ on its surface in the same direction.

^{page 546 note *} In the channel of the River Tweed, at Carham, I observed a number of boulders in the stream. Those which were of an oblong shape, lay with their points up stream.

^{page 549 note *} These dislocations are explained in a little treatise, entituled “ The Estuary of the Forth.” Blackwood: 1871.

^{page 551 note *} Mr Leslie, C.E., Edinburgh, tells me (18th May 1875), that in the parish of Temple (on the north side of the Lammermuirs) a bore was lately put down under his orders, which went through a solid bed of pure sand to the depth of 130 feet, without reaching rock. The spot is 800 feet above the sea.

^{page 554 note *} The slight discrepancy as to the height of these old sea margins, as given by different authors, may arise from the measurements being made, in some cases, from high-water mark; in others, from the supposed medium sea-level. All the Ordnance Survey measurements are from the medium sea-level. But as it is almost impossible for geologists, in their excursions, to ascertain the medium sealevel, they invariably measure from the apparent line of the last high water, produced by a spring or a neap tide.