Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T07:51:06.193Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

XV.—The Paired Fins of Placoderms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2012

T. S. Westoll
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Aberdeen.

Extract

Within the last twenty years our knowledge of the structure and distribution of the armoured Placodermi (including Arthrodira, Ptyctodonta, Phyllolepida, Macropetalichthyida, Rhenanida, and Antiarcha) has increased tremendously. The writer is engaged on a morphogenetic analysis of the group, early publication of which is uncertain. A recent paper by Gross (1941) deals among other matters with the nature of the Antiarch pectoral limbs, and since my own conclusions partly support and partly oppose his very interesting hypothesis, it seems desirable to discuss separately the nature and possible evolution and morphogenesis of these unique vertebrate appendages. To do so it is necessary to review the paired limbs of other placoderms and of Acanthodii, with special reference to their functional significance.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1947

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References to Literature

Broili, F., 1929. “Acanthaspiden aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon,” Sitz.-ber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Abt., 1929, 143–163, 2 pl.Google Scholar
Broili, F., 1930 a. “Über Gemündina stürzi Traquair,” Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Abt., n.f. VI, 124, 4 pls.Google Scholar
Broili, F., 1930 b. “Neue Beobachtungen an Lunaspis,” Sitz.-Ber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Abt., 1930, 4751.Google Scholar
Broili, F., 1933 a. “Weitere Fischreste aus den Hunsrückschiefern,” Sitz.-Ber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Abt., 1933, 269–313, 6 pls.Google Scholar
Broili, F., 1933 b. “Ein Macropetalichthyide aus den Hunsrückschiefern,” Sitz.-Ber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Abt., 1933, 417–437, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Brotzen, F., 1934. “Die silurischen und devonischen Fischvorkommen in Westpodolien. II,” Palaeobiol., Wien, VI, 111129, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Bryant, W. L., 1934. “The Fish Fauna of Beartooth Butte, Wyoming, Parts II and III,” Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., LXXIII, 127162, 26 pls.Google Scholar
Case, E. C., 1931. “Arthrodiran Remains from the Devonian of Michigan,” Gontrib. Mus. Paleont. Univ. Mich., III, 163182, 5 pls.Google Scholar
Eastman, C. H., 1908. “Devonian Fishes of Iowa,” Ann. Rept. Iowa Geol. Surv., XVIII, 29364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodrich, E. S., 1909. A Treatise on Zoology. Part IX. Vertebrata Craniata, First Fascicle: Cyclostomes and Fishes. A. & C. Black, London.Google Scholar
Graham-Smith, W., 1936. “The Tail of Fishes,” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1936, 595608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, W. K., and Raven, , 1941. “Studies on the Origin and Early Evolution of Paired Fins and Limbs. Part I. Paired Fins and Girdles in Ostracoderms, Placoderms, and other Primitive Fishes,” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., XLII, 275291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, W., 1931. “Asterolepis ornata und das Antiarchi-Problem,” Palaeontographica, LXXV, 162, 12 pls.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1932 a. “Ein Wildunger Arthrodire in Nord-Amerika,” Palaeont. Zeits., XIV, 4648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, W., 1932 b. “Die Arthrodira Wildungens,” Geol. Paläont. Abh., Berlin, XIX, 1.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1933. “Die Wirbeltiere des rheinischen Devons. I,” Abh. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., N.F., CLIV, 183, 11 pls.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1937 a. “Die Wirbeltiere des rheinischen Devons. II,” Abh. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., N.F., CLXXVI, 183, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1937 b. “Das Kopfskelett von Cladodus wildungensis Jaekel, 1 Teil. Endocranium und Palatoquadratum,” Sencken- bergiana, XIX, 80107, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1938 a. “Des Kopfskelett von Cladodus wüdungensis Jaekel, 2 Teil. Der Kieferbongen. Angang: Protacrodus vetustus Jaekel,” Senckenbergiana, XX, 123145, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1938 b. “Rhachiosteus pterygiatus n. gen., n.sp. (Euarthrodira, Brachytooraci),” Decheniana, XCVII, A, 183208, 4 pls.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1938 c. “Über das Spinale und die angrenzenden Knochen der Brachythoraci,” N. Jahrb. Min. Geol. Paläont., Beil.-Bd., Abt. B., LXXIX, 403418, 3 pls.Google Scholar
Gross, W., 1941. “Die Bothriolepis-arten der Cellulosa-Mergel Lettlands,” K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Ser. 3, XIX, No. 5.Google Scholar
