Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T17:36:20.981Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Last Scottish Ice Sheet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2018

Colin K. BALLANTYNE
Affiliation:
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK. Email: [email protected]
David SMALL
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.

Abstract

The last Scottish Ice Sheet (SIS) expanded from a pre-existing ice cap after ∼35 ka. Highland ice dominated, with subsequent build-up of a Southern Uplands ice mass. The Outer Hebrides, Skye, Mull, the Cairngorms and Shetland supported persistent independent ice centres. Expansion was accompanied by ice-divide migration and switching flow directions. Ice nourished in Scotland reached the Atlantic Shelf break in some sectors but only mid-shelf in others, was confluent with the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) in the North Sea Basin, extended into northern England, and fed the Irish Sea Ice Stream and a lobe that reached East Anglia. The timing of maximum extent was diachronous, from ∼30–27 ka on the Atlantic Shelf to ∼22–21 ka in Yorkshire. The SIS buried all mountains, but experienced periods of thickening alternating with drawdown driven by ice streams such as the Minch, the Hebrides and the Moray Firth Ice Streams. Submarine moraine banks indicate oscillating retreat and progressive decoupling of Highland ice from Orkney–Shetland ice. The pattern and timing of separation of the SIS and FIS in the North Sea Basin remain uncertain. Available evidence suggests that by ∼17 ka, much of the Sea of the Hebrides, the Outer Hebrides, Caithness and the coasts of E Scotland were deglaciated. By ∼16 ka, the Solway lowlands, Orkney and Shetland were deglaciated, the SIS and Irish Ice Sheet had separated, the ice margin lay along the western seaboard, nunataks had emerged in Wester Ross, the ice margin lay N of the Cairngorms and the sea had invaded the Tay and Forth estuaries. By ∼15 ka, most of the Southern Uplands, the Firth of Clyde, the Midland Valley and the upper Spey valley were deglaciated, and in NW Scotland ice was retreating from fjords and valleys. By the onset of rapid warming at ∼14.7 ka, much of the remnant SIS was confined within the limits of Younger Dryas glaciation. The SIS, therefore, lost most of its mass during the Dimlington Stade. It is uncertain whether fragments of the SIS persisted on high ground throughout the Lateglacial Interstade.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

12. References

Austin, W. E. N., Telford, R. J., Ninnemann, U. S., Brown, L., Wilson, L. J., Small, D. P. & Bryant, C. L. 2011. North Atlantic reservoir ages linked to high Younger Dryas atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations. Global and Planetary Change 79, 226233.10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.06.011Google Scholar
Bailey, E. B., Clough, C. T., Wright, W. B., Richey, J. E. & Wilson, G. V. 1924. The Tertiary and post-Tertiary geology of Mull, Loch Aline and Oban. Memoir of the Geological Survey. Edinburgh: HMSO.Google Scholar
Balco, G., Stone, J. O., Lifton, N. A. & Dunai, T. J. 2008. A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements. Quaternary Geochronology 3, 174195.10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.001Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. 1999. Maximum altitude of Late Devensian glaciation on the Isle of Mull and Isle of Jura. Scottish Journal of Geology 35, 97106.10.1144/sjg35020097Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. 2010. Extent and deglacial chronology of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet: implications of surface exposure dating using cosmogenic isotopes. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 515534.10.1002/jqs.1310Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., McCarroll, D., Nesje, A. & Dahl, S. O. 1997. Periglacial trimlines, former nunataks and the dimensions of the last ice sheet in Wester Ross, North-West Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 12, 225238.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199705/06)12:3<225::AID-JQS302>3.0.CO;2-A3.0.CO;2-A>Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., McCarroll, D., Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O. & Stone, J. O. 1998a. The last ice sheet in north-west Scotland: reconstruction and implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 11491184.10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00003-1Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., McCarroll, D., Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O., Stone, J. O. & Fifield, L. K. 1998b. High-resolution reconstruction of the last ice sheet in NW Scotland. Terra Nova 10, 6367.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., McCarroll, D. & Stone, J. O. 2007. The Donegal ice dome, northwest Ireland: dimensions and chronology. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 773783.10.1002/jqs.1116Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Schnabel, C. & Xu, S. 2009a. Readvance of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet during Greenland Interstadial 1 (GI-1): the Wester Ross Readvance, NW Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 783789.10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.011Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Schnabel, C. & Xu, S. 2009b. Exposure dating and reinterpretation of coarse debris accumulations (‘rock glaciers') in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 24, 1931.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Rinterknecht, V. & Gheorghiu, D. M. 2013. Deglaciation chronology of the Galloway Hills Ice Centre, SW Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 28, 412420.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Wilson, P., Gheorghiu, D. and Rodés, À. 2014. Enhanced rock-slope failure following ice-sheet deglaciation: timing and causes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39, 900913.10.1002/esp.3495Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Benn, D. I., Bradwell, T. & Small, D. 2016. The glacial history of the Isle of Skye 1: the last ice sheet. In Ballantyne, C. K. & Lowe, J. J. (eds) The Quaternary of Skye: Field Guide, 1222. London: Quaternary Research Association. 172 pp.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K., Fabel, D., Gheorghiu, D., Rodés, Á., Shanks, R. & Xu, S. 2017. Late Quaternary glaciation in the Hebrides sector of the continental shelf: cosmogenic nuclide dating of glacial events on the St Kilda archipelago. Boreas 46, 605621.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Hall, A. M. 2008. The altitude of the last ice sheet in Caithness and east Sutherland. Scottish Journal of Geology 44, 169181.10.1144/sjg44020169Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Hallam, G. E. 2001. Maximum altitude of Late Devensian glaciation on South Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 112, 155167.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & McCarroll, D. 1995. The vertical dimension of Late Devensian glaciation on the mountains of Harris and SE Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 10, 211223.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & McCarroll, D. 1997. Maximum altitude of the Late Devensian ice sheet on the Isle of Rum. Scottish Journal of Geology 33, 183186.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. and Ó Cofaigh, C. 2017. The last Irish Ice Sheet: extent and chronology. In Coxon, P., McCarron, S. & Mitchell, F. (eds) Advances in Irish Quaternary Studies, 101149. Atlantis Advances in Quaternary Science 1. Paris: Atlantis.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Stone, J. O. 2012. Did large ice caps persist on low ground in northwest Scotland during the Lateglacial Interstade? Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 297306.10.1002/jqs.1544Google Scholar
