Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:09:12.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Quaternary sea level change in Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2018

David E. SMITH ,
Natasha L.M. BARLOW ,
Sarah L. BRADLEY ,
Callum R. FIRTH ,
Adrian M. HALL ,
Jason T. JORDAN  and
David LONG
David E. SMITH
Affiliation:
School of Geography, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Natasha L.M. BARLOW
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Email: [email protected]
Sarah L. BRADLEY
Affiliation:
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]
Callum R. FIRTH
Affiliation:
Faculty of Social and Applied Science, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, UK. Email: [email protected]
Adrian M. HALL
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: [email protected]
Jason T. JORDAN
Affiliation:
School of Energy, Construction & Environment, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK. Email: [email protected]
David LONG
Affiliation:
Formerly British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Riccarton, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper summarises developments in understanding sea level change during the Quaternary in Scotland since the publication of the Quaternary of Scotland Geological Conservation Review volume in 1993. We present a review of progress in methodology, particularly in the study of sediments in isolation basins and estuaries as well as in techniques in the field and laboratory, which have together disclosed greater detail in the record of relative sea level (RSL) change than was available in 1993. However, progress in determining the record of RSL change varies in different areas. Studies of sediments and stratigraphy offshore on the continental shelf have increased greatly, but the record of RSL change there remains patchy. Studies onshore have resulted in improvements in the knowledge of rock shorelines, including the processes by which they are formed, but much remains to be understood. Studies of Late Devensian and Holocene RSLs around present coasts have improved knowledge of both the extent and age range of the evidence. The record of RSL change on the W and NW coasts has disclosed a much longer dated RSL record than was available before 1993, possibly with evidence of Meltwater Pulse 1A, while studies in estuaries on the E and SW coasts have disclosed widespread and consistent fluctuations in Holocene RSLs. Evidence for the meltwater pulse associated with the Early Holocene discharge of Lakes Agassiz–Ojibway in N America has been found on both E and W coasts. The effects of the impact of storminess, in particular in cliff-top storm deposits, have been widely identified. Further information on the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami has enabled a better understanding of the event, but evidence for other tsunami events on Scottish coasts remains uncertain. Methodological developments have led to new reconstructions of RSL change for the last 2000 years, utilising state-of-the-art GIA models and alongside coastal biostratigraphy to determine trends to compare with modern tide gauge and documentary evidence. Developments in GIA modelling have provided valuable information on patterns of land uplift during and following deglaciation. The studies undertaken raise a number of research questions which will require addressing in future work.

Keywords

Carselandcontinental shelfglacial isostatic adjustmentisolation basinrelative sea levelrock shorelinestormstsunamis
Type
Articles
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 110 , Issue 1-2: Advances in Scottish Quaternary Studies , March 2019 , pp. 219 - 256
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

11. References

Austin, M. J. & Masselink, G. 2006. Observations of morphological change and sediment transport on a steep gravel beach. Marine Geology 229, 59–77.Google Scholar
Auton, C. A., Gordon, J. E., Merritt, J. W. & Walker, M. J. C. 2000. The glacial and interstadial sediments at the Burn of Benholm, Kincardineshire: evidence for onshore pre-Devensian ice movement in northeast Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 15, 141–56.Google Scholar
Auton, C. A., Firth, C. R., Pearson, S. G. & Spencer, J. 2005. Onshore evidence for Late-Quaternary sea-level changes in the Dounreay area. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report CR/05/08. 106 pp.Google Scholar
Bailey, E. B., Clough, C., Wright, W., Richey, J. & Wilson, G. 1924. Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Geology of Mull, Loch Aline and Oban. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Scotland, Sheet 44. Edinburgh: HMSO.Google Scholar
Bailey, G. N. & Flemming, N. C. 2008. Archaeology of the continental shelf: marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 2153–65.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. 2007. Glacial landforms, trimlines and palaeonunataks. In Elias, S. A. (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Quaternary Science, 892–903. Oxford: Elsevier. 3576 pp.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. 2010. Extent and deglacial chronology of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet: implications of exposure dating using cosmogenic isotopes. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 515–34.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Schnabel, C. & Xu, S. 2009. Readvance of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet during Greenland Interstade 1 (GI-1): the Wester Ross Readvance, NW Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 783–89.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Wilson, P., Gheorghiu, D. & Rodés, Á. 2014. Enhanced rock-slope failures following ice-sheet deglaciation: timing and causes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39, 900–13.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Small, D. In press. The Last Scottish Ice Sheet. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Stone, J. O. 2012. Did large ice caps persist on low ground in north-west Scotland during the Lateglacial Interstade? Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 297–306.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Stone, J. O. 2013. Timing and periodicity of paraglacial rock-slope failures in the Scottish Highlands. Geomorphology 186, 150–61.Google Scholar
Barber, D. C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A. E., Andrews, J. T., Kerwin, M. W., Billodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southons, J., Morehead, M. D. & Gagnon, J.-M. 1999. Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature 400, 344–48.Google Scholar
Barlow, N. L. M., Shennan, I., Long, A. J., Gehrels, W. R., Saher, M. H., Woodroffe, S. A. & Hillier, C. 2013. Salt marshes as geological tide gauges. Global and Planetary Change 106, 90–110.Google Scholar
Barlow, N. L. M., Long, A. J., Saher, M. H., Gehrels, W. R., Garnett, M. H. & Scaife, R. G. 2014. Salt-marsh reconstructions of relative sea-level change in the North Atlantic during the last 2000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 99, 1–16.Google Scholar
Barrass, B. F. & Paul, M. A. 1999. Sedimentology and depositional history of the Claret Formation (“carse clay”) at Bothkennar, near Grangemouth. Scottish Journal of Geology 35, 131–44.Google Scholar
Behre, K.-E. 2004. Coastal development, sea-level change and settlement history during the later Holocene in the Clay district of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), northern Germany. Quaternary International 112, 37–53.Google Scholar
Benn, D. I. & Dawson, A. G. 1987. A Devensian glaciomarine sequence in western Islay, Inner Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology 23, 175–87.Google Scholar
Berry, R. J. 2000. Orkney Nature. London: Academic Press. 256 pp.Google Scholar
Blanco Chao, R., Costa Casais, M., Martínez Cortizas, A., Pérez Alberti, A. & Trenhaile, A. 2003. Evolution and inheritance of a rock coast: western Galicia, northwestern Spain. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 757–75.Google Scholar
Bondevik, S., Mangerud, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, A. G. & Lohne, Ø. 2003. Record-breaking height for 8000-year-old tsunami in the North Atlantic. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 84, 289–93.Google Scholar
Bondevik, S., Mangerud, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, A. G. & Lohne, Ø. 2005. Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 1757–75.Google Scholar
Bondevik, S., Stormo, S. K. & Skjerdal, G. 2012. Green mosses date the Storegga tsunami to the chilliest decades of the 8.2ka cold event. Quaternary Science Reviews 45, 1–6.Google Scholar
Boulton, G. S., Peacock, J. D. & Sutherland, D. G. 1991. Quaternary. In Craig, G.Y. (ed.) Geology of Scotland, 503–43. London: The Geological Society. 628 pp.Google Scholar
Boulton, G. & Hagdorn, M. 2006. Glaciology of the British Isles Ice Sheet during the last glacial cycle: form, flow, streams and lobes. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 3359–90.Google Scholar
Bradley, S. L., Milne, G. A., Shennan, I. & Edwards, R. 2011. An improved glacial isostatic adjustment model for the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science 26, 541–52.Google Scholar
Bradley, S. L., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Whitehouse, P. L., Bentley, M. J. & King, M. A. 2015. Low post-glacial rebound rates in the Weddell Sea due to Late Holocene ice-sheet readvance. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 413, 79–89.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. S. & Larter, R. 2007. Geomorphological signature and flow dynamics of the Minch palaeo-ice stream, northwest Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 609–17.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. S., Golledge, N. R., Wilson, C. K., Merritt, J. W., Long, D., Everest, J. D., Hestvik, O. B., Stevenson, A. G., Hubbard, A. L., Finlayson, A. G. & Mathers, H. E. 2008. The northern sector of the last British Ice Sheet: Maximum extent and demise. Earth Science Reviews 88, 207–26.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T. & Stoker, M. S. 2015a. Asymmetric ice-sheet retreat pattern around northern Scotland revealed by marine geophysical surveys. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, 297–322.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T. & Stoker, M. S. 2015b. Submarine sediment and landform record of a palaeo-ice stream within the British-Irish Ice Sheet. Boreas 44 245–76.Google Scholar
Bremner, A. 1925. The glacial geology of the Stonehaven district. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 11, 25–41.Google Scholar
BRITICE-CHRONO. 2017. Constraining Rates and Style of Ice Sheet Decay. Natural Environment Research Council. Available at www.britice.chrono.orgGoogle Scholar
Brooks, A. J., Bradley, S. L., Edwards, R. J., Milne, G. A., Horton, B. & Shennan, I. 2008. Postglacial relative sea-level observations from Ireland and their role in glacial rebound modelling. Journal of Quaternary Science 23, 175–92.Google Scholar
Browne, M. A. E., Armstrong, M., Paterson, I. B. & Aitken, A. M. 1981. New evidence of Late Devensian marine limits in east-central Scotland. Quaternary Newsletter 34, 8–15.Google Scholar
Browne, M. A. E., Armstrong, M., Paterson, I. B. & Aitken, A. M. 1982. New evidence for Late Devensian marine limits in east-central Scotland – a reply. Quaternary Newsletter 35, 14–17.Google Scholar
Browne, M. A. E. & McMillan, A. A. 1984. Shoreline inheritance and coastal history in the Firth of Clyde. Scottish Journal of Geology 20, 119–20.Google Scholar
Campbell, R. 1934. On the occurrence of shelly boulder clay and interglacial deposits in Kincardineshire. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 13, 176–82.Google Scholar
Cave, J. A. S. & Ballantyne, C. K. 2016. Catastrophic rock-slope failures in NW Scotland: quantitative analysis and implications. Scottish Geographical Journal 132, 185–209.Google Scholar
Choi, K. H., Seong, Y. B., Jung, P. M. & Lee, S. Y. 2012. Using cosmogenic 10Be dating to unravel the antiquity of a rocky shore platform on the West Coast of Korea. Journal of Coastal Research 28, 641–57.Google Scholar
Clapperton, C. M. 1997. Greenland Ice Cores and North Atlantic Sediments: Implications for the Last Glaciation in Scotland. In Gordon, J. E. (ed.) Reflections on the Ice Age in Scotland: an update on Quaternary studies, 45–58. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage.Google Scholar
Clark, C. D., Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L., Jordan, C. & Sejrup, H. P. 2012. Pattern and timing of retreat of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 44, 112–46.Google Scholar
Crampton, C. B. & Carruthers, R. G., Horne, J. & Peach, B. N 1914. The Geology of Caithness (Sheet 110 and 116 with parts of 109, 115 and 117). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland DR110, DR116. Edinburgh: HMSO.Google Scholar
Cullingford, R. A. 1977. Lateglacial raised shorelines and deglaciation in the Earn-Tay area. In Gray, J. M. & Lowe, J. J. (eds) Studies in the Scottish Lateglacial Environment, 15–32. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 197 pp.Google Scholar
Cullingford, R. A. & Smith, D. E. 1980. Late Devensian raised shorelines in Angus and Kincardineshire, Scotland. Boreas 9, 21–38.Google Scholar
Cutler, K., Edwards, R., Taylor, F., Cheng, H., Adkins, J., Gallup, C., Cutler, P., Burr, G. & Bloom, A. 2003. Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature change since the last interglacial period. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 206, 253–71.Google Scholar
Davenport, C. A. & Ringrose, P. S. 1987. Deformation of Scottish Quaternary sediment sequences by strong earthquake motions. In Jones, M. E. & Preston, R. M. F. (eds) Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 29, 299–314. London & Bath: The Geological Association. 350 pp.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1979. Raised shorelines of Jura, Scarba and NE Islay. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1980. The Low Rock Platform in western Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 91, 339–44.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1984. Quaternary sea-level changes in western Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 3, 345–68.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1988. The Main Rock Platform (Main Lateglacial Shoreline) in Ardnamurchan and Moidart, western Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 24, 163–74.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1991. Scottish Landform Examples – 3. The raised shorelines of northern Islay and western Jura. Scottish Geographical Magazine 107, 207–12.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1993a. North-west coast of Islay. In Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) Quaternary of Scotland, 378–82. London: Chapman and Hall. xxi+695 pp.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1993b. West coast of Jura. In Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) Quaternary of Scotland, 382–88. London: Chapman and Hall. xxi + 695 pp.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G. 1994. Strandflat development and Quaternary shorelines on Tiree and Coll, Scottish Hebrides. Journal of Quaternary Science 9, 349–56.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Benn, D. I. & Dawson, S. 1997. Late Quaternary glaciomarine sedimentation in the Rhinns of Islay, Scottish Inner Hebrides. In Dawson, A. G. & Dawson, S. (eds) Quaternary of Islay and Jura, 66–67. Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Long, D. & Smith, D. E. 1988. The Storegga slides: evidence from eastern Scotland for a possible tsunami. Marine Geology 82, 271–76.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Smith, D. E., Dawson, S., Brooks, C. L., Foster, I. D. L. & Tooley, M. J. 1999. Lateglacial climate change and coastal evolution in western Jura, Scottish Inner Hebrides. Geologie En Mijnbouw 77, 225–32.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Hickey, K., Holt, T., Elliott, L., Dawson, S., Foster, I. D. L., Wadhams, P., Jonsdottir, I., Wilkinson, J., McKenna, J., Davis, N. R. & Smith, D. E. 2002. Complex North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index signal of historic North Atlantic storm-track changes. The Holocene 12, 363–69.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Dawson, S. & Bondevik, S. 2006. A Late Holocene tsunami at Basta Voe, Yell, Shetland Isles. Scottish Geographical Journal 122, 100–08.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Dawson, S. & Ritchie, W. 2007. Historical climatology and coastal change associated with the “Great Storm” of January 2005, South Uist and Benbecula, Scottish Outer Hebrides. Scottish Geographical Journal 123, 135–49.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Bondevik, S. & Teller, J. T. 2011. Relative timing of the Storegga submarine slide, methane release, and climate change during the 8.2ka cold event. The Holocene 21, 1167–71.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. G., Dawson, S., Cooper, J. A. G., Gemmell, A. M. D. & Bates, R. 2013a. A Pliocene age and origin for the strandflat of the Western Isles of Scotland: a speculative hypothesis. Geological Magazine 150, 360–66.Google Scholar
Dawson, S., Dawson, A. G. & Edwards, K. J. 1998. Rapid Holocene relative sea-level changes in Gruinart, Isle of Islay, Scottish Inner Hebrides. The Holocene 8, 183–95.Google Scholar
Dawson, S., Smith, D. E., Jordan, J. & Dawson, A. G. 2004. Late Holocene coastal sand movements in the Outer Hebrides, N.W. Scotland. Marine Geology 210, 281–306.Google Scholar
Dawson, S., Powell, V. A., Duck, R. W. & McGlashan, D. J. 2013b. Discussion of Rennie, A. F. & Hansom, J. D. 2011. Sea level trend reversal: Land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland's coast, Geomorphology 125(1), 193–202. Geomorphology 197, 185–86.Google Scholar
Dawson, S. & Smith, D. E. 1997. Holocene relative sea-level changes on the margin of a glacio-isostatically uplifted area: an example from northern Caithness, Scotland. The Holocene 7, 59–77.Google Scholar
Dawson, S. & Smith, D. E. 2000. The sedimentology of middle Holocene tsunami facies in northern Sutherland, Scotland. Marine Geology 170, 69–79.Google Scholar
De la Vega-Leinert, A. C., Keen, D. H., Jones, R. L., Wells, J. M. & Smith, D. E. 2000. Mid-Holocene environmental changes in the Bay of Skaill, Mainland Orkney, Scotland: an integrated geomorphological, sedimentological and stratigraphical study. Journal of Quaternary Science 15, 509–28.Google Scholar
