Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T00:46:33.680Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

II.—A Contribution to the Molluscan Fauna of the Laki and Basal Khirthar Groups of the Indian Eocene

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2012

Extract

The Tertiary geology of north-western India is of particular interest on account of the extensive development of richly fossiliferous rocks of Lower Eocene (including Palæocene) age. The monographs by Cossmann and Pissarro (1909a, 1927) and Vredenburg (1928) have familiarised us with the well-preserved molluscan fauna of the Upper Ranikot beds (Palæocene) of Sind, while Lt.-Col. L. M. Davies' collection of mollusca from a slightly lower horizon in the Samana Range, on the North-West Frontier, has recently been described by myself (1930). With the exception, however, of one family, the Gisortiidæ, dealt with by Vredenburg (1927) and Schilder (1930), the mollusea of the overlying Laki group (Ypresian), as well as of the Khirthar group (Middle Eocene), have been neglected by modern workers. The well-known monograph by D'Archiac and Haime (1853–54), moreover, in which some Laki species are described, has always been a source of confusion owing to the fact that fossils from all horizons from the Danian to the Miocene are grouped together as “Nummulitic,” and no reliable information as to their respective horizons has been available.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1932

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abich, H., 1882. Geologie des Armenischen Hochlandes. I. Westhälfte. Vienna.Google Scholar
Archiac, A. D', 1850. “Description des Fossiles du Groupe Nummulitique recueillis par M. S. P. Pratt et M. J. Delbos aux Environs de Bayonne et de Dax,” Mém. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 2, vol. iii, pp. 397456, pls. viii–xiii.Google Scholar
Archiac, A. D', 1850 a. “Tableau de la Faune nummulitique,” Hist. Progr. Géol., vol. iii, pp. 225304j.Google Scholar
Archiac, A. D', 1866. “Faune tertiaire inférieure,” in Tchihatcheff, P. De, Asie Mineure, vol. iv (Paléont.), pp. 105234, and pls. i–xvi of Atlas. Paris.Google Scholar
Archiac, A. D', and Haime, J., 18531854. Description des Animaux fossiles du Groupe Nummulitique de l'Inde. Paris.Google Scholar
Bayan, F., 1870. “Mollusques tertiaires,” Études Coll. École des Mines Paris, fasc. i.Google Scholar
Bayan, F., 1873. “Notes sur quelques Fossiles tertiaires,” Études Coll. École des Mines Paris, fasc. ii, pp. 91136, pls. xiii–xv.Google Scholar
Bellardi, L., 1852. “Catalogue raisonné des Fossiles nummulitiques du Comté de Nice,” Mém. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 2, vol. iv, pp. 205300, pls. xii–xxii.Google Scholar
Bellardi, L., 1854. “Catalogo ragionato dei Fossili nummulitici d'Egitto,” Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. xv, pp. 171203, pls. i–iii.Google Scholar
Blanckenhorn, M., 1890. “Das Eocän in Syrien, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Nord-Syriens,” Zeitschr. Deut. Geol. Ges., vol. xlii, pp. 318359, pls. xvii–xix.Google Scholar
Blanford, W. T., 1869. “On the Geology of the Taptee and Lower Nerbudda Valleys and some adjoining Districts,” Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. vi, part 3.Google Scholar
Blanford, W. T., 1880. “The Geology of Western Sind,” Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xvii, part 1, pp. 1196, pls. i–vi.Google Scholar
Böhm, J., 1903. “Ueber cretaceische und eocäne Versteinerungen aus Fergana,” in Futterer, K., Durch Asien, vol. iii, part 1, pp. 95111, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Boettger, O., 1875. “Die Eocänformation von Borneo und ihre Versteinerungen,” Palœontographica, suppl. iii, part 1, pp. 159, pls. i–x.Google Scholar
Boettger, O., 1880. “Die Conchylien des sumatranischen Orbitoidenkalks,” Palœontographica, suppl. iii, parts 8–9, pp. 6598, pls. v–xi.Google Scholar
Boussac, J., 1911. “Études paléontologiques sur le Nummulitique Alpin,” Mém. Explic. Carte Géol. France.Google Scholar
Brongniart, A., 1823. Mémoire sur les Terrains de Sédiment supérieurs calcaréo-trappéens du Vicentin. Paris.Google Scholar