Ballantyne, C. K. & Stone, J. O. 2015. Trimlines, blockfields and the vertical extent of the last ice sheet in southern Ireland. Boreas 44, 277287.10.1111/bor.12109Google Scholar
Baltzer, A., Holmes, R. & Evans, D. 1998. Debris flows on the Sula Sgeir Fan, NW of Scotland. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 129, 105115.10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.129.01.07Google Scholar
Baltzer, A., Bates, R., Mokeddem, Z., Clet-Pellerin, M., Walter-Simonnet, A. V., Bonnot-Courtois, C. & Austin, W. E. N. 2010. Using seismic facies and pollen analyses to evaluate climatically driven change in a Scottish sea loch (fjord) over the last 20 ka. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 344, 355369.10.1144/SP344.24Google Scholar
Bateman, M. D., Buckland, P. C., Whyte, M. A., Ashurst, P. A., Boulter, C. & Panagiotakopulu, E. 2011. Re-evaluation of the Last Glacial Maximum typesite at Dimlington, U.K. Boreas 40, 573584.Google Scholar
Bateman, M. D., Evans, D. J. A., Roberts, D. H., Medialdea, A., Ely, J. & Clark, C. D. 2017. The timing and consequences of the blockage of the Humber Gap by the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Boreas 47, 4161.Google Scholar
Benn, D. I. 1997. Glacier fluctuations in western Scotland. Quaternary International 38, 137147.Google Scholar
Benn, D. I. & Evans, D. J. A. 2010. Glaciers and Glaciation. Second Edition. London: Hodder. 816 pp.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. R. 2003. Ice streams as the arteries of an ice sheet: their mechanics, stability and significance. Earth-Science Reviews 61, 309339.10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00130-7Google Scholar
Bentley, C. R. 1987. Antarctic ice streams: a review. Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 88438858.Google Scholar
Birnie, J. K. 2000. Devensian Lateglacial palaeoecological changes in Shetland. Boreas 29, 205218.Google Scholar
Bishop, W. W. & Coope, G. R. 1977. Stratigraphical and faunal evidence for Lateglacial and Early Flandrian environments in south-west Scotland. In Gray, J. M. & Lowe, J. J. (eds) Studies in the Scottish Lateglacial Environment, 6188. Oxford: Pergamon Press. xiii+197 pp.Google Scholar
Boomer, I., von Grafenstein, U. & Moss, A. 2012. Lateglacial to early Holocene multiproxy record from Loch Assynt, NW Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 123, 109116.Google Scholar
Bos, J. A. A., Dickson, J. H., Coope, G. R. & Jardine, W. G. 2004. Flora, fauna and climate of Scotland during the Weichselian Middle Pleniglacial: palynological, macrofossil and coleopteran investigations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 204, 65100.Google Scholar
Boulton, G. S., Jones, A. S., Clayton, K. M. & Kenning, M. J. 1977. A British ice-sheet model and patterns of glacial erosion and deposition in Britain. In Shotton, F. W. (ed) ritish Quaternary Studies: Recent Advances, 231246. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 310 pp.Google Scholar
Boulton, G. S., Smith, G. D., Jones, A. S. & Newsome, J. 1985. Glacial geology and glaciology of the last mid-latitude ice sheets. Journal of the Geological Society, London 142, 447474.Google Scholar
Boulton, G. S., Peacock, J. D. & Sutherland, D. G. 1991. Quaternary. In Craig, G. Y. (ed.) Geology of Scotland, 503543. 3rd edition. London: The Geological Society. 628 pp.Google Scholar
Boulton, G. S. & Hagdorn, M. 2006. Glaciology of the British Isles Ice Sheet during the last glacial cycle: form, flow, streams and lobes. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 33593390.Google Scholar
Bowen, D. Q., Rose, J., McCabe, A. M. & Sutherland, D. G. 1986. Correlation of Quaternary glaciations in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Quaternary Science Reviews 5, 299340.Google Scholar
Bowen, D. Q., Phillips, F. M., McCabe, A. M., Knutz, C. & Sykes, G. A. 2002. New data for the Last Glacial Maximum in Great Britain and Ireland. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 89102.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T. 2013. Identifying palaeo-ice-stream tributaries on hard beds: mapping glacial bedforms and erosion zones in NW Scotland. Geomorphology 201, 397414.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. S. & Larter, R. 2007. Geomorphological signature and flow dynamics of the Minch palaeo-ice stream, northwest Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 609617.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Fabel, D., Stoker, M., Mathers, H., McHargue, L. & Howe, J. 2008a. Ice caps existed throughout the Lateglacial Interstadial in northern Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 23, 401407.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. S., Golledge, N. R., Wilson, C. K., Merritt, J. W., Long, D., Everest, J. D., Hestvik, O. B., Stevenson, A. G., Hubbard, A. L., Finlayson, A. G. & Mathers, H. E. 2008b. The northern sector of the last British Ice Sheet: maximum extent and demise. Earth-Science Reviews 88, 207226.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. S. & Krabbendam, M. 2008c. Megagrooves and streamlined bedrock in NW Scotland: the role of ice streams in landscape evolution. Geomorphology 97, 135156.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T. & Stoker, M. S. 2015a. Asymmetric ice-sheet retreat pattern around northern Scotland revealed by marine geophysical surveys. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, 297322.Google Scholar
Bradwell, T. & Stoker, M. S. 2015b. Submarine sediment and landform record of a palaeo-ice stream within the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Boreas 44, 255276.Google Scholar
Brazier, V., Kirkbride, M. P. & Gordon, J. E. 1998. Active ice-sheet deglaciation and ice-dammed lakes in the northern Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Boreas 27, 297310.Google Scholar
Briner, J. P., Goehring, B. M., Mangerud, J. & Svendsen, J. I. 2016. The deep accumulation of 10Be at Utsira, southwestern Norway: implications for cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating in peripheral ice sheet landscapes. Geophysical Research Letters 43, 91219129.Google Scholar
Brooks, S. J., Matthews, I. P., Birks, H. H. & Birks, H. J. B. 2012. High resolution late-glacial and early Holocene summer air temperatures from Scotland inferred from chironomid midge assemblages. Quaternary Science Reviews 41, 6782.Google Scholar
Brooks, S. J., Davies, K. L., Mather, K. A., Matthews, I. P. & Lowe, J. J. 2016. Chironomid-inferred summer temperatures for the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition from a lake sediment sequence in Muir Park Reservoir, west-central Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 31, 214224.Google Scholar
Brooks, S. J. & Birks, H. J. B. 2000. Chironomid-inferred late-glacial air temperatures at Whitrig Bog, southeast Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 15, 759764.Google Scholar
Brown, E. J., Rose, J., Coope, G. R. & Lowe, J. J. 2007. An MIS 3 age organic deposit from Balglass Burn, central Scotland: palaeoenvironmental significance and implications for the timing of the onset of the LGM ice sheet in the vicinity of the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 295308.Google Scholar
Brown, I. M. 1993. Pattern of deglaciation of the last (Late Devensian) ice sheet: evidence from ice-marginal deposits in the Dee valley, northeast Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 8, 235250.Google Scholar
Carr, S. J., Holmes, R., van der Meer, J. J. M. & Rose, J. 2006. The Last Glacial Maximum in the North Sea Basin: micromorphological evidence of extensive glaciation. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 131153.Google Scholar
Carr, S. J. & Hiemstra, J. F. 2013. Sedimentary evidence against a local ice cap on the Shetland Isles at the Last Glacial Maximum. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 484502.Google Scholar
Chiverrell, R. C., Thrasher, I., Thomas, G., Lang, A., Scourse, J. D., McCarroll, D., Clark, C. D., Ó Cofaigh, C., Evans, D. J. A. & Ballantyne, C. K. 2013. Bayesian modelling of the retreat of the Irish Sea Ice Stream (ISIS). Journal of Quaternary Science 28, 200209.Google Scholar
Chiverrell, R. C. & Thomas, G. S. P. 2010. Extent and timing of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Britain and Ireland: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 535549.Google Scholar
Clapperton, C. M. 1997. Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic sediments: implications for the last glaciation in Scotland. In Gordon, J. E. (ed.) Reflections on the Ice Age in Scotland: an Update on Quaternary Studies, 4558. Glasgow: Scottish Association of Geography Teachers and Scottish Natural Heritage. viii+188 pp.Google Scholar
Clark, C. D., Evans, D. J. A., Khatwa, A., Bradwell, T., Jordan, C. J., Marsh, S. H., Mitchell, W. A. & Bateman, M. D. 2004. BRITICE: map and GIS database of landforms and features related to the last British Ice Sheet. Boreas 33, 359375.Google Scholar
Clark, C. D., Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L., Jordan, C. & Sejrup, H. P. 2012. Pattern and timing of retreat of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 44, 112146.Google Scholar
Clark, C. D., Ely, J. C., Greenwood, S. L., Hughes, A. L. C., Meehan, R., Barr, I. D., Bateman, M. D., Bradwell, T., Doole, J., Evans, D. J. A., Jordan, C. J., Monteys, X., Pellicer, X. M. & Sheehy, M. 2017. BRITICE Glacial Map, version 2: a map and GIS database of glacial landforms of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Boreas 47, 1127.Google Scholar
Clark, J., McCabe, A., Schnabel, C., Clark, P. U., Freeman, S., Maden, C. & Xu, S. 2009. 10Be chronology of the last deglaciation of County Donegal, northwestern Ireland. Boreas 38, 111118.Google Scholar
Clark, P. U., McCabe, A. M., Mix, A. C. & Weaver, A. J. 2004. Rapid rise of sea level 19,000 years ago and its global implications. Science 304, 11411144.Google Scholar
Clark, P. U., Dyke, A. S., Shakun, J., Carlson, A. E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J. X., Hostetler, S. W. & McCabe, A. M. 2009. The Last Glacial Maximum. Science 325, 710714.Google Scholar
Coward, M. P. 1977. Anomalous glacial erratics in the southern part of the Outer Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology 13, 185188.Google Scholar
Cullingford, R. A. 1977. Lateglacial raised shorelines and deglaciation in the Earn-Tay area. In Gray, J. M. & Lowe, J. J. (eds) Studies in the Scottish Lateglacial Environment, 1532. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Cullingford, R. A. & Smith, D. E. 1966. Late-glacial shorelines in eastern Fife. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 39, 2138.Google Scholar
Cullingford, R. A. & Smith, D. E. 1980. Late Devensian raised shorelines in Angus and Kincardineshire, Scotland. Boreas 9, 2138.Google Scholar
Dahl, S. O., Ballantyne, C.K., McCarroll, D. & Nesje, A. 1996. Maximum altitude of Devensian glaciation on the Isle of Skye. Scottish Journal of Geology 32, 107115.Google Scholar
Davies, B. J., Roberts, D. H., Bridgland, D. R., Ó Cofaigh, C. & Riding, J. B. 2011. Provenance and depositional environments of Quaternary sediments in the western North Sea Basin. Journal of Quaternary Science 26, 5975.Google Scholar
Davies, H. C., Dobson, M. R. & Whittington, R. J. 1984. A revised seismic stratigraphy for Quaternary deposits on the inner continental shelf west of Scotland between 55°30′N and 57°30′N, Boreas 13, 4966.Google Scholar
Dove, D., Arosio, R., Finlayson, A., Bradwell, T. & Howe, J. A. 2015. Submarine glacial landforms record Late Pleistocene ice-sheet dynamics, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 123, 7690.Google Scholar
Dove, D., Finlayson, A., Bradwell, T., Howe, J. A. & Arioso, R. 2016. Deglacial landform assemblage records fast ice-flow and retreat, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 46, 135138.Google Scholar
Dunlop, P., Shannon, R., McCabe, A. M., Quinn, R. & Doyle, E. 2010. Marine geophysical evidence for ice-sheet extension and recession on the Malin Shelf: new evidence for the western limits of the British-Irish Ice Sheet. Marine Geology 276, 8699.Google Scholar
Evans, D. J. A., Clark, C. D. & Mitchell, W. A. 2005. The last British Ice Sheet: a review of the evidence utilised in the compilation of the glacial map of Britain. Earth-Science Reviews 70, 253312.Google Scholar
Evans, D. J. A., Livingstone, S. J., Vieli, A. & Ó Cofaigh, C. 2009. The palaeoglaciology of the central sector of the British and Irish Ice Sheet: reconciling glaciology and preliminary ice-sheet modelling. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 739757.Google Scholar
Everest, J. D., Bradwell, T. & Golledge, N. R. 2005. Subglacial landforms of the Tweed palaeo-ice stream. Scottish Geographical Journal 121, 163173.Google Scholar
Everest, J. D., Bradwell, T., Fogwill, C. J. & Kubik, P. 2006. Cosmogenic 10Be constraints for the Wester Ross Readvance moraine: insights into British ice-sheet behaviour. Geografiska Annaler 88A, 917.Google Scholar
Everest, J. D., Bradwell, T., Stoker, M. & Dewey, S. 2013. New age constraints for the maximum extent of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet (NW sector). Journal of Quaternary Science 28, 27.Google Scholar
Everest, J. D. & Golledge, N. R. 2004. Dating deglaciation in Strathspey and the Cairngorm Mountains. In Lukas, S., Merritt, J. W. & Mitchell, W. A. (eds) The Quaternary of the Central Grampian Highlands: Field Guide, 5057. Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association. 227 pp.Google Scholar
Everest, J. D. & Kubik, P. W. 2006. The deglaciation of eastern Scotland: cosmogenic 10Be evidence for a Lateglacial stillstand. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 95104.Google Scholar
Fabel, D., Ballantyne, C. K. & Xu, S. 2012. Trimlines, blockfields, mountain-top erratics and the vertical dimensions of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet in NW Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 55, 91102.Google Scholar
Finlayson, A., Merritt, J., Browne, M., Merritt, J., McMillan, A. & Whitbread, K. 2010. Ice sheet advance, dynamics and decay configurations: evidence from west central Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 969978.Google Scholar
Finlayson, A., Golledge, N., Bradwell, T. & Fabel, D. 2011. Evolution of a Lateglacial mountain icecap in northern Scotland. Boreas 40, 536554.Google Scholar
Finlayson, A., Fabel, D., Bradwell, T. & Sugden, D. E. 2014. Growth and decay of a marine terminating sector of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet: a geomorphological reconstruction. Quaternary Science Reviews 83, 2845.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, E. A. 1965. An interglacial soil at Teindland, Morayshire. Nature 207, 621622.Google Scholar
Flinn, D. 1977. The erosional history of Shetland: a review. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 88, 129146.Google Scholar
Flinn, D. 1978a. The most recent glaciation of the Orkney-Shetland channel and adjacent regions. Scottish Journal of Geology 14, 109123.Google Scholar
Flinn, D. 1978b. The glaciation of the Outer Hebrides. Geological Journal 13, 195199.Google Scholar
Flinn, D. 2009. The omission of conflicting evidence from the paper by Golledge et al. (2008). Geografiska Annaler 91A, 253256.Google Scholar
Fretwell, P. T., Smith, D. E. & Harrison, S. 2008. The Last Glacial Maximum British-Irish Ice Sheet: a reconstruction using digital terrain mapping. Journal of Quaternary Science 23, 241248.Google Scholar
Fyfe, J. A., Long, D. & Evans, D. 1993. The geology of the Malin–Hebrides sea area. British Geological Survey, United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Geikie, A. 1901. The Scenery of Scotland 3rd Edition. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Geikie, J. 1876. The Great Ice Age. 2nd Edition. London: Daldy, Isbister & Co.Google Scholar