De la Vega-Leinert, A. C., Smith, D. E. & Jones, R. L. 2007. Holocene coastal environmental changes on the periphery of an area of glacio-isostatic uplift: an example from Scapa Bay, Orkney, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 755–72.Google Scholar
De la Vega-Leinert, A. C., Smith, D. E. & Jones, R. L. 2012. Holocene coastal barrier development at Bay of Carness, Mainland Island, Orkney, Scotland. Scottish Geographical Journal 128, 119–47.Google Scholar
Deschamps, P., Durand, N., Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Camoin, G., Thomas, A. L., Henderson, G. M., Okuno, J. & Yokoyama, Y. 2012. Ice-sheet collapse and sea-level rise at the Bølling warming 14,600 years ago. Nature 483, 559–64.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. F. & Ryan, P. D. 2017. Storm, rogue wave, or tsunami origin for megaclast deposits in western Ireland and North Island, New Zealand? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, E10639–47.Google Scholar
Donnelly, J., Goff, J. & Chagué-Goff, C. 2017. A record of local storms and trans-Pacific tsunamis, eastern Banks Peninsula, New Zealand. The Holocene 27, 496–508.Google Scholar
Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U., DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S. & Raymo, M. E. 2015. Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods. Science 349, aaa4019 (2015). DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa4019.Google Scholar
Ellison, C. R. W., Chapman, M. R. & Hall, I. R. 2006. Surface and deep ocean interactions during the cold climate event 8200 years ago. Science 312, 1929–32.Google Scholar
Evans, D., McGiveron, S., Harrison, Z., Bryn, P. & Berg, K. 2002. Along-slope variation in the late Neogene evolution of the mid-Norwegian margin in response to uplift and tectonism. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 196, 139–51.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, R. G. 1989. A 17,000 year glacio-isostatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation. Nature 342, 637–42.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, R. G. 1990. The age and origin of the “Younger Dryas climate event” in Greenland ice cores. Paleoceanography 5, 937–48.Google Scholar
Farrell, W. E. & Clark, J. A. 1976. On postglacial sea level. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 46, 647–67.Google Scholar
Fenton, C. H. 1991. Neotectonics and palaeoseismicity in North West Scotland. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Fenton, C. H. & Ringrose, P. S. 1992. Glacio-isostatic faulting and palaeoseismicity in the area of Glen Roy. In Fenton, C. H. (ed.) Neotectonics in Scotland: a Field Guide, 41–53. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Finlayson, A., Fabel, D., Bradwell, T. & Sugden, D. 2014. Growth and decay of a marine terminating sector of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet: a geomorphological reconstruction. Quaternary Science Reviews 83, 28–45.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R. 1986. Isostatic depression during the Loch Lomond Stadial – evidence from the Loch Ness area. Quaternary Newsletter 48, 1–9.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R. 1989. Isostatic depression during the Loch Lomond Stadial – evidence from the Inner Moray Firth, Scotland. Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar 111, 296–98.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R., Smith, D. E. & Cullingford, R. A. 1993. Late Devensian and Holocene glacio-isostatic uplift patterns in Scotland. Quaternary Proceedings 3, 1–14.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R., Smith, D. E., Hansom, J. D. & Pearson, S. G. 1995. Holocene spit development on a regressive shoreline, Dornoch Firth, Scotland. Marine Geology 124, 203–14.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R., Collins, P. E. F. & Smith, D. E. 1997. Coastal processes and management of Scottish estuaries IV – The Firth of Forth. Scottish Natural Heritage Review 87. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage, 124 pp.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R., Collins, P. E. F. & Smith, D. E. 2000. Coastal processes and management of Scottish estuaries V – The Solway Firth. Scottish Natural Heritage Review 93. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage, 128 pp.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R., Collins, P. E. F. & Smith, D. E. 2002. Coastal processes and management of Scottish estuaries VI – The Firth of Clyde. Scottish Natural Heritage Review 108. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage, 130 pp.Google Scholar
Firth, C. R. & Stewart, I. S. 2000. Postglacial tectonics of the Scottish glacio-isostatic uplift centre. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 1469–93.Google Scholar
Flinn, D. 1964. Coastal and submarine features around the Shetland Islands. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 75, 321–40.Google Scholar
Flinn, D. 1969. On the development of coastal profiles in the north of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland. Scottish Journal of Geology 5, 393–99.Google Scholar
Flinn, D. 1973. The topography of the seafloor around Orkney and Shetland and in the northern North Sea. Journal of the Geological Society 129, 39–59.Google Scholar
Franzén, L. G. 1990. Transport, deposition and distribution of marine aerosols over southern Sweden during dry westerly storms. Ambio 19, 180–88.Google Scholar
Fredin, O., Viola, G., Zwingmann, H., Sørlie, R., Brönner, M., Lie, J-E., Grandal, E. M., Müller, A., Margreth, A. & Vogt, C. 2017. The inheritance of a Mesozoic landscape in western Scandinavia. Nature Communications 8, 14879, doi: 10.1038/ncomms14879.Google Scholar
Fretwell, P. T. 2001. A Gaussian trend surface model of Late Devensian and Holocene isostatic uplift in Scotland based upon shoreline altitudes. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Coventry University, UK.Google Scholar
Fretwell, P., Peterson, I. R. & Smith, D. E. 2004. The use of Gaussian trend surfaces for modelling glacio-isostatic crustal rebound. Scottish Journal of Geology 40, 175–79.Google Scholar
Fretwell, P. T., Smith, D. E. & Harrison, S. 2008. The Last Glacial Maximum British-Irish Ice Sheet: a reconstruction using Digital Terrain Mapping. Journal of Quaternary Science 23, 241–48.Google Scholar
Gehrels, R. 2010. Sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an appraisal of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 26–38.Google Scholar
Gilbertson, D. D., Schwenninger, J. L., Kemp, R. A. & Rhodes, E. J. 1999. Sand-drift and soil formation along an exposed North Atlantic coastline: 14,000 years of diverse geomorphological, climatic and human impacts. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 439–69.Google Scholar
Godard, A. 1956. Problèmes morphologiques des Orcades. Norois 9, 17–33.Google Scholar
Goff, J., McFadgen, B. G. & Chagué-Goff, C. 2004. Sedimentary differences between the 2002 Easter storm and the 15th Century Okoropunga tsunami, southeastern North Island, New Zealand. Marine Geology 204, 235–50.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. 1993. The Quaternary of Scotland. London: Chapman and Hall. xxi + 695 pp.Google Scholar
Graham, A. G. C., Lonergan, L. & Stoker, M. S. 2007. Evidence for Late Pleistocene ice stream activity in the Witch Ground Basin, central North Sea, from 3D seismic reflection data. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 627–43.Google Scholar
Granger, D. E. & Muzikar, P. F. 2001. Dating sediment burial with in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides: theory, techniques and limitations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 188, 269–81.Google Scholar
Gray, J. M. 1974. Lateglacial and postglacial shorelines in western Scotland. Boreas 3, 129–38.Google Scholar
Gray, J. M. 1978. Low-level shore platforms in the south-west Scottish Highlands: altitude, age and correlation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 3, 151–64.Google Scholar
Gray, J. M. 1983. The measurement of shoreline altitudes in areas affected by glacio-isostasy, with particular reference to Scotland. In Smith, D. E. & Dawson, A. G. (eds) Shorelines and Isostasy. Institute of British Geographers Special Publication 16, 97–127. London & New York: Academic Press. x+387 pp.Google Scholar
Gray, J. M. 1985. Glacio-isostatic shoreline development in Scotland: an overview. Occasional Paper 24. London: University of London, Department of Geography and Earth Science, Queen Mary College. 61 pp.Google Scholar
Gray, J. M. 1989. Distribution and development of the Main Rock Platform, western Scotland: comment. Scottish Journal of Geology 25, 227–38.Google Scholar
Gray, J. M. 1993. Glenacardoch Point. In Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds), Quaternary of Scotland, 313–16. London: Chapman and Hall. xxi+695 pp.Google Scholar
GRIP Ice-Core Project Members. 1993. Climatic instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core. Nature 364, 203–07.Google Scholar
Haflidason, H., Lien, R., Sejrup, H. P., Forsberg, C. F., & Bryn, P. 2005. The dating and morphometry of the Storegga Slide. Marine and Petroleum Geology 22, 123–36.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 1989. Pre-Late Devensian coastal rock platforms around Dunbar. Scottish Journal of Geology 25, 361–65.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 1995. Was all of Lewis glaciated in the Late Devensian? Quaternary Newsletter 76, 1–7.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 1996. Quaternary geomorphology of the Outer Hebrides. In Gilbertson, D., Kent, M. & Grattan, J. (eds) The Outer Hebrides: the last 14,000 years, 5–12. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 2011. Storm wave currents, boulder movement and shore platform development: a case study from East Lothian, Scotland. Marine Geology 283, 98–105.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Hansom, J. D., Williams, D. M. & Jarvis, J. 2006. Distribution, geomorphology and lithofacies of cliff-top storm deposits: Examples from the high-energy coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Marine Geology 232, 131–55.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Hansom, J. D. & Williams, D. M. 2010. Wave-emplaced coarse debris and megaclasts in Ireland and Scotland: Boulder transport in a high-energy littoral environment: A discussion. Journal of Geology 118, 699–704.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Merritt, J. & Connell, R. In press. The terrestrial record of Early and Middle Pleistocene environments, landforms and sediments in Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Riding, J. 2016. The last glaciation in Caithness, Scotland: revised till stratigraphy and ice-flow paths indicate multiple flow phases. Scottish Journal of Geology 52, 77–89.Google Scholar
Hall, J. & Rashid, B. M. 1977. A possible submerged wave-cut platform in the Firth of Lorn. Scottish Journal of Geology 13, 285–88.Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. A., Lloyd, J. M., Barlow, N. L. M., Innes, J. B., Flecker, R. & Thomas, C. P. 2015. Late Glacial to Holocene relative sea-level change in Assynt, northwest Scotland, UK. Quaternary Research 84, 214–22.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D. 2003a. Foula, Shetland. In May, V. J. & Hansom, J. D. (eds) Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series 28, 76–80. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 754 pp.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D. 2003b. Papa Stour. In May, V. J. & Hansom, J. D. (eds) Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series 28, 72–76. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 754 pp.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D. 2003c. Bullers of Buchan. In May, V. J. & Hansom, J. D. (eds) Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series 28, 103–06. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 754 pp.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D., Barltrop, N. & Hall, A. M. 2008. Modelling the processes of cliff-top erosion and deposition under extreme storm waves. Marine Geology 253, 36–50.Google Scholar
Hansom, J. D. & Hall, A. M. 2009. Magnitude and frequency of extra-tropical North Atlantic cyclones: a chronology from cliff-top storm deposits. Quaternary International 195, 42–52.Google Scholar
Harrison, S. J. 1997. Changes in the Scottish climate. Botanical Journal of Scotland 49, 287–300.Google Scholar
Hazell, Z. J. 2008. Offshore and intertidal peat deposits, England – a resource assessment and development of a database. Environmental Archaeology 13, 101–10.Google Scholar
Hickey, K. R. 1997. Documentary records of coastal storms in Scotland, 1500–1991 AD. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Coventry University, UK.Google Scholar
Holford, S. P., Green, P. F., Hillis, R. R., Underhill, J. R., Stoker, M. S. & Duddy, I. R. 2010. Multiple post-Caledonian exhumation episodes across NW Scotland revealed by apatite fission-track analysis. Journal of the Geological Society, London 167, 675–94.Google Scholar
Holloway, L. K. 2002. Sedimentary environments in the western Forth valley during the Late Devensian and Holocene. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Coventry University, UK.Google Scholar
Holloway, L. K., Peacock, J. D., Smith, D. E. & Wood, A. M. 2002. A Windermere Interstadial marine sequence: environmental and relative sea level interpretation for the western Forth valley, Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 38, 41–54.Google Scholar
Holmes, G. 1984. Rock-slope failures in parts of the Scottish Highlands. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK.Google Scholar
Holtedahl, H. 1998. The Norwegian strandflat puzzle. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 78, 47–66.Google Scholar
Hoppe, G. 1965. Submarine peat in the Shetland Islands. Geografiska Annaler 47A, 195–203.Google Scholar
Howe, J. A., Dove, D., Bradwell, T. & Gafeira, J. 2012. Submarine geomorphology and glacial history of the Sea of the Hebrides, UK. Marine Geology 315, 64–76.Google Scholar
Hubbard, A., Bradwell, T., Golledge, N., Hall, A., Patton, H., Sugden, D., Cooper, R. & Stoker, M. 2009. Dynamic cycles, ice streams and their impact on the extent, chronology and deglaciation of the British–Irish ice sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 758–76.Google Scholar
Hurst, M. D., Rood, D. H. & Ellis, M. A. 2017. Controls on the distribution of cosmogenic 10Be across shore platforms. Earth Surface Dynamics 5, 67–84.Google Scholar
Jacobs, C. L. 2006. An Appraisal of the Surface Geology and Sedimentary Processes within SEA7, the UK Continental Shelf. National Oceanography Centre Southampton Research and Consultancy Report 18. Southampton: National Oceanography Centre. 62 pp.Google Scholar
Jamieson, T. F. 1865. On the history of the last geological changes in Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 21, 161–203.Google Scholar
Japsen, P. 1997. Regional Neogene exhumation of Britain and the western North Sea. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 239–47.Google Scholar
Jardine, W. G. 1971. Form and age of late Quaternary shorelines and coastal deposits of south-west Scotland: critical data. Quaternaria 14, 103–14.Google Scholar
Jardine, W. G. 1977. The Quaternary marine record in southwest Scotland and the Scottish Hebrides. In Kidson, C. & Tooley, M. J. (eds) The Quaternary History of the Irish Sea, 99–118. Liverpool: Seel House Press. 345 pp.Google Scholar
Jardine, W. G. 1982. Sea-level changes in Scotland during the last 18,000 years. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 93, 25–41.Google Scholar
Johnstone, P. J. & Lambeck, K. 2000. Automatic inference of ice models from postglacial sea level observations: Theory and application to the British Isles. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 105, 13179–94.Google Scholar
Jordan, J. T., Smith, D. E., Dawson, S. & Dawson, A. G. 2010. Holocene relative sea level changes in Harris, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 115–34.Google Scholar
Kemp, A. C. & Telford, R. J. 2015. Transfer functions. In Shennan, I., Long, A. & Horton, B. (eds) Handbook of Sea-Level Research, 470–99. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. xiii+600 pp.Google Scholar
Kendall, R. A., Mitrovica, J. X. & Milne, G. A. 2005. On post-glacial sea level - II. Numerical formulation and comparative results on spherically symmetric models. Geophysical Journal International 161, 679–706.Google Scholar
Kirk, R. 1977. Rates and forms of erosion on intertidal platforms at Kaikoura Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 20, 571–613.Google Scholar
Knies, J., Mattingsdal, R., Fabian, K., Grøsfjeld, K., Baranwal, S., Husum, K., De Schepper, S., Vogt, C., Andersen, N., Matthiessen, J., Andreassen, K., Jokat, W., Nam, S-I. & Gaina, C. 2014. Effect of early Pliocene uplift on late Pliocene cooling in the Arctic–Atlantic gateway. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 387, 132–44.Google Scholar
Kopp, R. E., Kemp, A. C., Bittermann, K., Horton, B. P., Donnelly, J. P., Gehrels, W. R., Hay, C. C., Mitrovica, J. X., Morrow, E. D. & Rahmstorf, S. 2016. Temperature-driven global sea-level variability in the Common Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, E1434–41.Google Scholar
Kortekaas, S. 2002. Tsunamis, storms and earthquakes: Distinguishing coastal flooding events. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Coventry University, UK.Google Scholar
Kortekaas, S. & Dawson, A. G. 2007. Distinguishing between tsunami and storm deposits: An example from Martinhal, SW Portugal. Sedimentary Geology 200, 208–21.Google Scholar
Kuchar, J., Milne, G., Hubbard, A., Patton, H., Bradley, S. L., Shennan, I. & Edwards, R. 2012. Evaluation of a numerical model of the British-Irish ice sheet using relative sea-level data: implications for the interpretation of trimline observations. Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 597–605.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1991a. A model for Devensian and Flandrian glacial rebound and sea-level change in Scotland. In Sabadini, R., Lambeck, K. & Boschi, E. (eds) Glacial Isostasy, Sea Level and Mantle Rheology, 33–61. Dordrecht: Kluwer. xiii+708 pp.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1991b. Glacial rebound and sea-level change in the British Isles. Terra Nova 3, 379–89.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1993a. Glacial rebound of the British Isles – I. Preliminary model results. Geophysical Journal International 115, 941–59.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1993b. Glacial rebound of the British Isles – II. A high-resolution, high-precision model. Geophysical Journal International 115, 960–90.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1995. Late Devensian and Holocene shorelines of the British Isles and North Sea from models of glacio-hydro-isostatic rebound. Journal of the Geological Society,London 152, 437–48.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1996. Glaciation and sea-level change for Ireland and the Irish Sea since late Devensian/Midlandian time. Journal of the Geological Society 153, 853–72.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y. & Sambridge, M. 2014. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 15296–303.Google Scholar
Larsen, E., Gulliksen, S., Lauritzen, S.-E., Lie, R., Lovlie, R. & Mangerud, J. 1987. Cave stratigraphy in western Norway; multiple Weichselian glaciations and interstadial vertebrate fauna. Boreas 16, 267–92.Google Scholar
Larsen, E. & Holtedahl, H. 1985. The Norwegian strandflat: A reconsideration of its age and origin. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 65, 247–54.Google Scholar
Lawrence, T., Long, A. J., Gehrels, W. R., Jackson, L. & Smith, D. E. 2016. Relative sea-level data from southwest Scotland constrain meltwater-driven sea-level jumps prior to the 8.2kyr BP event. Quaternary Science Reviews 151, 292–308.Google Scholar
Le Coeur, C. 1988. Late Tertiary warping and erosion in western Scotland. Geografiska Annaler 70A, 361–68.Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071.Google Scholar
Liu, J., Milne, G. A., Kopp, R. E., Clark, P. U. & Shennan, I. 2016. Sea-level constraints on the amplitude and source distribution of Meltwater Pulse 1A. Nature Geoscience 9, 130–34.Google Scholar
Liu, J. P., Milliman, J. D., Gao, S. & Cheng, P. 2004. Holocene development of the Yellow River's subaqueous delta, North Yellow Sea. Marine Geology 209, 45–67.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. M. 2000. Combined foraminiferal and thecamoebian environmental reconstruction from an isolation basin in NW Scotland: Implications for sea-level studies. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 30, 294–305.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. M., Shennan, I., Kirby, J. R. & Rutherford, M. M. 1999. Holocene relative sea-level changes in the inner Solway Firth. Quaternary International 60, 83–105.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. M. & Evans, J. R. 2002. Contemporary and fossil foraminifers from isolation basins in northwest Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 17, 431–43.Google Scholar
Long, A. J., Barlow, N. L. M., Dawson, S., Hill, J., Innes, J. B., Kelham, C., Milne, F. D. & Dawson, A. G. 2016. Late Glacial and Holocene relative sea-level changes and first evidence for the Storegga tsunami in Sutherland, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 31, 239–55.Google Scholar
Long, D. 2015. A Catalogue of tsunamis reported in the UK. British Geological Survey Internal Report IR/15/043. 63 pp. Available at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513298.Google Scholar
Long, D. 2017. Cataloguing tsunami events in the UK. In Scourse, E. M., Chapman, N. A., Tappin, D. R. & Wallis, S. R. (eds) Tsunamis: Geology, Hazards and Risks. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 456. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP456.10Google Scholar
Long, D., Wickham-Jones, C. R. & Ruckley, N. A. 1986. A flint artefact from the northern North Sea. In Roe, D. A. (ed.) Studies in the Upper Palaeolithic of Britain and Northwest Europe. British Archaeology Reports, International Series 296, 55–62. Oxford: BAR. x+249 pp.Google Scholar
Long, D. & Wilson, C. K. 2007. A catalogue of tsunamis in the UK. British Geological Survey Marine, Coastal and Hydrocarbons Programme, Commissioned Report CR/07/077. 28 pp.Google Scholar
Løseth, H., Kyrkjebø, R., Hilde, E., Wild, R. J. & Bunkholt, H. 2017. 500m of rapid base level rise along an inner passive margin – Seismic observations from the Pliocene Molo Formation, mid Norway. Marine and Petroleum Geology 86, 268–87.Google Scholar
Løvholt, F., Bondevik, S., Laberg, J. S., Kim, J. & Boylan, N. 2017. Some giant submarine landslides do not produce large tsunamis. Geophysical Research Letters 44, 8463–72.Google Scholar
Maclaren, C. 1842. The Glacial Theory of Prof. Agassiz. American Journal of Science and Arts 42, 346–65.Google Scholar
Marriner, N., Kaniewski, D., Mohrange, C., Flaux, C., Glaime, M., Vacchi, M. & Goff, J. 2017. Tsunamis in the geological record: Making waves with a cautionary tale from the Mediterranean. Science Advances 3. 12 pp.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M., Clark, P. U., Smith, D. E. & Dunlop, P. 2007a. A revised model for the last deglaciation of eastern Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 1261–62.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M., Clark, P. U., Smith, D. E. & Dunlop, P. 2007b. Reply. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 1261–63.Google Scholar
McCann, S. B. 1968. Raised shore platforms in the Western Isles of Scotland. In Bowen, E. G., Carter, H. & Taylor, J. A. (eds) Geography at Aberystwyth, 22–34. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
McKenna, J., Cooper, J. A. G. & Jackson, D. W. 2012. Storm swash terraces: a previously overlooked element of the cliff-shore platform system. Journal of Sedimentary Research 82, 260–69.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Auton, C. A. & Firth, C. R. 1995. Ice-proximal glaciomarine sedimentation and sea-level change in the Inverness area, Scotland: a review of the deglaciation of a major ice stream of the British Late Devensian ice sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 289–329.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Auton, C. A., Connell, E. R., Hall, A. M. & Peacock, J. D. 2003. Cainozoic geology and landscape evolution of north-east Scotland. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 66E, 67, 76E, 77, 86E, 87W, 87E, 95, 96W, 96E and 97 (Scotland). Edinburgh: British Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Miller, K. G., Wright, J. D., Browning, J. V., Kulpecz, A., Kominz, M., Naish, T. R., Cramer, B. S., Rosenthal, Y., Peltier, W. R. & Sosdian, S. 2012. High tide of the warm Pliocene: Implications of global sea level for Antarctic deglaciation. Geology 40, 407–10.Google Scholar
Milne, G. A., Mitrovica, J. X. & Schrag, D. P. 2002. Estimating past continental ice volume from sea-level data. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 361–36.Google Scholar
Mitrovica, J. X., Wahr, J., Matsuyama, I. & Paulson, A. 2005. The rotational stability of an ice-age earth. Geophysical Journal International 161, 491–506.Google Scholar
Mitrovica, J. X. & Milne, G. A. 2003. On post-glacial sea level: I. General theory. Geophysical Journal International 154, 253–67.Google Scholar
Musson, R. M. W. 2007. British earthquakes. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 118, 305–37.Google Scholar
Nansen, F. 1922. The strandflat and isostasy. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter 1. Matematisk-Naturvitenskaplig Klasse 1921(11), 1–313.Google Scholar
Neill, S. P., Scourse, J. D., Bigg, G. R. & Uehara, K. 2009. Changes in wave climate over the northwest European shelf areas during the last 12,000 years. Journal of Geophysical Research 114(C6), CO6015.Google Scholar
Olesen, O., Kierulf, H. P., Brönner, M., Dalsegg, E., Fredin, O. & Solbakk, T. 2013. Deep weathering, neotectonics and strandflat formation in Nordland, northern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tiddskrift 93, 189–213.Google Scholar
Orme, L. C., Reinhardt, L., Jones, R. T., Charman, D. J., Barkwith, A. & Ellis, M. A. 2016. Aeolian sediment reconstructions from the Scottish Outer Hebrides: Late Holocene storminess and the role of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Quaternary Science Reviews 132, 15–25.Google Scholar
Paul, M. A., Peacock, J. D. & Barrass, B. F. 1995. Flandrian stratigraphy and sedimentation in the Bothkennar–Grangemouth area. Quaternary Newsletter 75, 22–35.Google Scholar
Paul, M. A., Barras, B. F. & Mein, J. E. 2004. Geotechnical properties of British estuarine clays: towards a geological framework. In Jardins, R. J., Potts, D. M. & Higgins, K. (eds) Advances in Geotechnical Engineering: Proceedings of the Skempton Conference, 568–79. London: Thomas Telford Ltd. 1400 pp.Google Scholar
Paul, M. A. & Barrass, B. F. 1998. A geotechnical correction for post-depositional sediment compression: examples from the Forth valley, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 13, 171–76.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1984. Quaternary geology of the Outer Hebrides. Report of the British Geological Survey 16, 1–26.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1996. Marine molluscan proxy data applied to Scottish late glacial and Flandrian sites: strengths and limitations. In Andrews, J. T., Austin, W. E. N., Bergsten, H. & Jennings, A. E. (eds) Late Quaternary Paleoceanography of the North Atlantic Margins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 111, 215–28. London & Bath: The Geological Society. vii+376 pp.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1999. The Pre-Windermere Interstadial (Late Devensian) raised marine strata of eastern Scotland and their macrofauna: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 1655–80.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 2002. Macrofauna and palaeoenvironment of marine strata of Windermere Interstadial age on the east coast of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 38, 31–40.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 2003. Late Devensian marine deposits (Errol Clay Formation) at the Gallowflat claypit, eastern Scotland: new evidence for the timing of ice recession in the Tay Estuary. Scottish Journal of Geology 39, 1–10.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 2008. Late Devensian palaeoenvironmental changes in the sea area adjacent to Islay, SW Scotland: Implications for the deglacial history of the island. Scottish Journal of Geology 44, 183–90.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D., Armstrong, M., Browne, M. A. E., Golledge, N. R. & Stoker, M. S. 2007. Discussion on a revised model for the last deglaciation of eastern Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 1261–62.Google Scholar
Peltier, W. R., Shennan, I., Drummond, R. & Horton, B. 2002. On the postglacial isostatic adjustment of the British Isles and the shallow viscoelastic structure of the Earth. Geophysical Journal International 148, 443–75.Google Scholar
Rennie, A. F. & Hansom, J. D. 2011. Sea level trend reversal: Land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland's coast. Geomorphology 125, 193–202.Google Scholar
Rhind, D. W. 1965. Evidence of sea level changes along the coast north of Berwick. Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 37, 10–15.Google Scholar
Ringrose, R. S. 1989. Recent fault movement and palaeoseismicity in western Scotland. Tectonophysics 163, 305–14.Google Scholar
Ringrose, R. S., Hancock, P. L., Fenton, C. & Davenport, C. A. 1991. Quaternary tectonic activity in Scotland. In Foster, A., Culshaw, M. G., Cripps, J. C., Little, J. A. & Moon, C. F. (eds) Quaternary Engineering Geology. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publication 7, 679–86. London & Bath: The Geological Society. ix+726 pp.Google Scholar
Ritchie, W. 1985. Inter-tidal and sub-tidal organic deposits and sea level changes in the Uists, Outer Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology 21, 161–76.Google Scholar
Robinson, M. 1982. Diatom analysis of Early Flandrian lagoon sediments from East Lothian, Scotland. Journal of Biogeography 9, 207–21.Google Scholar
Robinson, M. 1993. Microfossil analyses and radiocarbon dating of depositional sequences related to Holocene sea-level change in the Forth valley, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 84, 1–60.Google Scholar
Rowan, J. S., Duck, R. W. & Black, S. 2001. Calcareous concretions yield the first U/Th date for the Late Devensian raised marine strata of eastern Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 37, 73–78.Google Scholar
Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S., Kelletat, D. & Browne, T. 2009. Wave-emplaced coarse debris and megaclasts in Ireland and Scotland: boulder transport in a high-energy littoral environment. Journal of Geology 117, 553–73.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Nygård, A., Hall, A. M. & Haflidason, H. 2009. Middle and Late Weichselian (Devensian) glaciation history of south-western Norway, North Sea and eastern UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 370–80.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D. & Hjelstruen, B. O. 2016. Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: Evidence from the North Sea. Geology 44, 355–58.Google Scholar
Selby, I. C. 1987. Glaciated shorelines in Barra and Vatersay. Quaternary Newsletter 53, 16–22.Google Scholar
Selby, K. A., Smith, D. E., Dawson, A. G. & Mighall, T. M. 2000. Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea level and environmental changes from an isolation basin in southern Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology 36, 73–86.Google Scholar
Selby, K. A. & Smith, D. E. 2007. Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea-level changes on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 119–39.Google Scholar
Selby, K. A. & Smith, D. E. 2015. Holocene relative sea-level change on the Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Scottish Geographical Journal 132, 42–65.Google Scholar
Selby, K. A. & Smith, D. E. 2016. Raised shorelines and relative sea level change on Skye. In Ballantyne, C. K. & Lowe, J. J. (eds) The Quaternary of Skye. Field Guide, 89–111. London: Quaternary Research Association. 228 pp.Google Scholar
Shennan, I. 1999. Global meltwater discharge and the deglacial sea-level record from northwest Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 14, 715–19.Google Scholar
Shennan, I. 2013. Relative land/sea level change is not the same as vertical land motion: Comment on Rennie, A. F. & Hansom, J. D. (2011) Sea level trend reversal: Land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland's coast Geomorphology 125, 193–202. Geomorphology 197, 187.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Innes, J. B., Long, A. J. & Zong, Y. 1993. Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea-level changes at Rumach, near Arisaig, northwest Scotland. Norsk Geologisk Tiddskrift 73, 161–74.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Innes, J. B., Long, A. J. & Zong, Y. 1994. Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea-level changes at Loch nan Eala, near Arisaig, northwest Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 9, 261–83.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Innes, J. B., Long, A. J. & Zong, Y. 1995a. Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea-level changes in northwestern Scotland: new data to test existing models. Quaternary International 26, 97–123.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Innes, J. B., Long, A. J. & Zong, Y. 1995b. Holocene relative sea-level changes and coastal vegetational history at Kentra Moss, Argyll, northwest Scotland. Marine Geology 124, 43–59.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Green, F., Innes, J., Lloyd, J., Rutherford, M. M. & Walker, K. J. 1996a. Evaluation of rapid relative sea-level changes in North-West Scotland during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition: evidence from Ardtoe and other isolation basins. Journal of Coastal Research 12, 862–74.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Rutherford, M. M., Innes, J. B. & Walker, K. J. 1996b. Late glacial sea level and ocean margin environmental changes interpreted from biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic studies of isolation basins in northwest Scotland. In Andrews, J. T., Austin, W. E. N., Bergsten, H. & Jennings, A. E. (eds) Late Quaternary Palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic Margins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 111, 229–44. London & Bath: The Geological Society. vii+376 pp.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Tooley, M., Green, F., Innes, J., Kennington, K., Lloyd, J. & Rutherford, M. M. 1998. Sea level, climate change and coastal evolution in Morar, northwest Scotland. Geologie en Mijnbouw 77, 247–62.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Lambeck, K., Horton, B., Innes, J., Lloyd, J., McArthur, J., Purcell, T. & Rutherford, M. M. 2000a. Late Devensian and Holocene records of relative sea-level changes in northwest Scotland and their implications for glacio-hydro-isostatic modelling. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 1103–35.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Lambeck, K., Flather, R., Horton, B., McArthur, J., Innes, J., Lloyd, J., Rutherford, M. M. & Wingfield, R. 2000b. Modelling western North Sea palaeographies and tidal changes during the Holocene. In Shennan, I. & Andrews, J. T. (eds) Holocene Land–Ocean Interaction and Environmental Change around the North Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 166, 299–319. London & Bath: The Geological Society. 336 pp.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Peltier, W. R., Drummond, R. & Horton, B. 2002. Global to local scale parameters determining relative sea-level changes and the post-glacial isostatic adjustment of Great Britain. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 397–408.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Coulthard, T., Flather, R., Horton, B., Macklin, M., Rees, J. & Wright, M. 2003. Integration of shelf evolution and river basin models to simulate Holocene sediment dynamics of the Humber estuary during periods of sea-level change and variations in catchment sediment supply. The Science of the Total Environment 314–316, 737–54.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Hamilton, S., Hillier, C. & Woodroffe, S. 2005. A 16,000-year record of near-field relative sea-level changes, northwest Scotland, United Kingdom. Quaternary International 133–134, 95–106.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Bradley, S., Milne, G., Brooks, A., Bassett, S. & Hamilton, S. 2006a. Relative sea-level changes, glacial isostatic modelling and ice-sheet reconstructions from the British Isles since the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 585–99.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Hamilton, S., Hillier, C., Hunter, A., Woodall, R., Bradley, S., Milne, G., Brooks, A. & Bassett, S. 2006b. Relative sea-level observations in western Scotland since the Last Glacial Maximum for testing models of glacial isostatic land movements and ice-sheet reconstructions. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 601–13.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Milne, G. & Bradley, S. 2009. Late Holocene relative land-and sea-level changes: providing information for stakeholders. GSA Today 19, 52–53.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Milne, G. & Bradley, S. 2012. Late Holocene vertical land motion and relative sea-level changes: lessons from the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 64–70.Google Scholar
Shennan, I. & Horton, B. P. 2002. Holocene land- and sea-level changes in Great Britain. Journal of Quaternary Science 17, 511–26.Google Scholar
Shi, S. 1995. Observational and theoretical aspects of tsunami sedimentation. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Coventry University, UK.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. B. 1933. The late-glacial readvance moraines of the Highland border west of the River Tay. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 57, 633–45.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1962. A re-interpretation of the literature on late-glacial shorelines in Scotland with particular reference to the Forth area. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 19, 83–99.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1963. The Perth Readvance in Central Scotland, Part I. Scottish Geographical Magazine 79, 151–63.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1964. The Perth Readvance in Central Scotland, Part II. Scottish Geographical Magazine 80, 28–36.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1966. Relative sea-level changes between 10300 and 8300 BP in part of the Carse of Stirling. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 39, 19–29.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1967. The Evolution of Scotland's Scenery. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. ix+259 pp.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1972. Dislocation and non-uniform uplift of raised shorelines in the western part of the Forth Valley. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 55, 149–59.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1974a. Late-glacial marine erosion in Scotland. Boreas 3, 41–48.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1974b. The Quaternary of Scotland: a review. Scottish Journal of Geology 10, 311–37.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1976. The Geomorphology of the British Isles: Scotland. London: Methuen. 150 pp.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1981. British shore platforms and ice-sheets. Nature 291, 473–75.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1982. The so-called high 'interglacial' rock shoreline of western Scotland. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 7, 205–16.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1983. Shorelines and isostasy in Scotland. In Smith, D. E. & Dawson, A. G. (eds) Shorelines and Isostasy, 209–25. London: Academic Press. vii+205 pp.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B., Smith, D. E. & Cullingford, R. A. 1966. Late-glacial and post-glacial shorelines in south-east Scotland. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 39, 9–18.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. & Cornish, R. 1982. Differential glacio-isostatic uplift of crustal blocks at Glen Roy, Scotland. Quaternary Research 18, 268–88.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. & Dawson, A. G. 1981. Former sea-levels and ice limits in part of Wester Ross, northwest Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 92, 115–24.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. & Smith, D. E. 1965. Peat bogs in a post-glacial sea and a buried raised beach in the western part of the Carse of Stirling. Scottish Journal of Geology 1, 247–55.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E. 1997. Sea level change in Scotland during the Devensian and Holocene. In Gordon, J. E. (ed.) Reflections on the Ice Age in Scotland, 136–51. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage. 188 pp.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E. 2005. Evidence for secular sea surface changes in the Holocene raised shorelines of Scotland, UK. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 42, 26–42.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Sissons, J. B. & Cullingford, R. A. 1969. Isobases for the Main Perth raised shoreline in south east Scotland as determined by trend-surface analysis. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 46, 45–52.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Cullingford, R. A. & Seymour, W. P. 1982. Flandrian relative sea level changes in the Philorth valley, North East Scotland. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers NS7, 322–36.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Firth, C. R., Turbayne, S. C. & Brooks, C. L. 1992. Holocene relative sea level changes and shoreline displacement in the Dornoch Firth area, Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 103, 237–57.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Firth, C. R., Brooks, C. L., Robinson, M. & Collins, P. E. F. 1999. Relative sea-level rise during the Main Postglacial Transgression in NE Scotland, UK. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 90, 1–27.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Cullingford, R. A. & Firth, C. R. 2000. Patterns of isostatic land uplift during the Holocene: evidence from mainland Scotland. The Holocene 10, 489–501.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Firth, C. R. & Cullingford, R. A. 2002. Relative sea-level trends during the early-middle Holocene along the eastern coast of Scotland, UK. Boreas 31, 185–202.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Wells, J. M., Mighall, T. M., Cullingford, R. A., Holloway, L. K., Dawson, S. & Brooks, C. L. 2003a. Holocene relative sea levels and coastal changes in the lower Cree valley and estuary, SW Scotland, UK. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93 (for 2002), 301–31.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Haggart, B. A., Cullingford, R. A., Tipping, R. M., Wells, J. M., Mighall, T. M. & Dawson, S. 2003b. Holocene relative sea-level change in the lower Nith valley and Estuary. Scottish Journal of Geology 39, 97–120.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Shi, S., Cullingford, R. A., Dawson, A. G., Dawson, S., Firth, C. R., Foster, I. D. L., Fretwell, P. T., Haggart, B. A., Holloway, L. K. & Long, D. 2004. The Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami in the United Kingdom. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 2291–2321.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Fretwell, P. T., Cullingford, R. A. & Firth, C. R. 2006. Towards improved empirical isobase models of Holocene land uplift for mainland Scotland, UK. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London A 364, 949–72.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Cullingford, R. A., Mighall, T. M. & Fretwell, P. T. 2007a. Holocene relative sea level changes in a glacio-isostatic area: new data from south-west Scotland, United Kingdom. Marine Geology 242, 5–26.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Foster, I. D. L., Long, D. & Shi, S. 2007b. Reconstructing the pattern and depth of flow onshore in a palaeotsunami from associated deposits. Sedimentary Geology 200, 362–71.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Stewart, I. S., Harrison, S. & Firth, C. R. 2009. Late Quaternary neotectonics and mass movement in South East Raasay, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 120, 145–54.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Davies, M. H., Brooks, C. L., Mighall, T. M., Dawson, S., Rea, B. R., Jordan, J. T. & Holloway, L. K. 2010. Holocene relative sea levels and related prehistoric activity in the Forth lowland, Scotland, United Kingdom. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 2382–2410.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Harrison, S., Firth, C. & Jordan, J. T. 2011. The early Holocene sea level rise. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1846–60.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Hunt, N., Firth, C. R., Jordan, J. T., Fretwell, P. T., Harman, M., Murdy, J., Orford, J. D. & Burnside, N. G. 2012. Patterns of Holocene relative sea level change in the North of Britain and Ireland. Quaternary Science Reviews 54, 58–76.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., Harrison, S. & Jordan, J. T. 2013. Sea level rise and submarine mass failures on open continental margins. Quaternary Science Reviews 82, 93–103.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E. & Cullingford, R. A. 1982. New evidence for Late Devensian marine limits in east-central Scotland – some comments. Quaternary Newsletter 35, 1–14.Google Scholar
Sommerville, A. A. 2003. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of wind-blown sands from an archaeological site in Northern Scotland. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow, UK.Google Scholar
Sommerville, A. A., Hansom, J. D., Sanderson, D. C. W. & Housley, R. A. 2003. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of large storm events in Northern Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1085–92.Google Scholar
Sommerville, A. A., Hansom, J. D., Housley, R. A. & Sanderson, D. C. W. 2007. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of coastal aeolian sand accumulation in Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland. The Holocene 17, 627–37.Google Scholar
Soulsby, R. L., Smith, D. E. & Ruffman, A. 2007. Reconstructing tsunami run-up from sedimentary characteristics – a simple mathematical model. In Kraus, N. C. & Rosati, J. D. (eds) Coastal Sediments '07. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and the Science of Coastal Sediment Processes, Volume 2, 1075–88. Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers. xxii+2538 pp.Google Scholar
Steers, J. A. 1973. The Coastline of Scotland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 350 pp.Google Scholar
Stephens, N. 1957. Some observations on the 'Interglacial' platform and the early Post-glacial raised beach on the east coast of Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Series B 58, 129–49.Google Scholar
Stewart, I. S., Firth, C. R., Rust, D. J., Collins, P. E. F. & Firth, J. A. 2001. Postglacial fault movement and palaeoseismicity in western Scotland: A reappraisal of the Kinloch Hourn fault, Kintail. Journal of Seismology 5, 307–28.Google Scholar
Stockamp, J., Bishop, P., Li, Z., Petrie, E. J., Hansom, J. & Rennie, A. 2016. State-of-the-art in studies of glacial isostatic adjustment for the British Isles: a literature review. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 106 (for 2015), 1–26.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S., Golledge, N. R., Phillips, E. R., Wilkinson, I. P. & Akhurst, M. C. 2008. Lateglacial–Holocene shoreface progradation offshore eastern Scotland: a response to climatic and coastal hydrographic change. Boreas 38, 292–314.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. & Graham, C. C. 1985. Pre-late Weichselian submerged rock platforms off Stonehaven. Scottish Journal of Geology 21, 205–08.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. & Long, D. 1984. A relict ice-scoured erosion surface in the central North Sea. Marine Geology 61, 85–93.Google Scholar
Stone, J., Lambeck, K., Fifield, L. K., Evans, J. M., & Creswell, R. G. 1996. A Lateglacial age for the Main Rock Platform, western Scotland. Geology 24, 707–10.Google Scholar
Sundelin, U. 1917. Fornsjöstundier inom Stångåns och Svartåns vattenområden, med särskild hänsyn till den sen- och postglaciala klimatutvecklingen. Akademisk Avhandling, Uppsala, Matematisk-Naturvetenskapliga Sektion. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Series Ca. 16. 291 pp.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1981a. The raised shorelines and deglaciation of the Loch Long/Loch Fyne area, western Scotland. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1981b. The high-level marine shell beds of Scotland and the build-up of the last Scottish ice sheet. Boreas 10, 247–54.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1984a. The Quaternary deposits and landforms of Scotland and the neighbouring shelves: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews 3, 157–254.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1984b. The submerged landforms of the St Kilda archipelago, western Scotland. Marine Geology 58, 435–42.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1993a. Port Logan. In Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) Quaternary of Scotland, 593–94. London: Chapman and Hall. xxi+695 pp.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1993b. Muckle Head and Selwick. In Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) Quaternary of Scotland, 74–76. London: Chapman and Hall. xxi+695 pp.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. & Walker, M. J. C. 1984. A late Devensian ice-free area and possible interglacial site on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. Nature 309, 701–03.Google Scholar
Talling, P. 2013. Waves on the horizon. Nature Climate Change 3, 179.Google Scholar
Tappin, D. R., Long, D. L. & Carter, G. D. O. 2015. Shetland Islands Field Trip May 2014 – Summary of Results. British Geological Survey Open Report OR/15/017. NERC Open Research Archive. 48 pp.Google Scholar
Teasdale, P. A., Collins, P. E. F., Firth, C. R. & Cundy, A. B. 2011. Recent estuarine sedimentation rates from shallow inter-tidal environments in western Scotland: implications for future sea-level trends and coastal wetland development. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 109–29.Google Scholar
Teller, J. T., Leverington, D. W. & Mann, J. D. 2002. Freshwater outbursts to the oceans from glacial Lake Agassiz and their role in climate change during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 879–87.Google Scholar
Tooley, M. J. 1982. Sea-level changes in northern England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 93, 43–51.Google Scholar
Tooley, M. J. 1990. The chronology of coastal dune development in the United Kingdom. Catena Supplement 18, 81–88.Google Scholar
Tooley, M. J. & Smith, D. E. 2005. Relative sea-level change and evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami at a site in Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom. Quaternary International 133–134, 107–19.Google Scholar
Trenhaile, A. S. 2014. Modelling the effect of Pliocene-Quaternary changes in sea level on stable and tectonically active land masses. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39, 1221–35.Google Scholar
Uehara, K., Scourse, J. D., Horsburgh, K. J., Lambeck, K. & Purcell, A. P. 2006. Tidal evolution of the northwest European shelf seas from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, C09025. 15 pp.Google Scholar
von Weymarn, J. A. 1974. Coastline development in Lewis and Harris, Outer Hebrides, with particular reference to the effects of glaciation. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen, UK.Google Scholar
Walker, M. J. C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Fisher, D. A., Long, A. J., Lowe, J. J., Newnham, R. M., Rasmussen, S. O. & Weiss, H. 2012. Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a discussion paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 649–59.Google Scholar
Walton, K. 1959. Ancient elements in the coastline of Northeast Scotland. In Miller, R. & Watson, J. W. (eds) Geographical Essays in Memory of Alan G. Ogilvie, 93–109. London: Thomas Nelson and Son. 246 pp.Google Scholar
Ward, S. L., Neill, S. P., Scourse, J. D., Bradley, S. L. & Uehara, K. 2016. Sensitivity of palaeotidal models of the northwest European shelf seas to glacial isostatic adjustment since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 151, 198–211.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. V, Edwards, W., Knox, J., Jones, R. C. B. & Stephens, J. V. 1935. The Geology of the Orkneys (Explanation of sheets 117 to 122). Memoir of the Geological Survey of Scotland DR 117–122. Edinburgh: HMSO. 205 pp.Google Scholar
Wilson, P. 2002. Holocene coastal dune development on the South Erradale peninsula, Wester Ross, Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 38, 5–13.Google Scholar
Wilson, P., McGourty, J. & Bateman, M. D. 2004. Mid-to late-Holocene coastal dune event stratigraphy for the north coast of Northern Ireland. The Holocene 14, 406–16.Google Scholar
Woodworth, P. L., Tsimplis, M. N., Flather, R. A. & Shennan, I. 1999. A review of the trends observed in British Isles mean sea level data measured by tide gauges. Geophysical Journal International 136, 651–70.Google Scholar
Woodworth, P., Teferle, F., Bingley, R., Shennan, I. & Williams, S. 2009. Trends in UK mean sea level revisited. Geophysical Journal International 176, 19–30.Google Scholar
Woolf, D. K., Challenor, P. G. & Cotton, P. D. 2002. Variability and predictability of the North Atlantic wave climate. Journal of Geophysical Research 107(C10), 3145. DOI:10.1029/2001JC001124.Google Scholar
Woolf, D. K., Cotton, P. D. & Challenor, P. G. 2003. Measurements of the offshore wave climate around the British Isles by satellite altimeter. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 361, 27–31.Google Scholar
Wright, W. B. 1911. On a pre-glacial shoreline in the Western Isles of Scotland. Geological Magazine 48, 97–109.Google Scholar
Wright, W. B. 1914. The Quaternary Ice Age. London: Macmillan. 478 pp.Google Scholar
Wright, W. B. 1925. Three short papers on isostasy. Geological Magazine 62, 227–34.Google Scholar
Zagwijn, W. 1989. The Netherlands during the Tertiary and the Quaternary: a case history of coastal lowland evolution. Geologie en Mijnbouw 68, 107–20.Google Scholar
Zong, Y. & Horton, B. P. 1999. Diatom-based tidal-level transfer functions as an aid in reconstructing Quaternary history of sea-level movements in the UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 14, 153–67.Google Scholar