Bronn, H. G., 1831. Italiens Tertiär-Gebilde und deren organischen Einschlüsse. Heidelberg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canestrelli, G., 1908. “Revisione della Fauna Oligocenica di Laverda nel Vicentino,” Atti Soc. Ligust. Sci. Nat., vol. xix, pp. 2779, 97–150, pls. i–ii.Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W., 1919. “Tertiary Mollusks from the Leeward Islands and Cuba,” in Vaughan, T. W., Contrib. Geol. and Pal. W. Indies, pp. 103156, pls. i–xvi.Google Scholar
Coquand, H., 1862. Géologie et Paléontologie de la Région sud de la Province de Constantine. Marseilles.Google Scholar
Cortázar, D. De, 1875. “Reseña física y geológica de la Region norte de la Provincia de Almería,” Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. España, vol. ii, part 2, pp. 174.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M., 18951925. Essais de Paléoconchologie Comparée. 13 vols. Paris.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M., 1901 a. “Additions à la Faune nummulitique d'Égypte,” Bul. Inst. Égypt., ser. 4, vol. i, pp. 173197, pls. i–iii.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M., 1921 a, 1922 a. “Synopsis illustré des Mollusques de l'Éocène et de l'Oligocène en Aquitaine,” Mém. Soc. Géol. France (Paléont.), No. 55.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M., 1923 a. (Description of fossils), in O'Gorman, G., Le Gisement Cuisien de Gan (Basses-Pyrénées). Pau.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M., and Peyrot, A., 19091925. “Conchologie néogénique de l'Aquitaine,” Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vols. lxiii–lxxvii.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M., and Pissarro, G., 19041913. Iconographie Complète des Coquilles fossiles de l'Éocène des Environs de Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cossmann, M., and Pissarro, G., 1909 a. “The Mollusca of the Ranikot Series. Part I. Cephalopoda and Gastropoda,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. iii, Mem. No. 1.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M., and Pissarro, G., 1927. “The Mollusca of the Ranikot Series (together with some Species from the Cardita beaumonti Beds). II. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. x, Mem. No. 2.Google Scholar
Cotter, G. De P., 1912. “The Pegu-Eocene Succession in the Minbu District near Ngape,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xli, pp. 221239, pls. xvii–xxi.Google Scholar
Cotter, G. De P., 1923. “The Lamellibranchiata of the Eocene of Burma,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. vii, Mem. No. 2.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R., 1930. “The Fossil Fauna of the Samana Range and some Neighbouring Areas. Part VIII. The Mollusca of the Hangu Shales,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. xv, pp. 129222, pls. xvii–xxii.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R., 1931. “New Lamellibranch Genera from the Tethyan Eocene,” Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. xix, pp. 177187, pls. xx–xxi.Google Scholar
Cuvillier, J., 1930. “Révision du Nummulitique Égyptien,” Mém. Inst. Égypt., vol. xvi.Google Scholar
Dainelli, G., 19041905. “La Fauna Eocenica di Bribir in Dalmazia,” Pal. Italica, vol. x, pp. 141273, pls. xv–xvii; vol. xi, pp. 1–92, pls. i–ii.Google Scholar
Dainelli, G., 1915. L'Eocene Friulano. Monografia geologica e paleontologica. Firenze.Google Scholar
Dalton, L. V., 1908. “Notes on the Geology of Burma,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxiv, pp. 604644, pls. liv–lvii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dareste De La Chavanne, J., 1910. “Fossiles Tertiaires de la Région de Guelma,” Mat. Carte Géol. Algérie, ser. 1 (Paléont.), No. 4.Google Scholar
Davies, L. M., 1925. “Notes on the Geology of Kohat, with reference to the Homotaxial Position of the Salt Marl at Bahadur'Khel,” Journ. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, n. ser., vol. xx, pp. 207224, pls. viii–ix.Google Scholar
Davies, L. M., 1926. “Notes on the Correlation of Pinfold's Chharat Series with the Eocene Stages of Sind and Europe,” Trans. Mining Geol. Inst. India, vol. xx, pp. 195215.Google Scholar
Davies, L. M., 1926 a. “Remarks on Carter's Genus Conulites (= Dictyoconoides Nuttall), with Descriptions of some New Species from the Eocene of North-West India,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. lix, pp. 237253, pls. xvi–xx.Google Scholar
Davies, L. M., 1927. “Supplement to ‘Notes on the Correlation of Pinfold's Chharat Series with the Eocene Stages of Sind and Europe,’Trans. Mining Geol. Inst. India, vol. xxi, pp. 313321.Google Scholar
Davies, L. M., 1930. “The Genus Dictyoconus and its Allies : A Review of the Group, together with a Description of Three New Species from the Lower Eocene Beds of Northern Baluchistan,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. lvi, pp. 485505, pls. i–ii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshayes, G. P., 18241837. Description des Coquilles fossiles des Environs de Paris. vol. i “Conchifères”; vol. ii “Mollusques.” Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshayes, G. P., 18561866. Description des Animaux sans Vertébres découverts dans le Bassin de Paris. 3 vols. Paris.Google Scholar
Dixon, F., 1850. The Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations of Sussex. London.Google Scholar
Dollfus, G. D., 1915. Paléontologie du Voyage à l'Île Célèbes de M. E. C. Abendanon. Leiden.Google Scholar
Doncieux, L., 1903. “Monographie géologique et paléontologique des Corbières orientales,” Ann. Univ. Lyon, n. ser., fasc. 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doncieux, L., 1905. “Catalogue descriptif des Fossiles nummulitiques de l'Aude et de l'Hérault: I. Montagne Noire et Minervois,” Ann. Univ. Lyon, n. ser., fasc. 17.Google Scholar
Doncieux, L., 1908. “Catalogue descriptif des Fossiles nummulitiques de l'Aude et de l'Hérault: II. Corbières septentrionales,” Ann. Univ. Lyon, n. ser., fasc. 22.Google Scholar
Doncieux, L., 1911. “Catalogue descriptif des Fossiles nummulitiques de l'Aude et de l‘Hérault: II. Corbières septentrionales” (fasc. 2), Ann. Univ. Lyon, n. ser., fasc. 30.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H., 1904. “Paléontologie, Mollusques fossiles,” in Morgan, J. De, Mission scientifique en Perse, vol. iii, pp. 191380, pls. xxv–1. Paris.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H., 1907. “Études sur les Vulsellidés,” Ann. Paléont., vol. ii, pp. 97120, pls. xv–xvi.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H., 1911. “Observations sur les Ostréidés. Origine et Classification,” Bul. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 4, vol. x, pp. 634645, pls. x–xi.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H., 1916. “Le Crétacé et l'Éocène du Tibet Central,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. v, Mem. No. 3.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H., 1920. “L'Éocène au Soudan et au Sénégal,” Bul. Com. Études Afrique Occid. Française, pp. 113170, pls. i–v.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H., 19281929. “Les Couches à Cardita beaumonti,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. x, Mem. No. 3.Google Scholar
Fabiani, R., 1908. “Paleontologia dei Colli Berici,” Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci., ser. 3, vol. xv, pp. 45250, pls. i–vi.Google Scholar
Fedden, F., 1880. “On the Distribution of the Fossils described by Messrs d'Archiac and Haime in the different Tertiary and Infra-tertiary Groups of Sind,” Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xvii, pp. 197210.Google Scholar
Fleming, A., 1853. “Report on the Geological Structure and Mineral Wealth of the Salt Range in the Punjaub,” Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. xxii, pp. 230–279, 333–368, 444462, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Frauscher, K. F., 1886. “Das Unter-Eocän der Nordalpen und seine Fauna: I. Lamellibranchiata,” Denkschr. K.K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. li, pp. 37270, pls. i-xii.Google Scholar
Fuchs, T., 1869. “Die Conchylienfauna der Eocænbildungen von Kalinowka im Gouvernement Cherson im südlichen Russland,” Verh. Russ. Min. Ges., ser. 2, vol. v, pp. 6693, pls. i–v.Google Scholar
Goldfuss, A., 18331840. Petrefacta Germaniœ, vol. ii.Google Scholar
Grant, C. W., 1840. “Memoir to illustrate a Geological Map of Cutch,” Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. v, pp. 289329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregorio, A. De, 1880. Fauna di S. Giovanni Ilarione (Parisiano). Palermo.Google Scholar
Gregorio, A. De, 1894. “Fossiles des Environs de Bassano, surtout du Tertiaire inférieur de l'Horizon à, Conus diversiformis Desh. et Serpula spirulœa Lamk.,” Ann. Géol. et Pal., livr. 13.Google Scholar
Gregorio, A. De, 1894 a. “Monographie des Fossiles éocéniques (Étage Parisien) de Mont Postale,” Ann. Géol. et Pal., livr. 14.Google Scholar
Gregorio, A. De, 1896. “Monographie de la Faune éocénique de Ronca,” Ann. Géol. et Pal., livr. 21.Google Scholar
Hébert, E., and Renevier, E., 1854. “Description des Fossiles du Terrain nummulitique supérieur des Environs de Gap, des Diablerets et de quelques Localités de la Savoie,” Bul. Soc. Statist. Isère, ser. 2, vol. iii, pp. 148228, pls. i–ii.Google Scholar
Jaworski, E., 1926. “Bemerkungen über das Subgenus Flemingostrea Vredenburg 1916 und seine Beziehungen zu den Gryphæen der obersten Kreide Patagoniens,” Centralbl. Min., 1926, part B, pp. 314318.Google Scholar
Jukes-Browne, A. J., 1908. “On the Genera of Veneridæ represented in the Cretaceous and Older Tertiary Deposits,” Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. viii, pp. 148177, pl. vi.Google Scholar
Koenen, A. Von, 18931894. “Das Norddeutsche Unter-Oligocän und seine Mollusken-Fauna. Lieferung V. Pelecypoda,” Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preussen, vol. x, parts 5 and 6.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. De, 18021806. “Mémoires sur les Fossiles des Environs de Paris,” Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vols. i–viii.Google Scholar
La Touche, T. D., 1887. “Notes on the Geology of the Garo Hills,” Rec. Geol. Sun. India, vol. xx, pp. 4043.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, T., 1881. “La Rostellaria ampla, Sol. et ses Variétés,” Ann. Soc. Malac. Belg., vol. xvi, pp. xxv–xxxv.Google Scholar
Leymerie, A., 1846. “Mémoire sur le Terrain à Nummulites (Épicrétacé) des Corbières et de la Montagne Noire,” Mém. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 2, vol. i, pp. 337373, pls. xii–xvii.Google Scholar
Locard, A., 1889. “Description des Mollusques fossiles des Terrains tertiaires inférieurs de la Tunisie, recueillis en 1885 et 1886 par M. Philippe Thomas,” Explor. Scient. Tunisie, pal. fasc. 1.Google Scholar
Mallada, L., 18751892. “Sinópsis paleontológica de España,” Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. España, vols. ii–xviii (series of plates).Google Scholar
Mallada, L., 1878 a. “Descriptión física y geológica de la Provincia de Huesca,” Mem. Com. Mapa Geol. España.Google Scholar
Mallada, L., 1890 a. “Reconocimiento geográfico y geológico de la Provincia de Tarragona,” Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. España, vol. xvi, pp. 3175.Google Scholar
Mallada, L., 1892 a. “Catálogo general de las Especies fósiles encontradas en España,” Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. España, vol. xviii, pp. 1253.Google Scholar
Mancini, E. Fossa, 1928. “Fossili eocenici del Ladàk,” Sped. Ital. de Filippi nell' Himàlaia (19131914), ser. 2, vol. vi, pp. 225331, pls. xxii–xxxiii.Google Scholar
Maureta, D. J., and Codina, D. S. Thos Y, 1881. “Descriptión física, geológica y minera de la Provincia de Barcelona,” Mem. Com. Mapa Geol. España.Google Scholar
Mayer-Eymar, C., 18611903. “Description de Coquilles fossiles des Terrains tertiaires inférieurs,” Journ. de Conch., vols. ix–li.Google Scholar
Mayer-Eymar, C., 1877 a. “Systematisches Verzeichniss der Versteinerungen des Parisian der Umgegend von Einsiedeln,” Beitr. Geol. Karte Schweiz, No. 14, part 2.Google Scholar
Mayer-Eymar, C., 1883 a. “Die Versteinerungen der tertiærer Schichten von der westlichen Insel im Birket-el-Qurûn-See (Mittel-Egypten),” Palœontographica, vol. xxx, part 2, pp. 6977, pl. xxiii.Google Scholar
Mayer-Eymar, C., 1887 a. “Systematisches Verzeichniss der Kreide- und Tertiär-Versteinerungen der Umgegend von Thun,” Beitr. Geol. Karte Schweiz, No. 24, part 2.Google Scholar
Medlicott, H. B., 1864. “On the Geological Structure and Relations of the Southern Portion of the Himalayan Range between the Rivers Ganges and Ravee,” Mem. Geol. Surv. India., vol. iii, part 2.Google Scholar
Michelotti, G., 1861. Études sur le Miocène inférieur de l'Italic septentrionale. Harlem.Google Scholar
Murchison, R. I., 1847. “Introduction to a Second Memoir of Capt. Vicary on the Geology of Parts of Sinde,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iii, pp. 331333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mushketov, D., 1911. “Le Ferghana oriental,” Bul. Com. Géol. St Pétersb., vol. xxx, pp. 791844, pls. xvii-xviii.Google Scholar
Newton, R. B., 1898. “Notes on some Lower Tertiary Shells from Egypt,” Geol. Mag., dec. 4, vol. v, pp. 531541, pls. xix–xx.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, R. B., 1905. “The Tertiary Fossils of Somaliland as represented in the British Museum (Natural History),” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxi, pp. 155180, pls. xvii–xxi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, R. B., 1905 a. “Eocene Shells from Nigeria,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. xv, pp. 8391, pl. v.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, R. B., 1911. “Kainozoic Mollusca from Cyrenaica,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxvii, pp. 616653, pls. xliii–xlvi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, R. B., 1922. “Eocene Mollusca from Nigeria,” Geol. Surv. Nigeria Bul., No. 3.Google Scholar
Noetling, F., 1894. “Note on the Occurrence of Velates schmideliana, Chemn., and Provelates grandis, Sow. sp., in the Tertiary Formation of India and Burma,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xxvii, pp. 103108, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Noetling, F., 1897. “Fauna of the Upper Cretaceous (Mæstrichtian) Beds of the Mari Hills,” Pal. Indica, ser. 16, vol. i, part 3.Google Scholar
Noetling, F., 1901. “Fauna of the Miocene Beds of Burma,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. i, part 3.Google Scholar
Noetling, F., 1903. “Uebergang zwischen Kreide und Eocän in Baluchistan,” Centralbl. Min., 1903, pp. 514523.Google Scholar
Noetling, F., 1905. “Vorläufige Mitteilung über die Entwickelung und die Gliederung der Tertiärformation im westlichen Sind (Indien),” Centralbl. Min., 1905, pp. 129–137, 161172.Google Scholar
Nuttall, W. L. F., 1925. “The Stratigraphy of the Laki Series (Lower Eocene) of parts of Sind and Baluchistan (India), with a Description of the Larger Foraminifera contained in those Beds,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,vol. lxxxi, pp. 417453, pls. xxiii–xxvii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuttall, W. L. F., 1926. “The Zonal Distribution and Description of the Larger Foraminifera of the Middle and Lower Khirthar Series (Middle Eocene) of Parts of Western India,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. lix, pp. 115164, pls. i–viii.Google Scholar
Nyst, P. H., 1843. Description des Coquilles et des Polypiers fossiles des Terrains tertiaires de la Belgique. Brussels.Google Scholar
Oldham, R. D., 1890. “Report on the Geology and Economic Resources of the Country adjoining the Sind-Pishin Railway between Sharigh and Spintangi, and of the Country between it and Khattan,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xxiii, pp. 93110.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, P., 1894. “Die Eocäne Fauna des Mt. Pulli bei Valdagno im Vicentino,” Zeitschr. Deut. Geol. Ges., vol. xlvi, pp. 309445, pls. xx–xxix.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, P., 1896. “Die Eocænfauna des Monte Postale bei Bolca im Veronesischen,” Palœontographica, vol. xliii, pp. 125221, pls. xii–xix.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, P., 1896 a. “Das Alttertiär der Colli Berici in Venetien, die Stellung der Schichten von Priabona, und die oligocäne Transgression im alpinen Europa,” Zeitschr. Deut. Geol. Ges., vol. xlviii, pp. 27152, pls. ii–v.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, P., 19001901. “Die Priabonaschichten und ihre Fauna, im Zusammenhange mit gleichalterigen und analogen Ablagerungen vergleichend betrachtet,” Palœontographica, vol. xlvii.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, P., 1901 a. “Über einige alttertiäre Faunen der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie,” Beitr. Pal. Österr.-Ungarns, vol. xiii, pp. 145277, pls. xi–xix.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, P., 1903, 1906. “Zur Kenntnis alttertiären Faunen in Ägypten,” Palœontographica, vol. xxx, part 3.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, P., 1915. “Die eocäne Invertebraten-Fauna des Kalksteins in Togo,” Beitr. Geol. Erforsch. Deut. Schutzgebiete, No. 12.Google Scholar
Orbigny, A. D', 1850. Prodrome de Paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des Animaux mollusques et rayonnés, vol. ii. Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavay, A. Von, 1874. “Die geologischen Verhältnisse der Umgebung von Klausenburg,” Mitt. Jahrb. Ungar. Geol. Anst., vol. i, pp. 351441.Google Scholar
Pilgrim, G. E., and De P. Cotter, G., 1916. “Some newly discovered Eocene Mammals from Burma,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xlvii, pp. 4277, pls. i–vi.Google Scholar
Raulin, V., and Delbos, J., 1855. “Extrait d'une Monographie des Ostrea des Terrains tertiaires de l'Aquitaine,” Bul. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 2, vol. xii, pp. 11441164.Google Scholar
Romanowski, G., 1880, 1884, 1890. Materialen zur Geologie von Turkestan. 3 vols. St Petersburg.Google Scholar
Rouault, A., 1850. “Description des Fossiles du Terrain Éocène des Environs de Pau,” Mém. Soc Géol. France, ser. 2, vol. iii, pp. 457502, pls. xiv–xviii.Google Scholar
Rovereto, G., 1900. “Illustrazione dei Molluschi fossili Tongriani posseduti dal Museo Geologico della R. Università di Genova,” Atti R. Univ. Genova, vol. xv, pp. 33210, pls. i–ix.Google Scholar
Sacco, F., 18901904. I Molluschi dei Terreni terziarii del Piemonti e della Liguria. Parts 6–30. Turin.Google Scholar
Schafhäutl, K. E., 1863. Süd-Bayerns Lethœa Geognostica. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Schilder, F. A., 1927. “Revision der Cypræacea (Moll. Gastr.),” Arch. Naturg., vol. xci, part A, No. 10.Google Scholar
Schilder, F. A., 1930. “The Gisortiidæ of the World,” Proc Malac. Soc London, vol. xix, pp. 118138, pls. xi-xii.Google Scholar
Schlosser, M., 1925, 1925 a. “Die Eocænfaunen der bayerischen Alpen, I Teil: Die Faunen des Unter- und Mitteleocæn. II Teil: Die Obereocænfauna,” Abhandl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. xxx, part 7.Google Scholar
Solander, D. C., 1766. Fossilia Hantoniensia, collecta, et in Musœo Britannico deposita, a Gustavo Brander. London.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J., and Sowerby, J. de C., 18121846. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. London.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. De C., 1840. (Description of the fossils), in Grant, C. W., “Memoir to Illustrate a Geological Map of Cutch,” Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. v, explan. of pls. xx–xxvi.Google Scholar
Stefanini, G., 1921. “Fossili terziari della Cirenaica,” Pal. Italica, vol. xxvii, pp. 101145, pls. xvi–xviii.Google Scholar
Stefano, G. Di, 1920. “Osservazione sul Cretaceo e sull' Eocene del Deserto Arabico di el-Sibaiya, nella Valle del Nilo,” Bol. Com. Geol. Ital., ser. 5, vol. xlvii, pp. 139, pls. i–xi.Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., 1926. “Gabb's California Fossil Type Gastropods,” Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. lxxviii, pp. 287447, pls. xx–xxxii. 1930.Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., “Gabb's California Cretaceous and Tertiary Type Lamellibranchs,” Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Spec. Publ., No. 3, 1930.Google Scholar
Stoliczka, F., 18671868. “Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India, vol. ii, Gastropoda,” Pal. Indica, ser. 5.Google Scholar
Studer, B., 18511853. Geologie der Schweiz. Bern and Zürich.Google Scholar
Taeger, H., 1908. “Die geologische Verhältnisse des Vertesgebirges,” Mitt. Jahrb. Ungar. Geol. Anst., vol. xvii, pp. 1275, pls. i–xi.Google Scholar
Thomas, P., 1893. “Description de quelques Fossiles nouveaux ou critiques des Terrains tertiaires et sécondaires de la Tunisie recueillis en 1885 et 1886,” Explor. Scient. Tunisie.Google Scholar
Toniolo, A. R., 1909. “L'Eocene dei Dintorni di Rozzo in Istria e la sua Fauna,” Pal. Italica, vol. xv, pp. 237295, pls. xxiv–xxvi.Google Scholar
Trechmann, C. T., 1923. “The Yellow Limestone of Jamaica and its Mollusca,” Geol. Mag., vol. lx, pp. 337367, pls. xiv–xviii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vicary, N., 1846. “Geological Report on a Portion of the Beloochistan Hills,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii, pp. 260267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vicary, N., 1847. “Notes on the Geological Structure of Parts of Sinde,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iii, pp. 334349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidal, L. M., 1874. “Datos para el Conocimiento del Terreno Garumnense de Cataluña,” Bol. Com. Mapa Geol. España, vol. i, pp. 209247, pls. i–vii.Google Scholar
Vinassa De Regny, E. P., 18961898. “Synopsis dei Molluschi terziari delle Alpi Venete,” Pal Italica, vols. i–iii.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1906. “Nummulites douvillei, an undescribed Species from Kachh, with Remarks on the Zonal Distribution of Indian Nummulites,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xxxiv, pp. 7995, pl. viii. 1908.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., “Preliminary Note on the Indian Occurrence of Ostrea multicostata, Deshayes, and other Ribbed Species of Ostrea,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xxxvi, pp. 315321.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1909. “Introductory Note on the Stratigraphy of the Ranikot Series,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. iii, Mem. No. 1, pp. v–xix.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1916. “Flemingostrea, an Eastern Group of Upper Cretaceous and Eocene Ostreidæ, with Descriptions of Two New Species,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xlvii, pp. 196203, pls. xvii–xx.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1920. “Classification of the Recent and Fossil Cypræidæ,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. li, pp. 65152.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1921. “Note on the Marine Fossils collected by Mr Pinfold in the Garo Hills,” Rec Geol. Surv. India, vol. li, pp. 303337, pls. viii–ix.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1922. “A Zone-Fossil from Burma: Ampullina (Megatylotus) birmanica,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. liii, pp. 359369, pls. xxv–xxviii.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1923. “Indian Tertiary Gastropoda, IV: Olividæ, Harpidæ, Marginellidæ, Volutidæ, and Mitridæ, with Comparative Diagnoses of New Species,” Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. liv, pp. 243276, pls. xiv–xvi.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1925, 1928 a. “Descriptions of Mollusca from the Post-Eocene Tertiary Formation of North-Western India,” Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 1.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1927. “A Review of the Genus Gisortia, with Descriptions of several Species,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. vii, Mem. No. 3.Google Scholar
Vredenburg, E., 1928. “Supplement to the Mollusca of the Ranikot Series,” Pal. Indica, n. ser., vol. x, Mem. No. 4.Google Scholar
Wadia, D. N., and Davies, L. M., 1929. “The Age and Origin of the Gypsum associated with the Salt Deposits of Kohat, North-West Frontier,” Trans. Mining Geol. Inst. India, vol. xxiv, pp. 202222, pls. ix–xiv.Google Scholar
Weir, J., 1925. “Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata, Gastropoda, and Belemnites,” in “The Collection of Fossils and Rocks from Somaliland made by Messrs B. K. N. Wyllie, B.Sc, F.G.S., and W. R. Smellie, D.Sc, F.R.S.E.,” Mon. Geol. Dept. Hunterian Mus. Glasgow Univ., No. 1, pp. 79110, pls. xi–xiv.Google Scholar
Wood, S. V., 18611871, 1877. “A Monograph of the Eocene Bivalves of England,” Palœont. Soc. Monogr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodring, W. P., 1928. “Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. Part II: Gastropods and Discussion of Results,” Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 385.Google Scholar
Woodward, H., 1879. “Notes on a Collection of Fossil Shells, etc., from Sumatra (obtained by M. Verbeek, Director of the Geological Survey of the West Coast, Sumatra),” Geol. Mag., dec. 2, vol. vi, pp. 385–393, 441–444, 492–500, 535549, pls. x–xv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne, A. B., 1868. “Geological Notes on the Surat Collectorate, Season 1862–63,” Rec. Geol. Sun. India, vol. i, pp. 2732.Google Scholar
Wynne, A. B., 1872. “Memoir on the Geology of Kutch, to accompany the Map compiled by A. B. Wynne and F. Fedden during the Seasons of 1867–68 and 1868–69,” Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. ix, pp. 1293, 6 pls.Google Scholar
Zekeli, F., 1852. “Die Gastropoden der Gosaugebilde,” Abhandl. K.K. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien, vol. i, part 2, No. 2.Google Scholar