Harris, J. E., 1938. “The dorsal spine of Cladoselache,” Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 16, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1929 a. “Die downtonischen und devonischen Vertebraten von Spitzbergen. II. Acanthaspida,” Skrift. Svalb. Ishavet., No. 22, 81 pp., 24 pls.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1929 b. “Die downtonischen und devonischen Vertebraten von Spitzbergen. III. Acanthaspida. Nachtrag,” Skrift. Svalb. Ishavet., No. 23, 20 pp., 3 pls.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1930. “Eine neue Reckonstruktion von Heterostius Asm.,” Sitz.-ber. Naturforsch-Gesellsch. üniv. Tartu (Dorpat), XXXVI, heft 3–4, 5 pp.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1931 a. “Revision of the Structure of Goccosteus decipiens,” Norsk geol. Tidsskr., XII, 291313, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1931 b. “Untersuchungen über den Bau der Arthrodira,” Acta Zool. Stockholm, XII, 225239, 2 pls.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heintz, A., 1932. “The Structure of Dinichthys. A contribution to our Knowledge of the Arthrodira,” Bashford Dean Mem. Vol., No. 6, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1933. “Some Remarks about the Structure of Phlyctaenaspis acadica Whiteaves,” Norsk geol. Tidsskr., XIV, 127144, 3 pls.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1934. “Revision of the Esthonian Arthrodira. Part I. Family Homostiidae, Jaekel,” Arch. Naturk. Estlands, I, No. 10, 114 pp., 23 pls.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1935 a. “How the Fishes learned to Swim,” Smithsonian Report, 1934, 223245. (Translated from Naturen (Bergen), LVIII, Nos. 7 and 8, July-Aug. 1934.)Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1935 b. “Holonema-Reste aus dem Devon Spitzbergens,” Norsk geol. Tidsskr., XV, 115121.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1937. “Die downtonischen und devonischen Vertebraten von Spitzbergen. VI. Lunaspis-Aiteii aus dem Devon Spitzbergens,” Skrift. Svalb. Ishavet., No. 72, 23 pp., 1 pl., 1 folding table.Google Scholar
Heintz, A., 1938. “Notes on Arthrodira,” Norsk geol. Tidsskr., XVIII, 127, 3 pls.Google Scholar
Holmgren, N., 1940. “Studies on the Head in Fishes. Embryological, Morphological and Phylogenetical Studies. Part I. The Development of the Skull in Sharks and Rays,” Acta Zool. Stockholm, XXI.Google Scholar
Holmgren, N., 1941. “Studies on the Head in Fishes. Embryological, Morphological and Phylogenetical Studies. Part II. Com parative Anatomy of the Adult Selachian Skull,” Acta Zool. Stockholm, XXII.Google Scholar
Moy-Thomas, J. A., 1939 a. “The Early Evolution and Relationships of the Elasmobranchs,” Biol. Rev., XIV, 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmgren, N., 1939 b. Palaeozoic Fishes. Methuen & Co., London, 149 pp.Google Scholar
Moy-Thomas, J. A., and White, E. I., 1939. “On the Palatoquadrate and Hyomandibula of Pleuracanthus sessilis Jordan,” Geol. Mag., LXXVI, 459463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, T., 1941. “The Downtonian and Devonian Vertebrates of Spitzbergen. VII. Order Antiarchi,” Norges Svalbard- og-Ishavs-undersøkelser. Skrifter, No. 82, 54 pp., 16 pls.Google Scholar
Obruchev, D., 1933. “Holonemidae des russischen Devons,” Trav. Inst. Paleozool., Acad. Sci. Leningrad, II, 97155, 4 pls.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A., 1925. “On the Head of the Macropetalichthyids, etc.,” Field Mus. Publ., Geol. Ser., IV, No. 4, 87198, 13 pls.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A., 1931. “Upper Devonian Vertebrates from East Greenland,” Medd. om Gran., LXXXVI, NO. 1, 212 pp., 36 pls.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A., 1934 a. “On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of Greenland. I. Phyllolepida and Arthrodira,” Medd. om Gram., XCVII, No. 1.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A., 1934 b. “On the Heads of certain Arthrodires. I. Pholidosteus, Leiosteus, and Acanthaspids,” Kungl. Svenska Vetensk.- Akad., Handl., [3], XIII, NO. 5, 79 pp., 14 pls.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A., 1936. “On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. Supplement to Part I,” Medd. om Grøn., XCVII, No. 2, 52 pp., 30 pls.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A., 1939. “On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland. Second Supplement to Part I,” Medd. om Grøn., XCVII.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. A., 1942. “On the Snout of Arthrodires,” Kungl. svensk. Vetensk.-Akad., Handl., [3], XX, No. 3, 32 pp.Google Scholar
Watson, D. M. S., 1934. “The Interpretation of Arthrodires,” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., for 1934, 437464, 1 pl.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D. M. S., 1937. “The Acanthodian Fishes,” Philos. Trans., CCXXVNI, B, 49146, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Watson, D. M. S., 1938. “On Rhamphodopsis, a Ptyctodont from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., LIX, 387410, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Westoll, T. S., 1942. “The Earliest Panzergruppen,” Aberdeen Univ. Rev., XXIX, 114122.Google Scholar
Westoll, T. S., 1945. “A New Cephalaspid Fish from the Downtonian of Scotland, with Notes on the Structure and Classification of Ostracoderms,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., LXI, 341357, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. S., 1891. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum, Part II, British Museum (Natural History), London.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. S. Sir, 1924. “Un nouvel Elasmobranche (Crateroselache Pruvosti, gen. et sp. nov.) du Calcaire Carbonifère Inférieur de Denée,” Soc. Géol. Belgique, Livre Jubilaire, 5962, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. S. Sir, 1935. “The affinities of the Acanthodian and Arthrodiran Fishes,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [10], XV, 392395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A. S. Sir, and White, E. I., 1938. “The Dermal Tubercles of the Upper Devonian Shark, Cladoselache,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [11], II, 367368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar