Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:42:17.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pattern and process in the evolution of the Odontopleuridae (Trilobita). The Selenopeltinae and Ceratocephalinae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

Lars Ramsköld
Lars Ramsköld
Affiliation:
Lars Ramsköld, Sektionen för paleozoologi, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The systematics of parts of the Odontopleuridae are revised using character analyses tracing homologous structures, and a computerised cladistic analysis. The choice of outgroup is shown to affect the result of the analysis. Several synapomorphies place Selenopeltis, the type genus of the Selenopeltinae Hawle & Corda, 1847 as sister genus to Dicranurus. The latter's close relationship to Miraspis, type genus of the Miraspidinae Richter & Richter, 1917 is confirmed. The Selenopeltinae therefore becomes a senior subjective synonym of the Miraspidinae. The Selenopeltinae includes about 90 of the over 380 named odontopleurid species known to date (excluding accepted synonyms). The Ceratocephalinae is recognised, including about 30 species. The paired, large pygidial border spines present in most odontopleurids are in some species not homologous, and a falsifiable hypothesis is proposed for the homology of the ‘true major border spines’. This structure is the posterior pleural spine of the tenth postcephalic segment in selenopeltines, ceratocephalines and odontopleurines, and in acidaspidines and apianurines it is the serially homologous spine of the eleventh postcephalic segment. The spine belongs to the first pygidial segment in all taxa except ceratocephalines, where it is on the last thoracic segment. The homology in selenopeltines of the progressive restructuring of the cheek border is reviewed, explaining the supramarginal appearance of the genal spine. The presence and homology of the sublobation of L1 in odontopleurids is discussed, and it may be homologous with the sublobation in lichids. The strongly differentiated thoracic segmental lengths (exsag.), with maximum length reached in the anterior part of thorax, and the much reduced length of the posterior segments, are aspects of a single character-complex, uniquely derived within the Selenopeltinae. The ontogenetic origin of the anterior and posterior pleural spines is reviewed. The presence in Ceratocephala of two instars in one meraspid degree is discussed. A cladistic analysis of selenopeltine and ceratocephaline genera does not entirely resolve the topology of the phylogenetic tree of these taxa, but it confirms Selenopeltis as sister taxon to Dicranurus. These two genera belong in a clade also including Miraspis, Selenopeltoides, and Ceratonurus. Two new genera are erected, Ceratocara and Archaeopleura, the latter with type species A. kazakhensis sp. nov.

Keywords

character analysishomologyphylogenyontogenyPAUP
Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 82 , Issue 2 , 1991 , pp. 143 - 181
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adrian, J. M. & Chatterton, B. D. E. 1990. Odontopleura (Trilobita, Silurian), and a method of constrained congruency analysis. J PALAEONTOL 64, 600–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberti, G. K. B. 1967. Neue obersilurische sowie unter- und mitteldevonische Trilobiten aus Marokko, Deutschland und einigen anderen europäischen Gebieten. 2. SENCKENBERG LETH 48, 481–509.Google Scholar
Alberti, G. K. B. 1969. Trilobiten des jüngeren Siluriums sowie des Unter- und Mitteldevons. I. ABH SENCKENBERG NATURFORSCH GES 520, 1–692.Google Scholar
Alberti, G. K. B. 1970. Trilobiten des jüngeren Siluriums sowie des Unter- und Mitteldevons. II. ABH SENCKENBERG NATURFORSCH GES 525, 1–233.Google Scholar
Angelin, N. P. 1854. Palaeontologia Scandinavica. I: Crustacea formationis transitions. Fasc. 2, 21–92, pls. 25–41. Lund.Google Scholar
Antsygin, N. A. 1973. Trilobita. In Varganov, V. G., Antsygin, N. A., Nasedkina, V. A., Militsina, V. S., & Shurygina, M. V.Stratigraphy and fauna of the Ordovician of the Middle Urals, 62–111. Moscow: Nedra. (Ural'skoe Territorial'noe Geologicheskoe Upravlenie (In Russian).Google Scholar
Antsygin, N. A. 1977. Trilobites of the Karakol-Mikhajlovsk horizon, early Ordovician of the southern Urals. In Sapelnikov, V. P. & Chuvashov, B. I. (eds) Materials on the palaeontology of the middle Palaeozoic of the Urals and Siberia, pp. 68–95. Sverdlovsk: Academiya nauk SSSR, Ural'skij Nauchnyj Tsentr, trudy instituta geologii i geokhimii 176 (In Russian).Google Scholar
Balashova, E. A. 1975. Trilobity kitaygorodskogo gorizonta Podolii. In Balashov, Z. G., Volgin, V. N. & Krymgolts, G. Ya. (eds) Fauna pogranitsnykh ordoviksko-siluriyskikh otlozheniy Podolii (The faunas of Ordovician-Silurian boundary beds of Podolia). VOPROSY PALEONTOL 7, 102–23, 176–9 (In Russian).Google Scholar
Baldis, B. A. J. & Blasco, G. 1973. Trilobites ordovícicos de Ponon Trehue, Sierra Pintada de San Rafael, provincia de Mendoza. AMEGHINIANA 10, 72–88.Google Scholar
Barrande, J. 1846. Notice préliminaire sur le systême Silurien et les trilobites de Bohême, Leipsic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrande, J. 1852. Systême Silurien du centre de la Bohême. lére partie. Recherches paléontologiques I. Crustacés, Trilobites, Prague and Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrande, J. 1872. Ibid. Supplément au vol. 1, xxx + 647 pp. Prague and Paris.Google Scholar
Bergström, J. 1973. Organization, life, and systematics of trilobites. FOSSILS AND STRATA 2, 1–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, J. & Levi-Setti, R. 1978. Phenotypic variation in the Middle Cambrian trilobite Paradoxides davidis Salter at Manuels, SE Newfoundland. GEOLOGICA ET PALAEONTOL 12, 1–40.Google Scholar
Beyrich, E. 1846. Untersuchungen über Trilobiten, Zweites Stück, Berlin.Google Scholar
Bishop, G. S. O. 1986. Early and Middle Silurian conodonts from midwestern New South Wales. COURIER FORSCH SENCKENBERG 89, 1–337.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L. 1965. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region, Norway. 19. The trilobite family Odontopleuridae. NORSK GEOL TIDS 45, 339–56.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L. 1966a. A new odontopleurid trilobite genus from the Devonian of Bohemia. PALAEONTOL 9, 330–45.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L. 1966b. A revision of the Swedish Ordovician Odontopleuridae (Trilobita). BULL GEOL INST UNIV UPPSALA 43, (8), 1–40.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L. 1967. Silurian odontopleurid trilobites from Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia. PALAEONTOL 10, 214–44.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L. 1968a. A revision of the Odontopleuridae (Trilobita) from the Palaeozoic of Bohemia. SKRIFT NORSK VIDENSK-AKAD OSLO. I. MAT.-NATURV. KLASSE: NY SERIE 25, 1–73.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L. 1968b. Ordovician odontopleurid trilobites from Estonia and Latvia. LETHAIA 1, 288–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruton, D. L. 1983. Cambrian origins of the odontopleurid trilobites. PALAEONTOL 26, 875–85.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L. & Henry, J.-L. 1978. Selenopeltis (Trilobita) from Brittany and its distribution in the Ordovician. GÉOBIOS 11, 893–907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureau, L. 1900. Notice sur la Géologie de la Loire inférieure. In La ville de Nantes et la Loire inférieure, 3, 99–522. Nantes: Ass. Franc. A vane. Sc.Google Scholar
Burmeister, H. 1843. Die Organisation der Trilobiten, aus ihren lebenden Venvandten entwickelt; nebst einer systematischen Übersicht alter zeither beschriebenen Arten. Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, K. S. W. 1977. Trilobites of the Haragan, Bois d'Arc and Frisco Formations (early Devonian), Arbuckle Mountains region, Oklahoma. OKLAHOMA GEOL SURV BULL 123, 1–227.Google Scholar
Chatterton, B. D. E. 1971. Taxonomy and ontogeny of Siluro-Devonian trilobites from near Yass, New South Wales. PALAEONTOGR A137, 1–108.Google Scholar
Chatterton, B. D. E. 1980. Ontogenetic studies of Middle Ordovician trilobites from the Esbataottine Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. PALAEONTOGR A171, 1–74.Google Scholar
Chatterton, B. D. E. & Campbell, K. S. W. 1980. Silurian trilobites from near Canberra and some related forms from the Yass Basin. PALAEONTOGR A167, 77–119.Google Scholar
Chatterton, B. D. E. & Ludvigsen, R. 1976. Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites from the South Nahanni River area, District of Mackenzie, Canada. PALAEONTOGR A154, 1–106.Google Scholar
Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G. 1979. Acanthalomina Prantl & Přibyl, a valid subgenus of the trilobite genus Diacanthaspis. J PALEONTOL 53, 1327–42.Google Scholar
Chatterton, B. D. E. & Perry, D. G. 1983. Silicified Silurian odontopleurid trilobites from the Mackenzie Mountains. PALAEONTOGR CAN 1, 1–126.Google Scholar
Chlupáč, I. 1971. Some trilobites from the Silurian-Devonian boundary beds of Czechoslovakia. PALAEONTOL 14, 159–177.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. 1892. Notes on the genus Acidaspis. ANNUAL REP NEW YORK STATE MUS NAT HIS 44, 91–104.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. 1905. Percé. A brief sketch of its geology. BULL NEW YORK STATE MUS 80, 134–171.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1841. Description of new genera and species of organic remains. Crustacea. ANN REP PALAEONTOL STATE OF NEW YORK 5, 48–57.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T. 1966. The Lower Ordovician stratigraphy and trilobites of the Landeyran Valley and the neighbouring district of the Montagne Noire, south-western France. BULL BRIT MUS (NAT HIST) 12, 247–353.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T. 1974. The trilobites of the Chair of Kildare Limestone (Upper Ordovician) of eastern Ireland. Part 2. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR 539, pp. 61–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erben, H. K. 1952. Trilobiten aus dem Älteren Hercyn (Unterdevon) des Unterharzes. NEUES JAHRB GEOL PALÄONTOL ABH 94, 150–362.Google Scholar
Etheridge, R. & Mitchell, J. 1897. The Silurian trilobites of New South Wales, with references to those of other parts of Australia. Part IV. The Odontopleuridae. PROC LINN SOC NEW SOUTH WALES 4, 694–721 (for 1896).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etheridge, R. & Mitchell, J. 1917. The Silurian trilobites of New South Wales, with references to those of other parts of Australia. Part vi. The Calymeneidae, Cheiruridae, Harpeidae, Bronteidae, etc., with an appendix. PROC LINN SOC NEW SOUTH WALES 42, 480–510.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1975. Early Ordovician trilobite communities. FOSSILS AND STRATA 4, 331–52.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1980. The Ordovician trilobites of Spitsbergen. III. Remaining trilobites of the Valhallfonna Formation. NORSK POLARINST SKRIFT 171, 1–163.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. & Owens, R. M. 1987. The Arenig Series in New South Wales: Stratigraphy and palaeontology. I. The Arenig Series in South Wales. BULL BRIT MUS (NAT HIST) GEOL 41, 69–307.Google Scholar
Gill, E. D. 1947. A new trilobite from the Yeringian (Lower Devonian) rocks of Kinglake, Victoria. PROC R SOC VICTORIA 59, 8–18.Google Scholar
Green, J. 1837. Description of a new trilobite. AM J SCI SER 1 32, 167–9.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1859. Descriptions and figures of the organic remains of the Lower Helderberg group and the Oriskany Sandstone. NEW YORK STATE GEOL SURV, PALAEONTOL NEW YORK 3, part 1 (text), 1859; part 2 (plates), 1861; xii + 532 pp., 120 pls.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1864. Account of some new or little known species of fossils from rocks of the age of the Niagara group. NEW YORK STATE MUS NAT HIS, REP 18, pp. 1–48.Google Scholar
Hammann, W. 1976. Trilobiten aus dem oberen Caradoc der östlichen Sierra Morena (Spanien). SENCKENBERG LETH 57, 35–85.Google Scholar
Hammann, W. & Rabano, I. 1987. Morphologie und Lebensweise der Gattung Selenopeltis (Trilobita) und ihre Vorkommen im Ordovizium von Spanien. SENCKENBERG LETH 68, 91–137.Google Scholar
Hammann, W., Rabano, I. & Marco, J. C. G. 1986. Morfología funcional del exoesqueleto del género Selenopeltis Hawle & Corda, 1847 (Trilobita, Odontopleurida; Ordovícico). PALEONTOL EVOL 20, 203–11.Google Scholar
Harper, D. A. T. & Owen, A. W. 1986. A shelly biofacies from the graptolitic mudstones of the Lower Balelatchie Group (lower Caradoc) near Laggan, Girvan district. SCOT J GEOL 22, 271–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawle, I. & Corda, A. J. C. 1847. Prodrom einer Monographie der böhmischen Trilobiten. Prague: J. G. Calve.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1915. Skånes colonusskiffer I. MEDD LUNDS GEOL FALTKLUBB, SER. B, 9, 1–65.Google Scholar
Hintze, L. F. 1953. Lower Ordovician trilobites from western Utah and eastern Nevada. BULL UTAH GEOL MINERAL SURV 48, 1–249.Google Scholar
Horný, R. & Bastl, F. 1970. Type specimens of fossils in the National Museum of Prague, Volume 1. Trilobita. Prague.Google Scholar
Howells, Y. 1982. Scottish Silurian trilobites. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 561, pp. 1–76.Google Scholar
Hu, C.-H. 1974. Ontogenies of a few Middle Ordovician trilobites from the Edinburg Formation of Virginia U.S.A. BULL GEOL SURV TAIWAN 24, 51–67.Google Scholar
Ingham, J. K., Curry, G. B., & Williams, A. 1985. Early Ordovician Dounans Limestone fauna, Highland Border complex, Scotland. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 76, 481–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1956. On the trilobite genus Celmus Angelin, 1854. BULL GEOL INST UNIV UPPSALA 36, 35–49.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1975. Evolutionary processes leading to the trilobite suborder Phacopina. FOSSILS AND STRATA 4, 209–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kielan, Z. 1960. Upper Ordovician trilobites from Poland and some related forms from Bohemia and Scandinavia. PALAEONTOL POLONICA 11, 1–198 (for 1959).Google Scholar
Klouč;ek, C. 1916. O vrstvách Dlγ, jich trilobitech a naleziš;tich. ROZPRAVY ČESKÉ AKADEMIE VED, UMENI, tř. 2, 25, 1–21.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. & Hamada, T. 1977. Devonian trilobites of Japan in comparison with Asian, Pacific and other faunas. SPECIAL PAP PALAEONTOL SOC JAPAN 20.Google Scholar
Lermontova, E. V. 1951. Upper Cambrian trilobites and brachiopods of Boshche-Kulya (north-eastern Kazakhstan). VSES NAUCHN-ISSLED GEOL INST (VSEGEI). 49 pp. Moscow. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Levi-Setti, R. 1975. Trilobites. A photographic atlas. Chicago & London, Univ. Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lu, Y. & Chang, W. 1974. Ordovician trilobites. In A handbook of stratigraphy and palaeontology in Southwest China, pp. 124–36. Beijing: Science Press. (In Chinese.)Google Scholar
McNamara, K. J. 1986. A guide to the nomenclature of heterochrony. J PALEONTOL 60, 4–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, J. 1888. On a new trilobite from Bowning. PROC LINN SOC NEW SOUTH WALES, SER 2 3, 397–9.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. 1919. Some additional trilobites from New South Wales. PROC LINN SOC NEW SOUTH WALES 44, 850–6.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. (ed.) 1959. Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology. Part O. Arthropoda 1. Geol Soc. Amer. and Univ. Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Münster, G. Graf zu, 1840. Beiträge zur Petrefaktenkunde III. 7. Die Versteinerungen des Übergangskalkes mit Clymenien und Orthoceratiten von Oberfranken, pp. 33–121. Bayreuth.Google Scholar
Neben, W. & Krueger, H. H. 1973. Fossilien ordovizischer und silurischer Geschiebe. STARINGIA 2, pls. 51–109.Google Scholar
Norford, B. S. 1981. The trilobite fauna of the Silurian Attawapiskat Formation, northern Ontario and northern Manitoba. GEOL SURV CAN, BULL 327, 1–37.Google Scholar
Novák, O. 1883. Zur Kenntnis der böhmischen Trilobiten. In: Beiträge zur Paläontologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients: herausgegeben von E Mojsisovics und M. Neumayr, 3, 23–63. Wien.Google Scholar
Olin, E. 1906. Om de Chasmopskalken och Trinucleusskiffern motsvarande bildningarna i Skåne. MEDD LUNDS GEOL FÄLTKLUBB, SER. B, 1, 1–79.Google Scholar
Öpik, A. 1937. Trilobiten aus Estland. ACTA ET COMM UNIV TARTUENSIS A32, (3), 1–163.Google Scholar
Ormiston, A. R. 1968. Lower Devonian trilobites of Hercynian type from the Turkey Creek inlier, Marshall county, south-central Oklahoma. J PALEONTOL 42, 1186–99.Google Scholar
Ormiston, A. R. 1969. The trilobite Koneprusia in the Lower Devonian of Alaska. J PALEONTOL 43, 1210–12.Google Scholar
Owen, A. W., Tripp, R. P. & Morris, S. F. 1986. The trilobite fauna of the Raheen Formation (upper Caradoc), Co. Waterford, Ireland. BULL BRIT MUS (NAT HIST), GEOL 40, 91–122.Google Scholar
Pek, I. & Vaněk, J. 1989a. Index of Bohemian trilobites. 68 pp. Krajské vlastivědné muzeum Olomouc.Google Scholar
Pek, I. & Vaněk, J. 1989b. Xanionurus eva sp. n. and Ceratonurus svantovit sp. n. (Trilobita) from the Lower Devonian in the Barrandian. ČASOPIS NAROD MUZEA PRAZE 155, 14–6 (for 1986).Google Scholar
Pillet, J. 1973. Les trilobites du Dévonien inférieur et du Dévonien moyen du sud-est du Massif armoricain. SOC D'ÉTUDES SCI ANJOU, MÉM 1, 1–307 (for 1972).Google Scholar
Pillet, J. 1988. Quelques trilobites rares de l'Ordovicien inférieur de la Montagne Noire. BULL SOC HIST NAT TOULOUSE 124, 89–99.Google Scholar
Pillet, J. 1989. Les trilobites des ‘ardoises d'Angers’. III. Dalmanitidae, Cheiruridae, Odontopleuridae, Trinucleina. BULL SOC D'ÉTUDES SCIE ANJOU 118, 1–14.Google Scholar
Prantl, F. & Přibyl, A. 1949. A study of the superfamily Odontopleuracea nov. superfam. (trilobites). ROZPRAVY ÚSTŘED ÚSTAV GEOL 12, 1–221. (In Czech and English, with Russian summary.)Google Scholar
Prantl, F. & Vaněek, J. 1958. In Horný, R., Prantl, F. & Vaněk, J.: On the limit between the Wenlock and the Ludlow in the Barrandian. SBORNIK ÚSTŘED ÚSTAV GEOL, ODD PALEONT 24, 217–78 (for 1957). (In Czech, with English summary.)Google Scholar
Přibyl, A. & Vaněk, J. 1966. Zur Kenntnis der Odontopleuridae-Trilobiten aus dem böhmischen Altpaläozoikum. ACTA UNIV CAROLINAE, GEOL 4, 289–304.Google Scholar
Přibyl, A. & Vaněk, J. 1973a. Einige Bemerkungen zu den Vertretern von Selenopeltis Hawle & Corda, 1847. ČASOPIS MINERAL GEOL 18, 63–70.Google Scholar
Přibyl, A. & Vaněk, J. 1973b. Über Hypostome von Odontopleuriden (Trilobita) und ihrer Systematik. ČASOPIS MINERAL GEOL 18, 301–7.Google Scholar
Přibyl, A. & Vaněk, J. 1980. Ordovician trilobites of Bolivia. ROZPRAVY ČESKOSL AKAD VED, ŘADA MPV 90, (2), 1–90.Google Scholar
Přibyl, A., Vaněk, J. & Hörbinger, F. 1986. New trilobites of the families Odontopleuridae, Lichidae and Raphiophoridae from the Silurian and Devonian of central Bohemia. ČASOPIS MINERAL GEOL 31, 267–78.Google Scholar
Price, D. 1980. The Ordovician trilobite fauna from the Sholeshook Limestone Formation of South Wales. PALAEONTOL 23, 839–87.Google Scholar
Ramsköld, L. 1984. Silurian odontopleurid trilobites from Gotland. PALAEONTOL 27, 239–64.Google Scholar
Ramsköld, L. 1986. Silurian encrinurid trilobites from Gotland and Dalarna, Sweden. PALAEONTOL 29, 527–575.Google Scholar
Ramsköld, L. (1991). The perforated trilobite Laethoprusia gen. nov., and the phylogeny of Koneprusia and Isoprusia (Odontopleuridae, Koneprusiinae). TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 82, 125–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsköld, L. & Chatterton, B. D. E. 1991. Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic ‘Leonaspis’ (Trilobita). TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 82. (In press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raymond, P. E. 1910. Notes on Ordovician trilobites; new and old species of trilobites from the Chazy. ANN CARNEGIE MUS 7, 60–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raymond, P. E. 1925. Some trilobites of the lower Middle Ordovician of eastern North America. BULL MUS COMP ZOOL HARVARD COLL 67, 1–180.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1914. The Lower Palaeozoic trilobites of Girvan. Supplement. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOG.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1925a. Some new Silurian trilobites. GEOL MAG 62, 67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1925b. The classification of the Acidaspidae. GEOL MAG 62, 416–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1931. Additional new trilobites from Girvan. ANN MAG NAT HIST (10), 7, 97–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1935. The Lower Palaeozoic trilobites of Girvan. Supplement 3. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOG.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, R. & Richter, E. 1917. Über die Einteilung der Familie Acidaspidae und Über einige ihrer devonischen Vertreter. ZENTRALBL MINERAL, GEOL PALÄONTOL 1917, 462–72.Google Scholar
Richter, R. & Richter, E. 1925. Unterlagen zum Fossilium Catalogus, Trilobita. II. SENCKENBERGIANA 7, 126.Google Scholar
Roemer, F. A. 1852. Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntnis des nordwestlichen Harzgebirges. 2. PALAEONTOGR 3, 67–111.Google Scholar
Rosa, D. 1899. La riduzione progressiva della variabilita a i suoi rapporti coll'estinzione e coll origine delle specie. Torino, Carlo Clausen.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. 1979. Additional trilobites from the Ordovician of Kentucky. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1066–D, 1–13Google Scholar
Rouault, M. 1847. Extrait du mémoire sur les trilobites du département d'lle-et-Vilaine. BULL SOC GEOL FRANCE (2) 4, 309–328.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1853. Figures and descriptions illustrative of British organic remains. Memoir of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, Decade 7, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Sanderson, M. J. & Donoghue, M. J. 1989. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. EVOLUTION 43, 1781–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sdzuy, K. 1979. Two rare trilobites from the Tremadoc Leimnitz Shales, Germany. ALCHERINGA 3, 63–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, F. C. 1968. Early Middle Ordovician Chazy trilobites of New York. NEW YORK STATE MUS SCI SERV, MEM 17, 1–163.Google Scholar
Shaw, F. C. 1974. Simpson group (Middle Ordovician) trilobites of Oklahoma. MEM PALEONTOL SOC 6, 1–54.Google Scholar
Siegfried, P. 1969. Trilobiten aus dem Ordovizium des Ebbe-Sattels im Rheinischen Schiefergebirge. PALÄONTOL ZEITSCHR 43, 148–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siveter, D. J. 1989. Silurian trilobites from the Annascaul inlier, Dingle Peninsula, Ireland. PALAEONTOL 32, 109–61.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1975. New Trilobita from the Llandovery at Hýskov in the Beroun area, central Bohemia. VESTNIK ÚSTŘED ÚSTAV GEOL 50, 311–6.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1978. The Llandoverian trilobites from Hýskov (Barrandian area). SBORNIK GEOL PALAEONTOL 21, 7–47.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1984a. Bohemian Ordovician Odontopleuridae (Trilobita). SBORNIK GEOL PALEONTOL 26, 47–82.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1984b. Revision of the trilobite type material of I. Hawle and A. J. C. Corda, 1847. SBORNIK NARODNIHO MUZEA PRAZE, ŘADA B 39, 129–212 (for 1983).Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1984c. Ivanopleura and Borkopleura, new odontopleurid genera from the Bohemian Silurian. VESTNIK ÚSTŘED USTAV GEOL 59, 49–52.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1984d. On the genus Odontopleura Emmrich, 1839 (Trilobita). VESTNIK ÚSTŘED USTAVU GEOL 59, 95–104.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1986a. Bohemian representatives of the trilobite genera Orphanaspis, Selenopeltoides and Taemasaspis (Odontopleuridae). ČASOPIS NAROD MUZEA PRAZE 153, 212–6 (for 1984).Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1986b. Bohemian representatives of the genus Ceratocephala Warder, 1838 (Trilobita). VESTNIK ÚSTŘED ÚSTAV GEOL 61, 83–92.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1988a. On the trilobite genus Miraspis R. et E. Richter, 1917 from the Bohemian Silurian. VESTNIK ÚSTŘED ÚSTAV GEOL 63, 143–53.Google Scholar
šnajdr, M. 1988b. Bohemian representatives of the trilobite genera Acidaspis, Dudleyaspis and Ceratocephalina (Odontopleuridae). VESTNIK ÚSTŘED ÚSTAV GEOL 63, 347–52.Google Scholar
Temple, J. T. 1970. The Lower Llandovery brachiopods and trilobites from Ffridd Mathrafal, near Meifod, Montgomeryshire. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR 527.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. T. 1981. British Wenlock trilobites. 2. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR 559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, A. T. & Holloway, D. J. 1988. Classification and phylogeny of the trilobite order Lichida. PHILOS TRANS R SOC LONDON, B321, 179–262.Google Scholar
Tripp, R. P. 1962. Trilobites from the ‘confinis’ flags (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Ayrshire. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 65, 3–40.Google Scholar
Tripp, R. P. 1967. Trilobites from the Upper Stinchar Limestone (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Ayrshire. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 67, 43–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripp, R. P. 1976. Trilobites from the basal superstes Mudstones (Ordovician) at Aldons Quarry, near Girvan, Ayrshire. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 69, 369–423.Google Scholar
Tripp, R. P. 1979. Trilobites from the Ordovician Auchensoul and Stinchar Limestones of the Girvan District, Strathclyde. PALAEONTOL 22, 339–61.Google Scholar
Vaněk, J. & Pek, I. 1987. Genus Koneprusia (Trilobita) from the Devonian of central Bohemia. ČASOPIS MINERAL GEOL 32, 262–70.Google Scholar
Van Ingen, G. 1901. The Siluric fauna near Batesville, Arkansas. II. Paleontology: Trilobita. COLUMBIA UNIV SCH MINES QUART 23, 34–74.Google Scholar
Warburg, E. 1925. The trilobites of the Leptaena Limestone in Dalarne with a discussion of the zoological position and classification of the Trilobita. BULL GEOL INST UNIV UPPSALA 17, 1–446.Google Scholar
Warburg, E. 1933. On the structure of the occipital ring of the Odontopleuridae. ARKIV FÖR ZOOL, 25A, (9), 1–19.Google Scholar
Warder, J. A. 1838. New trilobites. AM J SCI 34, 377–9.Google Scholar
Weller, S. 1907. The paleontology of the Niagaran Limestone in the Chicago area. The Trilobita. BULL CHICAGO ACAD SCI, 163–281.Google Scholar
Weston, P. H. 1988. Indirect and direct methods in systematics. In Humphries, C. J. (ed.) Ontogeny and systematics, 27–56. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Whittard, W. F. 1961. The Ordovician trilobites of the Shelve Inlier, west Shropshire. 5. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittington, H. B. 1956a. Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites: The Odontopleuridae. BULL MUS COMP ZOOL 114, 155–288.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. 1956b. Type and other species of Odontopleuridae. J PALEONTOL 30, 504–20.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. 1963. Middle Ordovician trilobites from Lower Head, western Newfoundland. BULL MUS COMP ZOOL 129, 1–118.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. & Bohlin, B. 1958. New Lower Ordovician Odontopleuridae (Trilobita) from Öland. BULL GEOL INST UNIVERSITY OF UPPSALA 38, 37–45.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. & Campbell, K. S. W. 1967. Silicified Silurian trilobites from Maine. BULL MUS COMP ZOOL 135, 447–83.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. & Evitt, W. R. 1954. Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites. GEOL SOC AM, MEM 59, 1–137.Google Scholar
Winchell, A. & Marcy, O. 1865. Enumeration of fossils collected in the Niagara Limestone at Chicago, Illinois, with descriptions of several new species. MEM BOSTON SOC NAT HIST 1, 81–113.Google Scholar
Young, G. E. 1973. An Ordovician (Arenigian) trilobite faunule of great diversity from the Ibex area, western Utah. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV GEOL STUD 20, (4), 91–115.Google Scholar
Zhang, W.-T. & Meng, X.-S. 1986. Silurian trilobites from Xichuan, Henan. ACTA PALAEONTOL SINICA 25, 507–15. (In Chinese, with English summary.)Google Scholar
Zhou, Z., Yin, G. & Tripp, R. P. 1984. Trilobites from the Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 75, 13–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar