Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T12:06:03.321Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Evidence of heterogeneous crustal sources: the Harney Peak Granite, South Dakota, U.S.A.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

Eirik J. Krogstad
Affiliation:
Eirik J. Krogstad and Richard J. Walker, Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Geology,University of Maryland at College Park.College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A.
Richard J. Walker
Affiliation:
Eirik J. Krogstad and Richard J. Walker, Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Geology,University of Maryland at College Park.College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A.

Abstract:

The Early Proterozoic (1715 Ma) Harney Peak Granite (Black Hills, SD, U.S.A.) is a complex of hundreds of dykes and sills. Earlier studies of Nd, O and Pb isotope variations demonstrated that the complex was not derived from a single source, or even different sources of a single age. Instead, the granites can be divided into a group with sources probably dominated by Early Proterozoic sediments and a group with sources probably dominated by Archean sediments. New results on the Nd isotopic variations of many additional samples indicate that there is considerable overlap between Nd isotopic compositions within the complex. Values of εNd (1715 Ma) of the Harney Peak Granite suite (n = 20) range from −2·0, indicating an Early Proterozoic (2300-2200 Ma) crustal source, to −13·4, indicating a Middle to Late Archean (3200-3100 Ma) protolith. These results suggest that the Early Proterozoic source may have included rocks such as the c. 2200-1900 Ma metasedimentary rocks that occur in the southern Black Hills. The Archean sources might have included rocks such as those exposed on the periphery of the Black Hills. The range in Nd model ages negates the usefulness of the concept of the ‘average’ age of the crust in this part of the craton. Because such heterogeneity is present in the magmatic compositions of the Harney Peak Granite, it can be inferred that at least as much heterogeneity was present in the sources. In this granite system, melts were evidently derived from isolated, heterogeneous zones and did not have the opportunity to coalesce into large magma bodies. In systems where coalescence does occur, the evidence for such highly heterogeneous sources may be lost. These results emphasise that inferences drawn from a few samples of plutonic rocks in which magma mixing and homogenisation occurred can lead to erroneous conclusions about the age and nature of protoliths and, consequently, the development of continental crust.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bennett, V. C.&DePaolo, D. J. 1987. Proterozoic crustal history of the western United States as determined by neodymium isotopic mapping. GEOL SOC AM BULL 99, 674–85.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, B. W.&White, A. J. R. 1974. Two contrasting granite types. PACIFIC GEOL 8, 173–4.Google Scholar
Davis, G. L.&Aldrich, L. T. 1956. Determination of the age of lepidolites by the method of isotope dilution. GEOL SOC AM BULL 64, 379–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePaolo, D. J. 1981. A neodymium and strontium isotopic study of the Mesozoic calc-alkaline granitic batholiths of the Sierra Nevada and Peninsular ranges, California. J GEOPHYS RES 86, 10, 470–88.Google Scholar
Evans, O. C. 1987. The petrogenesis of the Saganaga Tonalite revisited. M.S. Thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook.Google Scholar
Fountain, D. M.&Salisbury, M. 1981. Exposed cross-sections through the continental crust: implications for crustal structure, petrology, and evolution. EARTH PLANET SCI LETT 56, 263–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldich, S. S., Lidiak, E. G., Hedge, C. E.&Walthall, F. G. 1966. Geochronology of the midcontinent region, United States, 2: northern area. J GEOPHYS RES 71, 5389–408.Google Scholar
Gosselin, D. C., Papike, J. J., Zartman, R. E., Peterman, Z. E.&Laul, J. C. 1988. Archean rocks of the Black Hills, South Dakota: reworked basement from the southern extension of the Trans-Hudson orogen. GEOL SOC AM BULL 100, 1244–59.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heier, K. 1973. Geochemistry of granulite facies rocks and problems of their origin. PHIL TRANS R SOC LONDON A 273, 429–42.Google Scholar
Helms, T. S.&Labotka, T. C. 1991. Petrogenesis of early Proterozoic pelitic schists of the southern Black Hills, South Dakota: constraints on regional low-pressure metamorphism. GEOL SOC AM BULL 103, 1324–34.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, J. P.&Sinha, A. K. 1991. The effect of accessory minerals on the redistribution of lead isotopes during crustal anatexis: a model. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 55, 335–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W. L.&Wyllie, P. J. 1981. Phase relationships of S-type granite with H2O to 35 kbar: muscovite granite from Harney Peak, South Dakota. J GEOPHYS RES 86, 515–29.Google Scholar
Krogstad, E. J.&Walker, R. J. 1994. High closure temperatures of the U-Pb system in large apatites. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 58, 3845–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogstad, E. J..Walker, R. J., Nabelek, P. I.&Russ-Nabelek, C. 1993. Pb isotopic evidence for mixed sources for Proterozoic granites and pegmatites, Black Hills, South Dakota. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 57, 4677–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lisenbee, A. L. 1978. Laramide structure of the Black Hills uplift, South Dakota-Wyoming-Montana. GEOL SOC AM BULL 151, 165–96.Google Scholar
Ludwig, K. R.&Silver, L. T. 1977. Lead-isotope inhomogeneity in Precambrian igneous K-feldspars. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 41, 1457–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nabelek, P. I.&Glascock, M. D. 1995. REE-depleted leucogranites, Black Hills, South Dakota: a consequence of disequilibrium melting of monazite-bearing schists. J PETROL 36, 1055–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nabelek, P. I., Russ-Nabelek, C.&Haeussler, G. T. 1992a. Stable isotope evidence for the petrogenesis and fluid evolution in the Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, Black Hills, South Dakota. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 56, 403–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nabelek, P. I., Russ-Nabelek, C.&Denison, J. R. 1992b. The generation and crystallization conditions of the Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, Black Hills, South Dakota: petrologic and geochemical constraints. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 110, 173–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, B. K.&DePaolo, D. J. 1985. Rapid production of continental crust 1·7 to 1·9 b.y. ago: Nd isotopic evidence from the basement of the North American mid-continent. GEOL SOC AM BULL 96, 746–54.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, J. J.&Redden, J. A. 1990. Relations of zoned pegmatites to other pegmatites, granite, and metamorphic rocks in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota. AM MINERAL 75, 631–55.Google Scholar
Redden, J. A..Norton, J. J.&McLaughlin, R. J. 1982. Geology of the Harney Peak Granite, Black Hills, South Dakota. OPEN FILE REP US GEOL SURV 82481.Google Scholar
Redden, J. A., Peterman, Z. E., Zartman, R. E.&DeWitt, E. 1991. U-Th-Pb geochronology and preliminary interpretation of Precambrian tectonic events in the Black Hills, South Dakota. In Lewry, J. F.&Stauffer, M. R. (eds) The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogeny of North America, 229–51. SPEC PAP GEOL ASSOC CAN 37.Google Scholar
Riley, G. H. 1970. Isotopic discrepancies in zoned pegmatites. Black Hills, South Dakota. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 34, 713–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shearer, C. K., Papike, J. J.&Laul, J. C. 1987. Mineralogical and chemical evolution of a rare-element granite-pegmatite system: Harney Peak Granite, Black Hills, South Dakota. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 51, 473–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirey, S. B.&Carlson, R. W. 1989. The Pb and Nd isotopic evolution of the Archean mantle. In Ashwal, L. D. (ed.) Workshop on the Archean mantle, 82–4. LUNAR PLANET INST TECH REP 89–05.Google Scholar
Stacey, J. S.&Kramers, J. D. 1975. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. EARTH PLANET SCI LETT 26, 207–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomascak, P. B. 1995. The petrogenesis of granitic rocks in southwest Maine. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland at College Park.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, R. H.&Das Gupta, A. K. 1953. The use of isotope dilution in determination of geologic ages of minerals. CAN J CHEM 31, 909–14.Google Scholar
Walker, R. J., Hanson, G. N., Papike, J. J.&O'Neil, J. R. 1986. Nd, O, and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 50, 2833–46.Google Scholar
Walker, R. J..Morgan, J. W.. Horan, M. F..Czamanske, G. K., Krogstad, E. J., Fedorenko, V. A.&Kunlov, V. E. 1994. Re-Os isotopic evidence for an enriched-mantle source for the Noril'sk-type, ore-bearing intrusions, Siberia. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 58, 4179–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetherill, G. W..Tilton, G. R., Davis, G. L.&Aldrich, L. T. 1956. New determinations of the age of the Bob Ingersoll pegmatite, Keystone, S. Dakota. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 9, 292–7.Google Scholar
Wooden, J. L.&Mueller, P. A. 1988. Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic composition of a suite of late Archean, igneous rocks, eastern Beartooth Mountains; implications for crust/mantle evolution. EARTH PLANET SCI LETT 87, 5972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zartman, R. E.&Stern, T. W. 1967. Isotopic age and geologic relationships of the Little Elk Granite, northern Black Hills, South Dakota, 157–63. PROF PAP US GEOL SURV 575–D.Google Scholar