^{page 111 note *} Vide Iliad. ά, 250. γ′, 402. σ′, 288. &c. Oper. & Dies, 109, 142. Anacreon has also made use of the same epithet, but without the substantive; Od. III. 4.

^{page 111 note †} Διὰ τὸ μεμεϱισμένην ἔχειν τὴν ὄπα, says Hesychius, voce μέρoπεϛ. In which Suidas agrees. Eustathius is more explicit. . Men are called μίροϰςς, from their naturally having their voice divided into Words and Syllables and Elements, a quality which no voice possesses, except human Speech. Ad Iliad, ά, 250. The Bishop adds, That “those of his own sacred society, “the interpreters of holy Writ, derive the word from the division of tongues which “took place at the building of the tower of Cholana,” as he calls it; which etymology Erasmus has also taken notice of in his Dialogue de recta Latini Græcique Sermonis pronuntiatione. But of this derivation, Damm, in his Lexicon, justly says, “Id piè magis “quam verè.” Eustathius has farther observed, “That certain birds are called “μέϱοπες;” those, no doubt, he means of the parrot kind. But the manner in which these possess the faculty of articulation, forms but a very slight exception to this characteristic of human nature. Human articulation was defined by the Stoics as follows: , Sound articulate, and proceeding from Sentiment. See , Harris'sHermes, p. 322Google Scholar.

^{page 112 note *} Even Dr Wilkins's Real Character, which he has, with such astonishing labour, invented, is not calculated to give any idea of syllables or elemental sounds; and therefore, in order to complete his scheme of an universal philosophical language, he has likewise invented two alphabets, one of which he calls a Natural Character; this being necessary for the expressing of proper names, according to his project. See An Essay towards a real Character and a philosophical Language, by John Wilkins, D. D. Dean of Ripon, and F. R. S. (afterwards Bishop of Chester.) Lond. 1668. fol.

^{page 113 note *} Sex an excellent account of the difference betwixt imitative and symbolic language, by the late Mr Harris, supported by quotations from Greek authors. Hermes, Book III. Chap. 3.

^{page 113 note †} Dr Wilkins has endeavoured to shew the defects in common alphabets, as to the true order of the letters, their just number, determinate powers, fitting names, proper figures, &c. Essay towards a real Character, &c. Part I. Chap. v. And he has exhibited a table of such simple sounds as he thinks can be framed by men, with a twofold instance of a more regular character for the letters, together with several other curious particulars. Part III. Chap. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. After all, he concludes as follows: “These thirty-four letters, before enumerated, will suffice to express all those articulate “sounds, which are commonly known and used in these parts of the world. I dare not “be over-peremptory in asserting, that these are all the articulate Sounds, which either “are, or can be in nature; it being as impossible to reckon up all such, as to determine “the just number of Colours or Tastes.”

^{page 113 note ‡} The etymology of the Latin word Litera, is not so well ascertained. See Scaliger de Causis Ling. Lat. Lib. I. Cap. 4. Ammonius the Grammarian thus defines the difference betwixt . For ςοιχᾶον is the enunciation and the sound, of which γράμμα is a sign or type or figure. De affinium vocab, differentiâ, voce γϱάμμα, ubi quæ annotavit vir doctissimus Lud. Casp. Valckenaer. Aristotle gives the following account of an element. . An Element is an indivisible sound; not every indivisible sound, but from the composition of which an intelligible sound [or word] is naturally produced. For the cries of wild animals are indivisible sounds, but I call none of these an Element. De Poetic. cap. xx. See also Dionys. Halicarn. de Compos. Verb. cap. XIV. et Plato in Cratylo. Vol. I. p. 426. Edit. Serrani. See the Stoic definition of an element, quoted by Mr Harris from Diogenes Laertius: Hermes, Book III. chap. 2. But though γϱάμμα and σ˥οιχεῖον are clearly different, the one signifying a letter and the other an element, they are frequently confounded by the Greek writers; the sign being often taken for the thing signified. Accordingly, Dionysius the Thracian, in giving the etymology of the words, has confounded their meaning. . [Iliad. λ′, 388.] . They are called γϱάμματα, on account of their being formed by lines and incisions: for γϱαψάι, among the ancients, signified to make an incision, as we find from Homer, [Iliad, λ′, 388.] The same are called στοιχεῖα, because they are arranged according to a certain progression or series. Ars Gramm. apud Fabricium in Biblioth. Gr. Vol. VII. p. 27. Nor has Theodore Gaza attended to the distinction in his definition, though it is, in other respects, extremely accurate. . Perhaps we should begin with the first, viz. the Elements. For they are the first and indivisible voice of man; not being connected together at random, to produce the composition of a syllable; but, as the name imports, arranged in a rational manner, advancing in a certain series and regular order. Grammat. Inst. Lib. IV. Priscian has remarked this confounding of an element and a letter: “Abusivè tamen et elementa pro literis et literæ pro elementis vo-“cantur.” Lib. I. In most cases, however, no great inconvenience arises from, the neglect of this distinction.

^{page 114 note *}

which, translated literally, runs thus: He sent him into Lycia, and be moreover gave him destructive signs, having carved, upon a folding tablet, a variety of them fatal to his life. The poet is speaking of Proetus, who sent Bellerophon into Lycia with this fatal tablet. We have no authority to translate σήματα, Letters, or γϱάψας, having written, as is generally done. Indeed, no where in the poems of Homer, do we find any part of the simple verb γϱάφω, except here, and in the 599th line of the 17th book of the Iliad, where γϱάΨεν occurs; and there it signifies to wound, or to make an incision, being applied to what the spear of Polydamas did to Penelaus the Bœotian. Its compound ἐπιγϱάφω indeed is found four or five times, and always signifies to raze or graze the skin with the point of a weapon. But neither γϱάμμα nor σοιχεῖον are to be met with in Homer, nor does he any where make mention of Letters or writing by any terms whatever. For σήμα, which occurs so often, can scarcely ever be said to signify what we mean by a Letter: And hence an argument has been adduced, though not by any means a decisive one, against Homer's knowledge of the art of writing, or the use of letters. But this is an investigation which cannot properly be introduced in a note. See what the late Mr Robert Wood has written upon this subject in the last section of his Essay on the original Genius of Homer. Lond. 1775. 4to.

^{page 115 note *} See a short but elegant Dissertation, printed at the conclusion of the 2d Vol. of Havercamp's Sylloge Scriptorum guide Ling. Græe, verâ et rectâ pronuntiatione commentarios reliquerunt, entitled, De Fœnicum Literis, &c. Guillielmo Postello Barentonio auctore. See also Harris's Hermes, Book III. ch. 2.

page 115 note † “ La communication des pensées par l'Ecriture, n'est guères moins admirable que “celle qui se fait par la Parole. Ce ne fut apparemment qu'apres bien des meditations “et des essius multipliés, que degoûté des difficultés, des équivoques, des obseurités, des “bornes trop etroites de l'écriture hièroglyphique, l'inventeur de l'ecriture littérale re- “connut le nombre assez petit des sons élémentaires, et comprit qu'en les repréfentant “par autant de caractères distincts, on pourroit combiner ces caractères comme les sons. “qu'ils représentent; ce qui constitue en effet

“_____ Cet art ingenieux

“De peindre la parole, et de parler aux yeux;

“art merveilleux, qui fixe à jamais la parole et la pensée qu'elle exprime, qui porte “l'une et l'autre aux absents, qui les fait passer à la postérité la plus recúlée, et dont on “peut dire avec vérité et fans restriction, ce que dit M. Diderot d'un idiome qui di- “viendroit commun à tout le genre humain: [Encyclop. au mot Encyclopedie.] que “ par son moyen, la distance des temps disparoît, les lieux se touchent, il se forme des liaisons “entre tous les points habités de l'espace et de la durée, et tous les êtres vivants et pensants “s'entretiennent.” Grammaire Generale, &c. Par M. Beauzee. Tom. I. p. 2. See also Ciceron. Quest. Tusc. Lib. I. and Wilkins's Essay, &c. p. 10.

^{page 116 note *} The ingenious, laborious and truly admirable effort of Dr Wilkins, to invent and establish an universal character and philosophical language, has only tended to show more strikingly the impracticableness of such an attempt: At least, however feasible his project may appear, his method still remains unemployed by the learned; and as for the vulgar, it is quite beyond their comprehension.

^{page 117 note *} The inhabitants of some nations, says M. du Marsais, employ certain organs, and even certain parts of organs, of which others make no use. There is likewise a particular form or manner of exerting the organs, &c. “Il y'a des peuples qui mettent en “action certains organes et même certaines parties des organes, dont les autres ne font “point d'usage. Il y'a aussi une forme ou maniere particuliere de faire agir les organes. “De plus en chaque nation, en chaque province, et même en chaque ville, on s'enonce “avec un forte de modulation particuliere; c'est qu'on appelle accent national, ou accent “ provinciale.” Encyclop. au mot Consonne.

^{page 117 note †} “ Si, comme le dit l'illustre Secrétaire de l'Academie Françoise, il n'y a rien “ dans la nature ni dans la raison qui détermine un objet à être designé par un “ son plutot que par un autre; on peut dire avec autant ou plus de vérité, qu'il n'y a “ rien dans la nature ni dans la raison qui détermine un son à etre designé par une lettre “ plutôt que par une autre.” Gramm. Generale, par M. Beauzee. Tom. I. p. 179. See also p. 233, 234.

Dr Wilkins indeed has endeavoured to contrive a set of characters, which, in their shape, have “ some resemblance to that configuration which there is in the organs of “ speech upon the framing of several letters.” Upon which account, he thinks, such an alphabet may deserve the name of a natural character of the letters. Essay, &c. p. 375. But here he has not been very successful; and indeed he seems himself to prefer another alphabet, which he has also set down, although it has no such property, and yet is, as he confesses, “ more facile and simple.”

^{page 118 note *} See Mr Harris's elegant encomium of the Greeks and their language, of which he was the great and rational admirer. Hermes, Book III. Chap. 5. Also, Dr Gregory Sharpe, in the Preface to his Origin and Structure of the Greek Tongue.

^{page 118 note †} It is the uniform opinion of ancient authors, that the Greek alphabet at first consisted only of sixteen letters, which were imported out of Phoenicia into Greece by the celebrated Cadmus. [See Herodot. Terpsichor. cap. 58. Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 9. Iren. lib. I. cap. 12. Lucan. Phars. lib. III. See also, Dr , Wilkins'sEssay, p. 11.]Google Scholar These fixteen letters, called Καδμηΐα γϱάμματα, and sometimes σήματα Κάδμȣ, were the two short vowels with the three ancipites; the three smooth and the three intermediate mute consonants; and the four liquids, with the solitary Σῖγμα. Palamedes is said to have added the three aspirated mutes, and the double consonant Ξῖ, at the time of the Trojan war. And Simonides is supposed afterwards to have invented the two other double consonants and the two long vowels. See , Montfaucon. Palæogr. Gr. p. 115, 116, 117Google Scholar. And see an enumeration of the authors who have written on this subject in Harles, Theophili Christoph.Introd. in Hist. Ling. Gr. Proleg, p. viii.Google Scholar seqq. Altenburg. 1778. 8vo.

^{page 119 note *} Callistratus, the Grammarian of Samos, is said to have arranged the Greek alphabet in the order in which we now find it, when Euclides was Archon of Athens. See Foster's, Essay on Accent and Quantity, p. 41. 2d Edit.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note †}

^{page 120 note *} He mentions it as so called by , Pindar. De compositione Verborum, Sect. 14.Google Scholar of which more afterwards.

^{page 120 note †} Athenæus, p. 467. Edit. Commelin. See also Isaaci Casaub. Animadverss. in Athen. Lib. X. cap. 21. Σαμφόρхι is evidently compounded of Σὰν and φέρω ν being always μ before π, β, φ, which will be remarked more particularly afterwards. See , AristophanisNubes, 122. 1298.Google ScholarEdit. Brunck. Argentor. 1783.

^{page 120 note ‡} Literæ cujusque vis intelligitur ex initiali sono nominis. , MoorElements, L. Gr. p. 2Google Scholar.

^{page 121 note *} .

Ceratinus's definition is nearly the same: “Prosertur lingua fursum adducta ad pa-“latum, cujus medio spatio spiritus fertur et circa dentes exilem et angustum et quodam- “modo tristem sibilum expellit.” De Sono Gr. Litt. Libellus. It ought never to be pronounced, as in some English and French words, as if it were the same with Z, or a double S. “ Hic quidem certe graviter errant et labuntur præter cæteros Galli, quoties “ σῖγμα interjacet duabus vocalibus in una vel diversis dictonibus. Tum enim fonus qui “ est in ζῆτϰ, vel in Zain Hebræorum ex eo percipitur: ac perinde pronuntiatur ac si μῦζα scriberetur. Quod certe vitium dum nonnulli subtersugere ac devitare volunt, “ utinam in alterum minime inciderent, nec quasi per geminum SS effet scriptum mussa “ proferrent.” Hen. Steph. Apologet. pro vet. L. Gr. Pron. In which opinion Lancelot agrees. “ Sa prononciation doit estre ferme et entiere, aussibien entre deux “ voïelles qu'en tout autre lieu. C'est pourquoi il le faut prononcer dans χρύσης de mê “me que dans σῆϛ tuae: quoiqu'en François nous prononcions autretnent chryses que “ Ses.” Nouvelle methode pour apprendre facilement la Langue Greque, p. 16.

^{page 121 note †} “ Sigma—merus est sibilus: ideoque ab Hebræis specie quadam serpentis caudam “ad caput retorquentis, et a Græcis, in gyrum sese revolventis, hac videlicet figurâ Σ “vel veluti caput vibrantis, ut σ: denique ut sese sinuantis, pingitur, nempe ʗ. quam si “guram Latini imitati.” Beza de pronunt. Gr. L. p. 21. Edit. H. Steph. 1587.

^{page 121 note ‡} Father Montfaucon has given ten different figures of the Σῖγμα, and mentioned the different periods when each of them was used. Palæogr. Gr. p. 336, 337. “The “disability of pronouncing this letter is called Blæsitas, Lisping, whence it is corruptly “founded like (th.)” Wilkins, p. 369.

^{page 122 note *} Essay towards a real Character, &c. p. 363. and 366.

^{page 122 note †} Τῶν δὲ συμφώνων, τὰ μὲν κμίφωτα, οἷον ζ. ξ. ψ. λ. μ. ν. ρ. σ. ὦν διπλᾶ μὲν ζ. ξ. ψ. ἀμετάβολα δἐ κι ὑγρὰ λ. μ. ν. ρ.. Theod. Gaze Introductionis Grammaticœ libri IV. fol. 3. Basil. apud Valent. Curionem. 8vo.

^{page 122 note ‡} Vide Dionysii Thracis Art. Grammat. Extat in Fab. Bibioth. Gr. Vol. VII. p. 26.

^{page 122 note §} Vide Constantini Lascaris Grammaticœ Compendium, p. 2. apud Paulum Manutium, Aldi F. Venet. 1557. 12mo.

^{page 123 note *} Ἐις πόσα διαιρȣ͂νται τὰ δεκαιπτὰ σύμφωνα; εἰς δύο, εἰς ἡμίφωνα καὶ ἄφωνα. πόσα ἡμίφῶνα; οκτὼ ζ, ξ, ψ, λ, μ, ν, ρ, ς. εἰς πόσα διαιρȣ͂νται τὰ ὀκτὼ ἡμίφωνα; εἰς τρία, εἰς διπλᾶ, εἰς ἀμετάβολα, κ εἰς το σιγμα. πόσα διπλᾶ; τρία, ζ, ξ, ψ. ποσα ἀμετάβολα; τέσσαρα, ἁ κ ὑγρὰ λεγονται, λ, μ, ν, ϱ. Emanuelis Chrysolorae Gr. Gram. Institutiones. Ven. apud Jo. Farreum et Fratres. 12mo. Paginis desunt numeri.

^{page 123 note †} Ἕςι δὲ φωιῆεν μὶν, ἄνεν προσβολῆς ἔχοι φωνὴν ἀκȣστήν. οἷον, τὸ α καὶ ω. Ἡμίφωιον δὲ, τὸ μετὰ προσβολῆς ἴχον φωνὴν ἀκȣστήν οἶον, το σ, .

^{page 124 note *} See Alex. Gabr. Woiutyn Hulewicz, nobilis Poloni, Institutiones Ling. Græcœ, p. 14. Lugd. Bat. 1746. 4to. M. Beauzee, an ingenious French Grammarian, has also proposed a very minute arrangement of the letters, according to an idea of this kind. See Grammaire Générale, ou Exposition raisonnée des Elemens necessaires du Langage. 2 tomes, Paris, 1767. 8vo. See also Bishop Wilkins's Essay, &c. p. 357.

^{page 124 note †} Appellantur Liquidæ,—quod post mutam positæ quasi liquescentes ac evanes-“centes, vim consonantes interdum amittant, neque vocalem præcedentem longam effi-“ciunt, ut aliæ consonantes.” Antesignanos apud Clenardum, p. 3. Hanoviæ, 1617, 4to.

^{page 125 note *} Instituiones Ling. Gr. Ingoldstadii, 1605. 12mo.

^{page 125 note †} “ Quoique le σ soit seul de sa bande, nous pouvons neanmoins le joindre avec les “ doubles non seulement parce qu'il en fait partie, mais aussi parce que dans leur pro-“nonciation elles font toutes sisslantes comme lui.” Nouvelle Methode pour appendre facilement la Langue Greque. Paris, 1754. 8vo.

^{page 127 note *} πέλασσε.] “Ita jam scribendum, necessariò; quia πέλασε secundam corripit. Dubitari “tamen potest, utrumne Græci antiquiores isto modo scripserint. Nam quum σ, suœ po- “ teslatis literam dixerunt, haud scio an hoc sibi voluerint; literas ζ, ξ, ψ, necessarioò qui- “dem duplices esse; consonantium reliquas omnes, simplices; unicam autem σ, istiusmodi “esse, ut permultis in locis, as prœcipue in verborum Aoristis, simplex dupléxve ex æquo “pronuniciari possit.” Ad Iliad. ν′, I.

^{page 127 note †} Vide ad Iliad. ά, 140. ζ′, 432.

^{page 127 note ‡} According to the rule, which directs, that, in verbs not liquid, the first future should arise from the present, by inserting a σ before ω, πελάζω, which is the same with πελάδσω, would have in the first future πελάζτω, or πελαδσσω. But a special rule directs, that before ω we must, in the future, throw away τ, δ ϑ, σ, which makes that tense of πελάζω to be πελάσω hence the first aorist ἐπελάσα, to which restore the rejected σ, and it becomes ἐπελάσσα. Vide Moor Element. L. Gr. p. 128.

^{page 127 note ǁ} Iliad. ά, 33.

^{page 127 note §} Ibid. ά, 406.

^{page 128 note *} Iliad. ά, 294.

^{page 128 note †} Ibid. β′, 400.

^{page 128 note ‡} Iliad. ι′, 532. In some editions, is written in the first aorist, which answers the present purpose as well.

^{page 128 note ǁ} In the middle voice it is the antepenult.

^{page 129 note *} Vide Dionys. Hal. πεϱὶ συιϑ. ὀνομ. ιδ΄. Dionys. Thracem apud Fabricium in Biblioth. Gr. Vol. VII. p. 28. Theod. Gazae Grammat. sol. 24. These are followed by Clenardus, &c.

^{page 130 note *} Institut. Gram. p. 13.

^{page 130 note †} Another reason is, that, in many verbs, it would produce too great a concourse of consonants. See this illustrated above, p. 127. note ‡.

^{page 131 note *} Sometimes τ is thrown out betwixt ϰ and ς, after which the ϰς coming together must make ξ. thus, ἄναϰτς, ἄναϰς, ἄναξ, rex, Gen. ἄναϰτος, where the ξ is resolved into ϰς, and the τ is restored. See a most ingenious Dissertation, ascribed to the late learned Mr Jer. Markland, entitled, De Graæcorum Quintá Declinatione Imparisyllabicâ, et inde formata Latinorum Tertia, Quæstio Grammatica. Extat cum Editione alterâ Euripidis Dramatis Supplicium Mulierum, quam Londini excudebat doctus typographus Gul. Bowyer, nuper defunctus, ejusque discipulus J. Nichols. 1775.

^{page 131 note †} The other arguments adduced by Hulewicz to prove that ζ is not a double consonant, do not seem to have any weight. Vid. institut. Gram. Gr. ubi supra.

^{page 132 note *} It deserves to be remarked, that one of the liquids, viz. ν is also thrown away before ς of the nominative, and restored again in the genitive. Thus, αέλας, niger, for μέλανς, has, in the genitive, μἐλανος. From some nominatives, both ν and τ are thrown away, and restored in the genitive: thus, γiγας, Gen. γίγαιτος and they are again thrown away before σ in the dative plural, which is not γíγαντσι, but γíγασι. And when, in the presents of verbs, ν and δ occur together, they are both thrown away before σω of the future: thus, ϰνλίνδω, voluto, ϰνλίσω, evidently for the sake of a more pleasing sound. Vid. Moor Elementa L. Gr. p. 128.

With respect to what Hulewicz affects about the final ς, in nouns of the third declension being changed into δ, ϧ, ν, τ, in the genitive, as ἔϱις, lis, Gen. ἔϱιδος· ὄϱνις, ανι·ς, Gen. ὄζνιϑς· μέλας, niger, Gen. μέλανος· χάρις, gratia, Gen. χάριτος· this arises from his not having observed, with Mr Markland, that the full nominatives of those words are, ἴϱιδς, ὄϱνιϑς, μέλανς, χάριτς· and that ς is not changed into the above mentioned consonants, but that these having been thrown away in the nominative, euphoniœ causâ, are restored in the genitive, where that reason no longer takes place. See above p. 130.

^{page 132 note †} In the dative plural, ν is also thrown out, as ποιμήν, pastor, D. S. ποιμένι, D. P. πoιμέμέσι. Other changes are made in this case in certain nouns euphoniœ gratiâ, but σ is always inserted.

^{page 133 note *} P. 130. It is to be remarked, that in pure and mute verbs, the σ, which is the charasteristic of the first future, and is also that of the first aorist active, the first future, and first aorist middle; which it is needless to exemplify, as it is quite familiar, even to young scholars.

^{page 133 note †} In the Doric dialect, they are φϱάσδω and νομίσδω. Σ however, is certainly the characteristic of their first future, where τ, δ, θ, are always thrown away. In this case, the propriety of throwing out the δ is apparent; for, if it were retained, φϱάζα would have in the first future φϱάζσα which is the same with φϱάδσω· and νομίζω would have νομίζσω, which is the same with νομίδσσω, where it is necessary also to throw away the σ which came from the present tense, on account of the σ which was assumed by the formation as the characteristic of the future, and therefore the futures actually are φϱάσω and νομίσω. See this hinted at above, p. 127. note ‡. See likewise , MoorElementa Ling. Gr. p. 129Google Scholar.

^{page 134 note *} Vide Lennep in Analogiam L. Gr. p. 55, 56, &c.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note †} See Moor Elementa L. Gr. p. 128.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note *} See below p. 137.

^{page 135 note †} The liquids are called immutable for the reason formerly given; but their immutability applies chiefly to their situation in the inflections of nouns and verbs; for is mutable in different parts of the analogy here remarked.

^{page 135 note ‡} Particularly in those new presents in ανω, which are formed from the second future of other presents by changing ω into ανω and inferring ν immediately after the vowel in the antepenult: thus, λείπω, λιπῶ, λιπάνω, λινπάνω, which is λιμπάνω· λήβω, λαβῶ, λαβάνω, λανβάνω, which is λαμβάνω. The same thing happens before ψ, which is compounded of any labial mute and σ, thus, EM-ψύχω, refrigero. See p. 120. note †.

^{page 136 note *} Thus, from φαíνω, ostendo, we have in the perfect, not πέφανκα, but πέφαγϰα. And in the new presents in ανω, formed from a second future, as already mentioned in the preceding note; ἐρεύγω, ἐρεύγω, ἐϱυγάνω, ἐϱυνγάνω, which is ἐρυγγάνω λήχω, λαχῶ, λαχάνω, λαν χανω, which is λαγχάνω. The same thing happens before ξ, which is compounded of any palatine mute and σ thus, ΕΤ-Ξέω, insculpo.

^{page 137 note *} The inconvenience which was thus prevented by in remaining unchanged, may be perceived by declining the present tense of the compound verb, and the imperfect of the simple verb; thus,

^{page 137 note †} This cannot be exemplified, because there is no Greek word which begins with αβ, except σβέννυμι, extinguo, with its verbals.

^{page 137 note ‡} There is no Greek word which begins with σγ.

^{page 137 note ∥} For ζ, which we shewed above to be equivalent to δς, is also, at least in the Doric dialect, equivalent to σδ.

^{page 137 note §} There is no primitive Greek word which begins with σϧ except σϑένω, valeo.

^{page 138 note *} This will appear evident, by declining the present tense of a compound verb, with the ν thrown out, as ἐσπδίϱω, &c. and the imperfect tense of the simple verb, as ἐσπείϱον, &c.

^{page 139 note †} Institut. Orat. Lib. I. Cap. ˥. “Vilescit tibi hic sermo. Itane? Scilicet Mureto. “et Lipsio indignum decurrere Grammaticum hoc æquor, quod tot olim Senatores “imò addo, Imperatores. Messala orator, è clariffimâ Corvorum gente, non librum "integrum De unicâ literâ S compofuit? et cum laude quidem nominis fui, adeò fine “fraude. Claudius Imperator, quantâ curâ, et pænè dicam ambitione, tres novas "literas invexit, iisque Romanam linguam auxit? non aliâ, quam si totidem regnis im- “perii sines. Jam Cæsar ille Julius De Analogiâ, id est de infimis Grammaticorum “ineptiis, binos libros conscripsit: et triumphales illas epulas variare et interstinguere “non erubuit scholicâ istâ dape.” Lipsius de recta pronunc. Ling. Lat.

^{page 140 note *} Verse 477.

^{page 140 note †} “S (says Johnson) has in English the same hissing sound as in other languages, and “unhappily prevails in so many of our words, that it produces in the ear of a foreigner “a continued sibilation.” Dict. Letter S. Addison too had observed, “That a change “has happened in our language, by the abbreviation of several words that are termi“nated in eth, by substituting an S in the room of the last syllable, as in drowns, walks, “arrives, and innumerable other words, which, in the pronunciation of our forefathers, “were drowneth, walketh, arriveth. This (adds he) hath wonderfully multiplied a let-“ter which was before too frequent in the English tongue, and added to that hissing in “our language, which is taken so much, notice of by foreigners.” Spectator, No. 135.

^{page 141 note *} . Edit. Reickii, Vol. V. p. 80.

^{page 141 note †} Book II. chap. 69.

^{page 142 note *} The learned Corsini, merely upon the authority of this passage of Lucian, has inserted in his Fasti Attici, the name of Aristarcuus Phalereus, as Archon Eponymus at Athens, in the 1st year of the CCXXII. Olympiad, and of the Christian æra, 109. It may be supposed, however, that, in a ludicrous composition of this fort, Lucian would not mind an adherence to the truth of chronology, but might pitch upon an Archon on this occasion called Aristarchus, in allusion to the famous grammarian of that name who was born in Samothracia, and flourished at Alexandria about the CLVI. Olympiad; and who was so eminent in his art, that the name Aristarchus became synonymous with the word Critic. See Corsini Fasti Attici, Tom. II. p. 104. and Tom. IV. p. 165.

^{page 142 note †} Scaliger and others suppose Πυανℇψίῶν to correspond to the month of October. I have preferred the opinion of Petau and Corsini, who make it to agree with November. On the 7th of Πυανιψιῶν, were celebrated at Athens the festivals called Πυανέψια and Ὀσχοφόϱια. See Corsini Fasti Attici, Vol. I. p. 63. and Vol. II. p. 383. Also, Potter's Archæol. Vol. I. p. 418. & 423.

^{page 143 note *} In the Greek, the last member of this sentence is, ἐν ῖσῳ δὲ κεῖσϑαι τɤ̃ φόβɤ᾿ to which Bourdelotius proposes to add, τὰ λοιπὰ γϱάμματα· which he found on the margin of one MS. and the rest of the letters be in the same alarming situation. Instead of τɤ̃ φόνɤ, the celebrated Hemsterhuis seems disposed to read τῳ [i. e. τινι] ψóφῳ, and to render the sentence as follows: Ita ut parum abfit, quin, si quietus injuriam ultra seram, e numero literarum expungar, neque alio sim loco, quam sonus aliquis, vel, sibilus. I have no doubt that the phrase, as it is in the printed books, came from the pen of Lucian, ἐν ἴσω δὲ ϰεῖϑαι τῦ φόβȣ, i.e. δὲ τι τɤ̃ φόβɤ κεῖσϑαι ἥμιν ἐν ἴσῳ, and all of us have some reason to be alarmed. This meaning is confirmed by what immediately follows.

^{page 144 note *} See above, p. 118. note †. The famous Cadmus, son of Agenor, is here called νϰσιώτηϛ, from his connection with Tyre, according to ancient authors originally built in an Island, which Alexander is said afterwards to have joined to the Continent. See the notes of Du Soul and Hemsterhuis, in the 4to Edit. of Lucian's Works. Tom. I. p. 87. Amst. 1743.

^{page 145 note *} See Aristotle's definition of a Vowel, a Semivowel and a Mute, p. 123.

^{page 145 note †} See below, p. 149.

^{page 145 note ‡} I have adopted the reading proposed by Hemsterhuis, viz. ἀπελάσαν and ἐϰδιώξαν.

^{page 147 note *} Which is sometimes written ζμαϱάγδις, as Σμύρνα is written Ζμύϱνα. See the annotation of Hemsterhusius.

^{page 147 note †} σύνϑηϰην,—which Thucydides writes ξύνϑηϰην, and so in many other words, using ξ for σ, as is well known.

^{page 148 note *} Lucian seems here to allude to the magnificence of the oriental style. Xenophon, in the Anabasis, relates, that Cyrus the younger, with his army, passed the Euphrates on foot, which had never been forded in that manner before, and adds—ἐδόκει ϑεῖον εἶναι, καὶ σαφῶςὑποχωρῆσαι τὸν ποταμὸν Κύρῳ ὡςβασιλεύσοντι. Lib. I. See the annotation of Hemsterhuis.

^{page 149 note *} “Verisissima vocis σταυϱὸς: originatio: ταῦ, ταυηρὸς, hoc est in modum ταῦ effor-“matus: et per contractionem ταυρὸς· et præposito sigma ut fieri solet, ςαυρὸς.” Menagius.

^{page 150 note *} I shall translate some excerpts from it in this note. In answer to Pindar's charge, Muretus insists, “That Σῖγμα has a genuine found, and every other mark of a genuine “letter.” And with respect to the epithet of ϑήϱιαδη, given to it by the Halicarnassian, if the meaning be, that Σ denotes a found similar to the hissing of serpents, this he thinks a very strange objection. “Why then (says he) don't you despise the letter R, because “it is expressive of the noise of dogs? M, because that of oxen? B, because that of “sheep? For dogs fnarl, oxen low, or utter a noise which in Greek is μυϰάειν, and in “Latin mugire, and sheep bleat. But since you call this hissing of serpents detestable, “tell me, what shall you think of winds, of trees, of men? You will not deny that they “whisper, and that most agreeably.—The ancient inventors of names, as if nature had “been their guide, denoted the most delightful of all objects by this letter. Look up to “the heaven, there you behold the sun, the stars. Look down to the earth, among the “things that are sweet, you find sesame and sugar; among the charms of love, whispers “and kisses; and among the joys of life, sleep, safety, soundness.” And a little after he adds, “The Attics, you say, despised it. Why should I be surprised that the most fasti- “dious of mortals did so? But the Lacedæmonians and Thebans were of a different opi-“nion. At this very, day, the robust inhabitants of Germany delight in this strong si-“bilating sound, which (let not my Lipsics be offended) it avoided by you, the delicate “inhabitants of the Netherlands. You are in the wrong. But I do not point out your “error, because Lucian has already pleaded and discussed the cause before the tribunal “of the Vowels.” The speaker next proceeds to answer the objections of Messala and Quinctilian, and then shews that the ancient writers made very frequent use of this letter, insomuch that their insertion or substitution of it seemed, in his opinion, to favour of affectation; and, after producing a great many instances of this, and accusing those poets of ignorance wha despise this letter, he puts the question, “Have not I now said” enough, Lipsius, about the sandness and respect which the ancients had for this let-“ter?—Yes, quite enough.”

This Dialogue betwixt Lipsius and Muretus, is dedicated to the renowned Sir Philip Sidney. The scene is laid on the Quirinal, in a garden belonging to the splendid Hippolytus of Este, the patron of Muretus. Lipsius represents himself as a young man on his travels at Rome, possessing an ardent desire of knowledge. Having paid a visit at the apartments occupied by Muretus in the house of his patron, he was shewed into the garden, where he found that accomplished scholar so deeply engaged in reading, as for some time to pay no attention to the approach of the stranger. The book he had in his hand happened to be a work of Lipsius himself, entitled Variæ, which had been lately published at Antwerp. A pleasing description of this interview is given by Lipsius in the commencement of the Dialogue, “Cubiculum ejus cum pulsassem,” &c. They afterwards enter upon the proper subject of the piece, in which Muretus is represented as the principal speaker. But the style, in point of elegance, is far interior to what Muretus would have really made use of. The work indeed is confessedly the composition of Lipsius, whole Latinity, though he was one of the ablest critics of the sixteenth century, has with justice been censured. His merit was such, however, that even his style procured a numerous tribe of imitators. But no modern writer of Latin has surpassed the elegance of Muretus. His orations in particular, in point of ease and fluency of expression, may perhaps even vie with those of Cicero. It must give every scholar pleasure to hear, that the celebrated Ruhnkenius of Leyden, is at present engaged in preparing for the press a new and complete edition of the works of Muretcs. “Il faut “(says Bayle) bien aimer les mauvais modeles quand on est capable de préférer le-“style de Lipse à celui de Paul Manuce, ou à celui de Moret; un style qui va par “fauts, et par bonds, herissé de pointes et d'ellipses, à un style bien lié et coulant, et qui “develope toute la pensée.” Dict. Artic. Lipse, Not. [L.]

^{page 152 note *} Par. Lost, Book X.

^{page 152 note †} Ibid. Book V.

^{page 153 note *}

^{page 153 note †} Ὠνομαπεποὶηται δὲ ἡ λέξιςπαρὰ τὴν τɤ̃ ἤχɤ ιδεότητα, κατὰ μίμησιν τῆςφωνῆς. Homer abounds in instances of Ὠνοματοποΐια, as is well known.