Geikie, J. 1878. On the glacial phenomena of the Long Isle or Outer Hebrides. Journal of the Geological Society of London 34, 819866.Google Scholar
Geikie, J. 1894. The Great Ice Age. 3rd Edition. London: Daldy, Isbister & Co.Google Scholar
Gemmell, A. M. D. 1973. The deglaciation of the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 59, 2539.Google Scholar
Gheorghiu, D. M., Fabel, D., Hansom, J. D. & Xu, S. 2012. Lateglacial surface exposure dating in the Monadhliath Mountains, Central Highlands, Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 41, 132146.Google Scholar
Gibbard, P. L. & Clark, C. D. 2011. Pleistocene glacial limits in Great Britain. Developments in Quaternary Science 15, 7593.Google Scholar
Godard, A. 1965. Recherches de Géomorphologie en Écosse du Nord-Ouest. Paris: Masson.Google Scholar
Golledge, N. R. 2002. Glaci-tectonic deformation of proglacial lake sediments in the Cairngorm Mountains. Scottish Journal of Geology 38, 127136.Google Scholar
Golledge, N. R. 2010. Glaciation of Scotland during the Younger Dryas stadial: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 550566.Google Scholar
Golledge, N. R., Finlayson, A., Bradwell, T. & Everest, J. D. 2008. The last glaciation of Shetland, North Atlantic. Geografiska Annaler 90A, 3753.Google Scholar
Golledge, N. R. & Stoker, M. S. 2006. A palaeo-ice stream of the British ice sheet in eastern Scotland. Boreas 35, 231243.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. E. & Sutherland, D. G. (eds) 1993. Quaternary of Scotland. London: Chapman & Hall. xxi+695 pp.Google Scholar
Graham, A. G. C., Lonergan, L. & Stoker, M. S. 2007. Evidence for Late Pleistocene ice stream activity in the Witch Ground Basin, central North Sea, from 3D seismic reflection data. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 627643.Google Scholar
Graham, A. G. C., Lonergan, L. & Stoker, M. S. 2009. Seafloor glacial features reveal the extent and decay of the last British Ice Sheet, east of Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 24, 117138.Google Scholar
Graham, A. G. C., Lonergan, L. & Stoker, M. S. 2010. Depositional environments and chronology of Late Weichselian glaciation and deglaciation of the central North Sea. Boreas 39, 471491.Google Scholar
Graham, A. G. C., Stoker, M. S., Lonergan, L., Bradwell, T. & Stewart, M. A. 2011. The Pleistocene glaciations of the North Sea Basin. In Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. & Hughes, P. D. (eds) Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology: a Closer Look. Developments in Quaternary Science 15, 261278. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1126 pp.Google Scholar
Greenwood, S. L. & Clark, C. D. 2009. Reconstruction of the last Irish Ice Sheet 1: changing flow geometries and ice flow dynamics deciphered from the glacial landform record. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 30853100.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 1995. Was all of Lewis glaciated in the Late Devensian? Quaternary Newsletter 76, 17.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 1996. Quaternary geomorphology of the Outer Hebrides. In Gilbertson, D., Kent, M. & Grattan, J. (eds) The Outer Hebrides: the Last 14,000 years, 512. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. 275 pp.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. 2013. The last glaciation of Shetland: local ice cap or invasive ice sheet? Norwegian Journal of Geology 93, 229242.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Whittington, G., Duller, G. A. T. & Jarvis, J. 1995. Late Pleistocene environments in lower Strathspey, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 85 (for 1994), 253273.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Auton, C. A., Michie, U. McL Pearson, S. G. & Riding, J. B. 2011. Switching flow patterns within the last ice sheet in northern Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 47, 157167.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Binnie, S. A., Sugden, D. E., Dunai, T. J. and Wood, C. 2016a. Late readvance and rapid final deglaciation of the last ice sheet in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 31, 869878.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M., Riding, J. B. & Brown, J. F. 2016b. The last glaciation in Orkney, Scotland: glacial stratigraphy, event sequence and flow paths. Scottish Journal of Geology 52, 90101.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Bent, A. J. A. 1990. The limits of the last British ice sheet in northern Scotland and the adjacent shelf. Quaternary Newsletter 61, 212.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Glasser, N. F. 2003. Reconstructing the basal thermal regime of an ice stream in a landscape of selective linear erosion: Glen Avon, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Boreas 32, 191207.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Jarvis, J. 1989. A preliminary report on the Late Devensian glaciomarine deposits around St Fergus, Grampian Region. Quaternary Newsletter 59, 57.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Phillips, W. M. 2006. Glacial modification of granite tors in the Cairngorms, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 811830.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Riding, J. B. 2016. The last glaciation in Caithness, Scotland: revised till stratigraphy and ice-flow paths indicate multiple ice-flow phases. Scottish Journal of Geology 52, 7789.Google Scholar
Hall, A. M. & Whittington, G. W. 1989. Late Devensian glaciation of southern Caithness. Scottish Journal of Geology 25, 307324.Google Scholar
Hall, I. R., Moran, S. B., Zahn, R., Knutz, P. C., Shen, C. C. & Edwards, R. L. 2006. Accelerated drawdown of meridional overturning in the late-glacial Atlantic triggered by transient pre-H event freshwater perturbation. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L16616.Google Scholar
Harkness, D. D. & Wilson, H. W. 1979. Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements III. Radiocarbon 21, 203256.Google Scholar
Hibbert, F. D., Austin, W. E. N., Leng, M. J. & Gatliff, R. W. 2010. British Ice Sheet dynamics inferred from ice-rafted debris records spanning the last 175 000 years. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 461482.Google Scholar
Hiemstra, J. F., Shakesby, R. A. & Vieli, A. 2015. Late Quaternary glaciation of the Hebrides sector of the continental shelf: was St Kilda over-run by the British-Irish Ice Sheet? Boreas 44, 178196.Google Scholar
Holmes, R. 1977. Quaternary deposits of the central North Sea. 5. The Quaternary geology of the UK sector of the North Sea between 56° and 58°N. Institute of Geological Sciences Report 77/14. 50 pp.Google Scholar
Hopkinson, C. & Ballantyne, C. K. 2014. Age and origin of blockfields on Scottish mountains. Scottish Geographical Journal 130, 116141.Google Scholar
Howe, J. A., Dove, D., Bradwell, T. & Gafeira, J. 2012. Submarine geomorphology and glacial history of the Sea of the Hebrides, UK. Marine Geology , 6476.Google Scholar
Hubbard, A., Bradwell, T., Golledge, N., Hall, A. M., Patton, H., Sugden, D. E., Cooper, R. & Stoker, M. S. 2009. Dynamic cycles, ice streams and their impact on the extent, chronology and deglaciation of the British-Irish ice sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 758776.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. L. C., Clark, C. D. & Jordan, C. J. 2010. Subglacial bedforms of the last British Ice Sheet. Journal of Maps 6, 543563.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L. & Clark, C. D. 2011. Dating constraints on the last British–Irish Ice Sheet: a map and database. Journal of Maps 7, 156184.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. L. C., Clark, C. D. & Jordan, C. J. 2014. Flow pattern evolution of the last British Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 89, 148168.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. L. C., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, Ø. S., Mangerud, J. & Svendsen, J. I. 2016. The last Eurasian ice sheets – a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas 45, 145.Google Scholar
Hulme, P. D. & Shirrifs, J. 1994. The Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation of the Lang Lochs Mire area, Gulberwick, Shetland: a pollen and macrofossil investigation. New Phytologist 128, 793806.Google Scholar
Jacobi, R. M., Rose, J., MacLeod, A. & Higham, T. F. G. 2009. Revised radiocarbon ages on woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) from western central Scotland: significance for timing the extinction of woolly rhinoceros in Britain and the onset of the LGM in central Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 25512556.Google Scholar
Kirk, W. & Godwin, H. 1963. A Late-glacial site at Loch Droma, Ross and Cromarty. Transaction of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 65, 225248.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, M. P. & Winkler, S. 2012. Correlation of Late Quaternary moraines: impact of climate variability, glacier response and chronological resolution. Quaternary Science Reviews 46, 129.Google Scholar
Kleman, J. & Glasser, N. 2007. The subglacial thermal organization (STO) of ice sheets. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 585597.Google Scholar
Knutz, P. C., Austin, W. E. N. & Jones, E. J. W. 2001. Millennial-scale depositional cycles related to British Ice Sheet variability and North Atlantic palaeocirculation since 45 kyr B.P., Barra Fan, U.K. margin. Palaeoceanography 16, 5364.Google Scholar
Knutz, P. C., Jones, E. J. W., Austin, W. E. N. & van Weering, T. C. E. 2002. Glacimarine slope sedimentation, contourite drifts and bottom current pathways on the Barra Fan, UK North Atlantic margin. Marine Geology 188, 129146.Google Scholar
Kroon, D., Shimmield, G., Austin, W. E. N., Derrick, S., Knutz, P. C. & Shimmield, G. 2000. Century- to millennial-scale sedimentological-geochemical records of glacial-Holocene sediment variations from the Barra Fan (NE Atlantic). Journal of the Geological Society 157, 643653.Google Scholar
Kuchar, J., Milne, G., Hubbard, A., Patton, H., Bradley, S., Shennan, I. & Edwards, R. 2012. Evaluation of a numerical model of the British-Irish ice sheet using relative sea-level data: implications for the interpretation of trimline observations. Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 597605.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1995. Late Devensian and Holocene shorelines of the British Isles and North Sea from models of glacio-hydro-isostatic rebound. Journal of the Geological Society 152, 437448.Google Scholar
Lang, B., Brooks, S. J., Bedford, A., Jones, R. T., Birks, H. J. B. & Marshal, J. 2010. Regional consistency in chironomid-inferred air temperatures from five sites in north-west England. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 15281538.Google Scholar
Lawson, T. J. 1990. Former ice movement in Assynt, Sutherland, as shown by the distribution of glacial erratics. Scottish Journal of Geology 26, 2533.Google Scholar
Lifton, N., Sato, T. & Dunai, T. J. 2014. Scaling in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates using analytical approximations to atmospheric cosmic-ray fluxes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 386, 149160.Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. 2005. A Pliocene–Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S. J., Ó Cofaigh, C. & Evans, D. J. A. 2008. Glacial geomorphology of the central sector of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Maps 4, 358377.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S. J., Evans, D. J. A. & Ó Cofaigh, C. 2010a. Re-advance of Scottish ice into the Solway lowlands (Cumbria, UK) during the Main Late Devensian deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 25442570.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S. J., Ó Cofaigh, C. & Evans, D. J. A. 2010b. A major ice drainage pathway of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet: the Tyne Gap, northern England. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 354370.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S. J., Evans, D. J. A., Ó Cofaigh, C., Davies, B. J., Merritt, J. W., Huddart, D., Mitchell, W. A., Roberts, D. H. & Yorke, L. 2012. Glaciodynamics of the central sector of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet in northern England. Earth-Science Reviews 111, 2555.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S. J., Roberts, D. H., Davies, B. J., Evans, D. J. A., Ó Cofaigh, C. & Gheorghiu, D. 2015. Late Devensian deglaciation of the Tyne Gap Palaeo-Ice Stream, northern England. Journal of Quaternary Science 30, 790804.Google Scholar
Lonergan, L., Maidment, S. C. R. & Collier, J. S. 2006. Pleistocene subglacial tunnel valleys in the central North Sea Basin: 3-D morphology and evolution. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 891903.Google Scholar
Lowe, J. J. 1978. Radiocarbon-dated Lateglacial and early Flandrian pollen profiles from the Teith valley, Perthshire, Scotland. Pollen et Spores 20, 367397.Google Scholar
Marrero, S. M., Phillips, F. M., Borchers, B., Lifton, N., Aumer, R. & Balco, G. 2016a. Cosmogenic nuclide systematics and the CRONUScalc program. Quaternary Geochronology 31, 160187.Google Scholar
Marrero, S. M., Phillips, F. M., Caffee, M. W. & Gosse, J. C. 2016b. CRONUS-Earth cosmogenic 36Cl calibration. Quaternary Geochronology 31, 199219.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M., Knight, J. & McCarron, S. G. 1998. Evidence for Heinrich event 1 in the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science 13, 549568.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M., Clark, P. U. & Clark, J. 2005. AMS 14C dating of deglacial events in the Irish Sea Basin and other sectors of the British–Irish ice sheet. Journal of the Geological Society, London 160, 847855.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M., Clark, P. U., Smith, D. E. & Dunlop, P. 2007. A revised model of the last deglaciation of eastern Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 313316.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M. & Clark, P. U. 1998. Ice-sheet variability around the North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation. Nature 392, 373377.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M. & Ó Cofaigh, C. 1995. Late Pleistocene morainal bank facies at Greystones, eastern Ireland: an example of sedimentation during ice marginal re-equilibration in an isostatically depressed basin. Sedimentology 42, 647663.Google Scholar
McCabe, A. M. & Williams, G. D. 2012. Timing of the East Antrim Coastal Readvance: phase relationships between lowland Irish and upland Scottish ice sheets during the last glacial termination. Quaternary Science Reviews 58, 1829.Google Scholar
McCarroll, D., Ballantyne, C. K., Nesje, A. & Dahl, S. O. 1995. Nunataks of the last ice sheet in NW Scotland. Boreas 24, 305323.Google Scholar
McCarroll, D., Stone, J. O., Ballantyne, C. K., Scourse, J. D., Hiemstra, J. F., Evans, D. J. A. & Fifield, L. K. 2010. Exposure-age constraints on the extent, timing and rate of retreat of the last Irish Sea ice stream. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 18441852.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Coope, G. R., Taylor, B. J. & Walker, M. J. C. 1990. Late Devensian organic deposits beneath till in the Teith Valley, Perthshire. Scottish Journal of Geology 26, 1524.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Auton, C. A. & Firth, C. R. 1995. Ice-proximal glaciomarine sedimentation and sea-level change in the Inverness area, Scotland: a review of the deglaciation of a major ice stream of the British Late Devensian Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 289329.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Auton, C. A., Connell, E. R., Hall, A. M. & Peacock, J. D. 2003. Cainozoic Geology and Landscape Evolution of North-East Scotland. Edinburgh: Memoir of the British Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Connell, E. R. & Hall, A. M. 2017. Middle to Late Devensian glaciation of north-east Scotland: implications for the north-eastern quadrant of the last British-Irish ice sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 32, 276294.Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W., Hall, A. M., Connell, E. R. & Gordon, J. E. 2018. Late Pleistocene sediments, landforms and events in Scotland: a review of the terrestrial record. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh [███, ██–██].Google Scholar
Merritt, J. W. & Auton, C. A. 2000. An outline of the lithostratigraphy and depositional history of Quaternary deposits in the Sellafield district, west Cumbria. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 53, 129154.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. A. 2007. Reconstructions of the Late Devensian (Dimlington Stadial) British-Irish Ice Sheet: the role of the upper Tees drumlin field, north Pennines, England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 56, 221234.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. A. 2008. Quaternary geology of part of the Kale Water catchment, western Cheviot Hills, southern Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 44, 5163.Google Scholar
Nygård, A., Sejrup, H. P., Haflidason, H., Lekens, W. A. H., Clark, C. D. & Bigg, G. R. 2007. Extreme sediment and ice discharge from marine-based ice streams: new evidence from the North Sea. Geology 35, 395398.Google Scholar
Ó Cofaigh, C., Dunlop, P. & Benetti, S. 2012. Marine geophysical evidence for Late Pleistocene ice sheet extent and recession off northwest Ireland. Quaternary Science Reviews 44, 147159.Google Scholar
Paterson, I. B. 1974. The supposed Perth Readvance in the Perth district. Scottish Journal of Geology 10, 5366.Google Scholar
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Bradwell, T., Glasser, N. F., Hambrey, M. J. & Clark, C. D. 2013. Rapid marine deglaciation: asynchronous retreat dynamics between the Irish Sea Ice Stream and terrestrial outlet glaciers. Earth Surface Dynamics 1, 5365.Google Scholar
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Winsbarrow, M. & Stroeven, A.P. 2016. The build-up, configuration and dynamical sensitivity of the Eurasian ice-sheet complex to Late Weichselian climatic and oceanic forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews 153, 97121.Google Scholar
Peach, B. N. & Horne, J. 1879. The glaciation of the Shetland Isles. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 35, 778811.Google Scholar
Peach, B. N. & Horne, J. 1880. The glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 36, 648663.Google Scholar
Peach, B. N. & Horne, J. 1881. The glaciation of Caithness. Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh 6, 316352.Google Scholar
Peach, B. N. & Horne, J. 1910. The Scottish lakes in relation to the geological features of the country. In Murray, J. & Pullar, L. (eds) Bathymetric Survey of the Scottish Fresh-water Lochs, Volume 1, 439513. Edinburgh: Challenger Office.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1975. Scottish late and post-glacial marine deposits. In Gemmell, A. M. D. (ed.) Quaternary Studies in North-East Scotland, 4548. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen. 87 pp.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1984. Quaternary geology of the Outer Hebrides. British Geological Survey Reports 16/2. 26 pp.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1991. Glacial deposits of the Hebridean region. In Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. & Rose, J. (eds) Glacial Deposits of Great Britain and Ireland, 109119. Rotterdam: Balkema. 589 pp.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1995. Late Devensian to Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes in the Viking Bank area, northern North Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 10291042.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 1999. The pre-Windermere Interstadial (Late Devensian) raised marine strata of eastern Scotland and their macrofauna. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 16551686.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. 2003. Late Devensian marine deposits (Errol Clay Formation) at the Gallowflat Claypit, eastern Scotland: new evidence for the timing of ice recession in the Tay Estuary. Scottish Journal of Geology 39, 110.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D., Austin, W. E. N., Selby, I., Graham, F. D. K., Harland, R. & Wilkinson, I.P. 1992. Late Devensian and Flandrian palaeoenvironmental changes on the Scottish continental shelf west of the Outer Hebrides. Journal of Quaternary Science 7, 145161.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D., Armstrong, M., Browne, M. A. E., Golledge, N. R. & Stoker, M. S. 2007. Discussion on a revised model for the last deglaciation of eastern Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society 164, 12611263.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D., Horne, D. J. & Whittaker, J. E. 2012. Late Devensian evolution of the marine offshore environment of western Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 123, 419437.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. & Harkness, D. D. 1990. Radiocarbon ages and the full-glacial to Holocene transition in seas adjacent to Scotland and southern Scandinavia: a review. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 81, 385396.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. & Long, D. 1994. Late-Devensian glaciation and deglaciation of Shetland. Quaternary Newsletter 74, 1621.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. D. & Ross, D. L. 1978. Anomalous glacial erratics in the southern part of the Outer Hebrides. Scottish Journal of Geology 14, 263.Google Scholar
Peglar, S. 1979. A radiocarbon-dated pollen diagram from Loch of Winless, Caithness, north-east Scotland. New Phytologist 82, 245263.Google Scholar
Pennington, W. 1975. A chronostratigraphic comparison of Late Weichselian and Late Devensian sub-divisions, illustrated by two radiocarbon-dated profiles from western Britain. Boreas 4, 157171.Google Scholar
Pennington, W., Haworth, E. Y., Bonny, A.P. & Lishman, J. P. 1972. Lake sediments in northern Scotland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B264, 191294.Google Scholar
Penny, L. F., Coope, G. R. & Catt, J. A. 1969. Age and insect fauna of the Dimlington Silts, East Yorkshire. Nature 224, 6567.Google Scholar
Peters, C., Walden, J. & Austin, W. E. N. 2008. Magnetic signature of European margin sediments: provenance of ice-rafted debris and the climatic response of the British ice sheet during Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, F03007.Google Scholar
Peters, J. L., Benetti, S., Dunlop, P. & Ó Cofaigh, C. 2015. Maximum extent and dynamic behaviour of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet west of Ireland. Quaternary Science Reviews 128, 4868.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. M., Hall, A. M., Mottram, R., Fifield, L. K. & Sugden, D. E., 2006. Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al exposure ages of tors and erratics, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland: timescales for the development of a classic landscape of selective linear erosion. Geomorphology 73, 222245.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. M., Hall, A. M., Ballantyne, C. K., Binnie, S., Kubik, P. & Freeman, S. 2008. Extent of the last ice sheet in northern Britain tested with cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages. Journal of Quaternary Science 23, 101107.Google Scholar
Praeg, D., McCarron, S., Dove, D., Ó Cofaigh, C., Scott, G., Monteys, X., Facchin, L., Romeo, R. & Coxon, P. 2015. Seeking the seaward limits of the Irish Sea Ice Stream: glaciation of the Celtic Sea shelf edge at the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 111, 107112.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S. O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S. P., Blunier, T., Buchart, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Cvijanovic, I., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Fischer, H., Gkinis, V., Guillevic, M., Hoek, W. Z., Lowe, J. J., Pedro, J. B., Popp, T., Seierstad, I. K., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A. M., Vallelonga, B. O., Walker, M. J. C., Wheatley, J. J. & Winstrup, M. 2014. A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 106, 1428.Google Scholar
Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A. et al. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 18691887.Google Scholar
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J. & Scheuchl, B. 2011. Ice flow of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 333, 14271429.Google Scholar
Rise, L. & Rokoengen, K. 1984. Surficial sediments in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea between 60°30′N and 62°N. Marine Geology 58, 287317.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. H., Dackombe, R. V. & Thomas, G. S. P. 2007. Palaeo-ice streaming in the central sector of the British-Irish Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum: evidence from the northern Irish Sea Basin. Boreas 36, 115129.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. H., Evans, D. J. A., Lodwick, J. & Cox, N. J. 2013. The subglacial and ice-marginal signature of the North Sea Lobe of the British-Irish Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum at Upgang, North Yorkshire, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 124, 503519.Google Scholar
Robinson, M. & Ballantyne, C. K. 1979. Evidence for a glacial readvance pre-dating the Loch Lomond Advance in Wester Ross. Scottish Journal of Geology 15, 271277.Google Scholar
Salt, K. E. & Evans, D. J. A. 2004. Superimposed subglacially streamlined landforms of southwest Scotland. Scottish Geographical Journal 120, 133147.Google Scholar
Schimmelpfennig, I., Benedetti, L., Finkel, R., Pik, R., Blard, P. H., Bourlès, D., Burnard, P. & Williams, A. 2009. Sources of in-situ 36Cl in basaltic rocks. Implications for calibration of production rates. Quaternary Geochronology 4, 441461.Google Scholar
Scourse, J. D. & Furze, M. F. A. 2001. A critical review of the glacimarine model for Irish Sea deglaciation: evidence from southern Britain, the Celtic shelf and adjacent continental slope. Journal of Quaternary Science 16, 419434.Google Scholar
Scourse, J. D., Haapaniemi, A. I., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Peck, V. L., Hall, I. R., Austin, W. E. N., Knutz, P. C. & Zahn, R. 2009. Growth, dynamics and deglaciation of the last British–Irish ice sheet: the deep-sea ice-rafted detritus record. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 30663084.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Haflidason, H., Aarseth, I., King, E., Forsberg, C. F., Long, D. & Rokoengen, K. 1994. Late Weichselian glaciation history of the central North Sea. Boreas 23, 113.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Hjelstuen, B. O., Dahlgren, K. I. T., Haflidason, H., Kuijpers, A., Nygård, A., Praeg, D., Stoker, M. S. & Vorren, T. O., 2005. Pleistocene glacial history of the NW European continental margin. Marine and Petroleum Geology 22, 11111129.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Nygård, A., Hall, A. M. & Haflidason, H. 2009. Middle and Late Weichselian (Devensian) glaciation history of south-western Norway, North Sea and eastern UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 370380.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Hjelstuen, B. O., Nygård, A., Haflidason, H. & Mardal, I. 2015. Late Devensian ice-marginal features in the central North Sea – processes and chronology. Boreas 44, 113.Google Scholar
Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D. & Hjelstuen, B. O. 2016. Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: evidence from the North Sea. Geology 44, 355358.Google Scholar
Selby, I. 1989. Quaternary Geology of the Hebridean Continental Margin. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Shennan, I., Peltier, W. R., Drummond, R. & Horton, B. 2002. Global to local scale parameters determining relative sea-level changes and the post glacial isostatic readjustment of Great Britain. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 397408.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. B. 1933. The late-glacial readvance moraines of the highland border west of the River Tay. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 57, 633645.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1963. The Perth Readvance in central Scotland. Part I. Scottish Geographical Magazine 79, 151163.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1964. The Perth Readvance in central Scotland. Part II. Scottish Geographical Magazine 80, 2836.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1967. The Evolution of Scotland's Scenery. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 259 pp.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1974. The Quaternary in Scotland: a review. Scottish Journal of Geology 10, 311337.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1981. The last Scottish ice-sheet: facts and speculative discussion. Boreas 10, 117.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. 1983. The Quaternary geomorphology of the Inner Hebrides: a review and reassessment. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 94, 165175.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B., Smith, D. E. & Cullingford, R. A. 1966. Late-glacial and post-glacial shorelines in south-east Scotland. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 39, 918.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. & Dawson, A. G. 1981. Former sea levels and ice limits in part of Wester Ross, North-West Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 92, 115124.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. & Smith, D. E. 1965. Raised shorelines associated with the Perth Readvance in the Forth valley and their relation to glacial isostasy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 66, 143168.Google Scholar
Sissons, J. B. & Walker, M. J. C. 1974. Late glacial site in the central Grampian Highlands. Nature 249, 822824.Google Scholar
Small, D., Rinterknecht, V., Austin, W. E. N., Fabel, D., Miguens-Rodriguez, M. & Xu, S. 2012. In situ cosmogenic exposure ages from the Isle of Skye, northwest Scotland: implications for the timing of deglaciation and readvance from 15 to 11 ka. Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 150158.Google Scholar
Small, D., Austin, W. E. N. & Rinterknecht, V. 2013a. Freshwater influx, hydrographic reorganization and the dispersal of ice-rafted detritus in the sub-polar North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation. Journal of Quaternary Science 28, 527535.Google Scholar
Small, D., Parrish, R., Austin, W. E. N., Cawood, P. A. & Rinterknecht, V. 2013b. Provenance of North Atlantic ice-rafted debris during the last deglaciation – a new application of U–Pb rutile and zircon geochronology. Geology 41, 155158.Google Scholar
Small, D., Rinterknecht, V., Austin, W. E. N., Bates, R., Benn, D. I., Scourse, J. D., Bourlès, D., ASTER Team & Hibbert, F. D. 2016. Implications of 36Cl exposure ages from Skye, northwest Scotland for the timing of ice stream deglaciation and deglacial ice dynamics. Quaternary Science Reviews 150, 130145.Google Scholar
Small, D., Benetti, S., Dove, D., Ballantyne, C. K., Fabel, D., Clark, C. D., Gheorghiu, D. M., Newall, J. & Xu, S. 2017a. Cosmogenic exposure age constraints on deglaciation and flow behaviour of a marine-based ice stream in western Scotland, 21–16 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 167, 3046.Google Scholar
Small, D., Clark, C. D., Chiverrell, R. C., Smedley, R. K., Bateman, M. D., Duller, G. A. T., Ely, J. C., Fabel, D., Medialdea, A. & Moreton, S. G. 2017b. Devising quality assurance procedures for assessment of legacy geochronological data relating to deglaciation of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Earth-Science Reviews 164, 232250.Google Scholar
Smedley, R. K., Chiverrell, R. C., Ballantyne, C. K., Burke, M. J., Clark, C. D., Duller, G. A. T., Fabel, D., McCarroll, D., Scourse, J. D., Small, D. & Thomas, G. S. P. 2017a. Internal dynamics condition centennial-scale oscillations in marine-based ice stream retreat. Geology 45, 787790.Google Scholar
Smedley, R. K., Scourse, J. D., Small, D., Hiemstra, J. F., Duller, G. A. T., Bateman, M. D., Burke, M. J., Chiverrell, R. C., Clark, C. D., Davies, S. M., Fabel, D., Gheorghiu, D. M., McCarroll, D., Medialdia, A. & Xu, S. 2017b. New age constraints for the limit of the British–Irish Ice Sheet on the Isles of Scilly. Journal of Quaternary Science 32, 4862.Google Scholar
Stewart, H. A. et al. 2018. Quaternary stratigraphy of the shelves adjacent to Scotland (final authors and title to be determined). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This issue.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. 1995. The influence of glacigenic sedimentation on slope-apron development on the continental margin off Northwest Britain. Journal of the Geological Society 90, 159177.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. 2013. Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. In Hitchen, K. Johnson, H. & Gatliff, R. W. (eds) Geology of the Rockall Basin and adjacent areas. British Geological Survey Research Report , 159177.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S., Hitchen, K. & Graham, C. C. 1993. The geology of the Hebrides and West Shetland shelves, and adjacent deep-water areas. British Geological Survey United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report. London: HMSO. 149 pp.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S., Leslie, A. B., Scott, W. D., Briden, J. C. Hine, N. M., Harland, R., Wilkinson, I. P., Evans, D. & Ardus, D. A. 1994. A record of late Cenozoic stratigraphy, sedimentation and climate change from the Hebrides Slope, NE Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Geological Society, London 151, 96137.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S., Bradwell, T., Wilson, C., Harper, C., Smith, D. & Brett, C. 2006. Pristine fjord landsystem revealed on the sea bed in the Summer Isles region, NW Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 42, 8999.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S., Bradwell, T., Howe, J. A., Wilkinson, I. P. & McIntyre, K. 2009. Lateglacial ice-cap dynamics in NW Scotland: evidence from the fjords of the Summer Isles region. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 31613184.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. & Bradwell, T. 2005. The Minch palaeo-ice stream, NW sector of the British-Irish ice sheet. Journal of the Geological Society, London 163, 425428.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. & Holmes, R. 1991. Submarine end-moraines as indicators of Pleistocene ice-limits off northwest Britain. Journal of the Geological Society, London 148, 431434.Google Scholar
Stoker, M. S. & Varming, T. 2011. Cenozoic (sedimentary). In Ritchie, J. D., Ziska, H., Johnson, H. & Evans, D. (eds) Geology of the Faroe–Shetland Basin and adjacent areas. British Geological Survey Research Report , 151208.Google Scholar
Stokes, C. R. & Clark, C. D. 1999. Geomorphological criteria for identifying Pleistocene ice streams. Annals of Glaciology 28, 6774.Google Scholar
Stokes, C. R. & Clark, C. D. 2001. Palaeo-ice streams. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 14371457.Google Scholar
Stone, J. O., Ballantyne, C. K. & Fifield, L. K. 1998. Exposure dating and validation of periglacial weathering limits, northwest Scotland. Geology 26, 587590.Google Scholar
Stone, J. O. & Ballantyne, C. K. 2006. Dimensions and deglacial chronology of the Outer Hebrides Ice Cap, NW Scotland: implications of cosmic-ray exposure dating. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 7584.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J. & Reimer, R.W. 2016. CALIB 7.1. http://calib.org (accessed June 2017).Google Scholar
Sugden, D. E. 1970. Landforms of deglaciation in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 51, 7992.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1984. The Quaternary deposits and landforms of Scotland and the neighbouring shelves: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews 3, 157254.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G. 1986. A review of Scottish marine shell radiocarbon dates, their standardization and interpretation. Scottish Journal of Geology 22, 145164.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. G., Ballantyne, C. K. & Walker, M. J. C. 1984. Late Quaternary glaciation and environmental change on St Kilda, Scotland, and their palaeoclimatic significance. Boreas 13, 261272.Google Scholar
Thomson, M. E. & Eden, R. A. 1977. Quaternary deposits of the central North Sea. 3. The Quaternary sequence in the west-central North Sea. Institute of Geological Sciences Report 77/12. 18 pp.Google Scholar
Truffer, M. & Echelmeyer, K. A. 2003. Of isbrae and ice streams. Annals of Glaciology 36, 6672.Google Scholar
Turner, A. J., Woodward, J., Dunning, S. A., Shine, A. J., Stokes, C. R. & Ó Cofaigh, C. 2012. Geophysical surveys of the sediments of Loch Ness, Scotland: implications for the deglaciation of the Moray Firth Ice Stream, British–Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 221232.Google Scholar
Tyrrell, G. W. 1928. The Geology of Arran. Memoir of the Geological Survey. Edinburgh: HMSO.Google Scholar
Von Weymarn, J. A. 1979. A new concept of glaciation in Lewis and Harris. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 77B, 97105.Google Scholar
Walker, M. J. C., Ballantyne, C. K., Lowe, J. J. & Sutherland, D. G. 1988. A reinterpretation of the Lateglacial environmental history of the Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 3, 135146.Google Scholar
Walker, M. J. C. & Lowe, J. J. 1982. Lateglacial and Flandrian chronology of the Isle of Mull, Scotland. Nature 296, 822824.Google Scholar
Watson, J., Brooks, S. J., Whitehouse, N. J., Reimer, P. J., Birks, H. J. B. & Turney, C. 2010. Chironomid-inferred Late-glacial summer air temperatures from Lough Nadourcan, Co. Donegal, Ireland. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 12001210.Google Scholar
Whittington, G., Edwards, K. J. & Caseldine, C. J. 1991. Late- and post-glacial pollen-analytical and environmental data from a near-coastal site in north-east Fife, Scotland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 68, 6585.Google Scholar
Whittington, G., Buckland, P., Edwards, K. J., Greenwood, M., Hall, A. M. & Robinson, M. 2003. Multiproxy Devensian Late-glacial and Holocene environmental records at an Atlantic coastal site in Shetland. Journal of Quaternary Science 18, 151168.Google Scholar
Whittington, G. & Hall, A. M. 2002. The Tolsta Interstadial, Scotland: a correlation with D-O cycles GI-8 to GI-5? Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 901915.Google Scholar
Wilson, L. J., Austin, W. E. N. & Jansen, E. 2002. The last British Ice Sheet: growth, maximum extent and deglaciation. Polar Research 21, 243250.Google Scholar
Wilson, L. J. & Austin, W. E. N. 2002. Millennial and sub-millennial scale variability in sediment colour from the Barra Fan, NW Scotland: implications for British Ice Sheet dynamics. Journal of the Geological Society 203, 349366.Google Scholar
Wright, W. B. 1914. The Quaternary Ice Age. London: MacMillan & Co. xxvi+478 pp.Google Scholar