Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T07:55:06.356Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Late Miocene crocodylians from northeast Argentina: new approaches about the austral components of the Neogene South American crocodylian fauna

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 September 2013

Paula Bona ,
Douglas Riff  and
Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini
Paula Bona
Affiliation:
CONICET, División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected]
Douglas Riff
Affiliation:
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2D – sala 28, Rua Ceará, s/n, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini
Affiliation:
CONICET, División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The richest and more explored regions concerning Miocene crocodylians in South America are the basins surrounding the areas of Urumaco (Venezuela), La Venta (Colombia), Acre (Northwest Brazil) and Paraná (Northeast Argentina). Fossils from the late Miocene in the Paraná area were recovered from the “Conglomerado Osífero” (Ituzaingó Formation) and assigned to several taxa of Caimaninae (Alligatoroidea) and to a taxon of Gavialoidea. The late Miocene “fauna” of crocodylians recorded in northeast Argentina differs from coeval ones of northern South America by the absence of crocodyloids, some alligatorid genera (such as Purussaurus, Melanosuchus, and Paleosuchus) and by the scarce gavialoid species. Giant forms, conspicuous in the northern South American deposits, are also absent in southern latitudes. Despite this, the austral South American crocodylian fauna exhibits strong affinities with the northern, contemporary forms, sharing taxa at generic (i.e. Caiman and Gryposuchus) and even specific levels (i.e. Mourasuchus nativus). The sharing of such freshwater taxa in the Miocene indicates partial connections of drainage basins through swamp areas on their boundaries, and is evidence against the assumption of an intracontinental coeval seaway link in this continent proposed by several authors.

Keywords

CaimaninaeCrocodyliaGavialidae
Type
Articles
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 103 , Issue 3-4: The Full Profession: A Celebration of the Life and Career of Wann Langston, Jr., Quintessential Vertebrate Palaeontologist , September 2012 , pp. 551 - 570
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

7. References

Aceñolaza, F. G. 1976. Consideraciones bioestratigráficas sobre el Terciario marino de Paraná y alrededores. Acta Geológica Lilloana 13, 91–107.Google Scholar
Aguilera, O. 2004. Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: Urumaco, Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad. Caracas: Editora Arte. 150 pp.Google Scholar
Aguilera, O. A., Riff, D. & Boquentin-Villanueva, J. 2006. A new giant Purussaurus (Crocodyliformes, Alligatoridae) from the Upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 (3), 221–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrosetti, J. B. 1887. Observaciones sobre los reptiles fósiles Oligocenos de los terrenos Terciarios del Paraná. Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba 4, 409–26.Google Scholar
Ameghino, F. 1898. Sinopsis geológico-paleontológica. In Torcelli, A. J. (ed.) Segundo Censo de la República Argentina, Tomo 1, Part 3 (Territorio), 111–255. Buenos Aires: Taller de Impresiones Oficiales.Google Scholar
Benton, M. J. & Clark, J. M. 1988. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia. In Benton, M. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of Tetrapods, Vol 1, 295–338. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bocquetin-Villanueva, J. C. 1984. Un nuevo Nettosuchidae (Crocodylia, Eusuchia) proveniente da la Formación Urumaco (Mioceno Superior), Venezuela. Ameghiniana 21 (1), 3–8.Google Scholar
Bocquentin, J. C. & Souza-Filho, J. 1990. O crocodiliano Carandaisuchus como sinonímia de Mourasuchus (Nettosuchidae). Revista Brasileira de Geociências 20 (1–4), 230–33.Google Scholar
Bona, P. 2007. Una nueva especie de Eocaiman Simpson (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) del Paleoceno Inferior de Patagonia. Ameghiniana 44 (2), 435–45.Google Scholar
Bona, P., Degrange, F. J. & Fernández, M. S. 2012. Skull anatomy of the bizarre crocodylian Mourasuchus nativus (Alligatoridae, Caimaninae). The Anatomical Record. DOI 10.1002/ar.22625, 1–13.Google Scholar
Bona, P. & Desojo, J. B. 2011. Osteology and cranial musculature of Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae). Journal of Morphology 10894, 1–16.Google Scholar
Bona, P. & Paulina Carabajal, A. 2013. Caiman gasparinae sp. nov., a huge alligatorid (Caimaninae) from the late Miocene of Paraná, Argentina. Alcheringa 37, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandoni, D. 2011. The Megalonychidae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the late Miocene of Entre Ríos Province, Argentina, with remarks on their systematics and biogeography. Geobios 44 (1), 33–44.Google Scholar
Brandoni, D. & Scillato-Yané, G. J. 2007. Los Megatheriinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) del Terciario de Entre Ríos, Argentina: aspectos taxonómicos y sistemáticos. Ameghiniana 44, 427–34.Google Scholar
Bravard, A. 1858. Monografía de los terrenos marinos terciarios del Paraná. Diario oficial del Gobierno: El Nacional Argentino. [Reprinted as Burmeister, G. 1883.]Google Scholar
Bravard, A. 1860. Catalogue des espèces d'animaux fossiles recueillies dans l'Amerique du Sud de 1852–1860. Paris: Lithographic brochure.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. 1999. Phylogenetics, Taxonomy and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea. In Rowe, T., Brochu, C. A. & Kishi, K. (eds) Cranial morphology of Alligator mississippiensis and phylogeny of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 6, 9–100.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. 2003. Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31, 357–96.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. 2004. Alligatorine phylogeny and the status of Allognathosuchus Mook, 1921. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (4), 857–73.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. 2010. A new alligatorid from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming and the origin of caimans. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (4), 1109–26.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of Necrosuchus ionensis Simpson, 1937 and the early history of caimanines. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (51), 228–56.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. and RincónA, D. A, D. 2004. A gavialoid crocodylian from the Lower Miocene of Venezuela. Special Papers in Palaeontology 71, 61–78.Google Scholar
Buffetaut, E. 1982. Systematique, origine et évolution des Gavialidae Sud-américains. Geobios 6, 127–40.Google Scholar
Burmeister, G. 1883. Reprint of Bravard, 1858: Monografía de los terrenos marinos terciarios del Paraná. Annales del Museo Público de Buenos Aires 3, 45–94.Google Scholar
Burmeister, G. 1885. Examen crítico de los mamíferos y reptiles fósiles denominados por Don Augusto Bravard y mencionados en su obra precedente. Annales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3, 95–173.Google Scholar
Carvalho, A. L. 1951. Os jacarés do Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional 43, 127–52.Google Scholar
Chebli, G. A., Tófalo, O. & Turzzini, G. 1989. Mesopotamia. In Chebli, G. A. & Spatetti, L. (eds.) Cuencas sedimentarias argentinas. Serie de Correlación geológica del Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica, 6, 79–100.Google Scholar
Cione, A. L., Azpelicueta, M. M., Bond, M., Carlini, A., Casciotta, J., Cozzuol, M. A., de la Fuente, M., Gasparini, Z., Goin, F., Noriega, J., Scillato-Yané, G., Soibelzon, L., Tonni, E., Verzi, D. & Vucetich, M. G. 2000. Miocene vertebrates from Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. In Aceñolaza, F. G. & Herbst, R. (eds) El Neógeno de Argentina, Serie de Correlación geológica del Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica 14, 191–238.Google Scholar
Cione, A. L., Casciotta, J. R., Azpelicueta, M. M., Barla, M. J. & Cozzuol, M. A. 2005. Peces marinos y continentales del Mioceno del área Mesopotámica Argentina, procedencia estratigráfica y relaciones biogeográficas. Miscelánea INSUGEO 12, 49–64.Google Scholar
Cozzuol, M. A. 1996. The record of the aquatic mammals in southern South America. Münchner Geowissenschaten Abhandlungen 30, 321–42.Google Scholar
Cozzuol, M. A. 2006. The Acre vertebrate fauna: age, diversity and geography. Journal of South American Earth Science 21 (3), 185–203.Google Scholar
Daudin, F. M. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Reptiles. Paris: De L'Imprimerie de F. Dufart. 452 pp.Google Scholar
De Alba, E. 1953. Geología del Alto Paraná, en relación con los trabajos de derrocamiento entre Ituzaingó y Posadas. Revista Asociación Geológica Argentina 8, 129–61.Google Scholar
Frenguelli, J. 1920. Contribución al conocimiento de la geología de Entre Ríos. Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba 24, 55–256.Google Scholar
Fortier, D.Brochu, C. A. & Souza Filho, J. P. 2009. The oldest record of Caiman yacare. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (Supplement to no. 3), 97A.Google Scholar
Gasparini, Z. 1968. Nuevos restos de Rhamphostomopsis neogeaeus (Burm.) Rusconi, 1933, (Reptilia, Crocodilia) del “Mesopotamiense” (Plioceno medio-superior) de Argentina. Ameghiniana 5, 299–311.Google Scholar
Gasparini, Z. 1973. Revisión de los Crocodilia (Reptilia) fósiles del Territorio Argentino: su evolución, sus relaciones filogenéticas, su clasificación y sus implicancias estratigráficas. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata, Argentina.Google Scholar
Gasparini, Z. 1981. Los Crocodylia fósiles de la Argentina. Ameghiniana 18 (3–4), 177–205.Google Scholar
Gasparini, Z. 1985. Un Nuevo cocodrilo (Eusuchia) Cenozoico de América del Sur. MME-DNPM Série Geologia Paleontologia, Estratigrafia 2, 51–53.Google Scholar
Gasparini, Z. 1996. Biogeographic evolution of the South American crocodilians. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 30, 159–84.Google Scholar
Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S. & Nixon, K. C. 2008. TNT: a free program for tree analysis using new technology. Cladistics 24 (5), 774–86.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1844. Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum.Google Scholar
Gürich, G. 1912. Gryposuchus jessei ein neues schmalschnauziges Krokodil aus den jüngeren Ablagerungen des obreren Amazonas-Geibetes. Mitteilungen aus dem Mineralogisch-Geologischen Institut in Hamburg, 29, 59–71.Google Scholar
Head, J. J., Bloch, J. I., Hastings, A. K., Bourke, J. R., Cadena, E. A., Herrera, F. A., Polly, P. D. & Jaramillo, C. A. 2009. Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457, 715–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbst, R. 1971. Esquema estratigráfico de la Província de Corrientes, República Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 26, 221–43.Google Scholar
Hernández, R. M., Jordan, T., Dalenz Farjat, A., Echavarría, L, Idleman, B. D. & Reynold, J. H. 2005. Age, distribution, tectonics, and eustatic controls of the Paranense and Caribbean marine transgressions in southern Bolivia and Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19 (4), 495–512.Google Scholar
Holliday, C. M. & Witmer, L. M. 2007. Archosaur adductor chamber evolution: integration of musculoskeletal and topological criteria in jaw muscle homology. Journal of Morphology 268 (6), 457–84.Google Scholar
Holliday, C. M. & Witmer, L. M. 2009. The epipterygoid of crocodyliforms and its significance for the evolution of the orbitotemporal region of eusuchians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (3), 715–33.Google Scholar
Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F. P., Steege, H., Bermudez, M. A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartín, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C. L., Figueiredo, J. P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F. R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Särkinen, T. & Antonelli, A. 2010. Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science 330 (6006), 927–31.Google Scholar
Hrbek, T., Vasconcelos, W. R., Rebelo, G. & Farias, I. P. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of South American alligatorids and the Caiman of Medeira River. Journal of Experimental Zoology 309A, 588–99.Google Scholar
Iordansky, N. N. 1964. The jaw muscles of the crocodiles and some relating structures of the crocodilian skull. Anatomischer Anzeiger. 115, 256–80.Google Scholar
Iordansky, N. N. 1973. The skull of the Crocodilia. In Gans, C. & Parsons, T. S. (eds) Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 4: Morphology, 201–62. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jouve, S., Bardet, N., Jalil, N. E., Suberbiola, X. P., Bouya, B. & Amaghzaz, M. 2008. The oldest African crocodylian: phylogeny, paleobiogeography, and differential survivorship of marine reptiles through the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (2), 409–21.Google Scholar
Langston, W. Jr. 1965. Fossil crocodilians from Colombia and the Cenozoic history of the Crocodilia in South America. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 52, 1–15.Google Scholar
Langston, W. Jr. 1966. Mourasuchus Price, Nettosuchus Langston, and the Family Nettosuchidae (Reptilia: Crocodilia). Copeia 1966, 882–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langston, W. Jr. 2008. Notes on a partial skeleton of Mourasuchus (Crocodylia: Nettosuchidae) from the Upper Miocene of Venezuela. Arquivos do Museu Nacional 66 (1), 125–44.Google Scholar
Langston, W. Jr. & Gasparini, Z. 1997. Crocodilians, Gryposuchus and the South Americans gavials. In Kay, R. F., Madden, N. H., Ciffelli, R. L. & Flinn, J. J. (eds) Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, 113–54. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Latrubesse, E. M., Silva, S. A. F., Cozzuol, M. & Absy, M. L. 2007. Late Miocene continental sedimentation in southwestern Amazonia and its regional significance: Biotic and geological evidence. Journal of South American Earth Science 23 (1), 61–80.Google Scholar
Medem, F. 1983. Los Crocodylia de Sur América, Vol. 2, 1–270. Bogota: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Google Scholar
Mook, C. C. 1924. A new crocodilian from the Wasatch Beds. American Museum Novitates 137, 1–4.Google Scholar
Morais-Santos, H., Villanueva, J. B. & Toledo, P. M. 2011. New remains of a gavialoid crocodilian from the late Oligocene-early Miocene of the Pirabas Formation, Brazil. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163, 132–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norell, M. A. 1988. Cladistic approaches to paleobiology as applied to the phylogeny of alligatorids. Umpublished PhD Thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M. & Hutchison, J. H. 1994. The Late Cretaceous alligatoroid Brachychampsa montana (Crocodylia): new material and putative relationships. American Museum Novitates 3116, 1–26.Google Scholar
Paolillo, A. & Linares, O. J. 2007. Nuevos cocodrilos Sebecosuchia del Cenozoico Suramericano (Mesosuchia: Crocodylia). Paleobiología Neotropical 3, 1–25.Google Scholar
Patterson, B. 1936. Caiman latirostris from the Pleistocene of Argentina, and a summary of South American Cenozoic Crocodilia. Herpetologica 1, 43–54.Google Scholar
Piña, C. I. y Argañaraz, B. 2000. Presencia del género Caiman (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) en la Formación Ituzaingó (Mioceno Sup. – Plioceno), Entre Ríos, Argentina. In Aceñolaza, F. G. & Herbst, R. (eds) El Neógeno de Argentina. Serie de Correlación geológica del Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica 14, 255–62.Google Scholar
Poe, S. 1997. Data set incongruence and the phylogeny of crocodilians. Systematic Biolology 45 (4), 393–414.Google Scholar
Price, L. I. 1964. Sobre o crânio de um grande crocodilídeo extinto do Alto Rio Juruá, Estado do Acre. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 36, 5966.Google Scholar
Räsänen, M., Linna, A. M., Santos, J. C. R. & Negri, F. R. 1995. Late Miocene tidal deposits in the Amazonian foreland basin. Science 265, 386–89.Google Scholar
Riff, D., Romano, P. S. R., Oliveira, G. R. & Aguilera, O. A. 2010. Neogene crocodile and turtle fauna in Northern South America. In Hoorn, C. & Wesselingh, (eds) Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution, 259–80. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Riff, D. & Aguilera, O. 2008. The world's largest gharials Gryposuchus: Description of G. croizati n. sp. (Crocodylia, Gavialidae) from the Upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 82, 178–95.Google Scholar
Riff, D. & Oliveira, G. R. 2008. Nova ocorrência de Gryposuchus (Crocodylia, Gavialidae) para o Mioceno Superior do Estado do Acre, Brasil. Boletim Paleontologia em Destaque 23, 175–76.Google Scholar
Ringuelet, R. A. 1961. Rasgos fundamentales de la zoogeografía de la Argentina. Physis 22, 151–70.Google Scholar
Rovereto, C. 1912. Los cocodrilos fósiles en las capas del Paraná. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 22, 339–68.Google Scholar
Rusconi, C. 1932. Los yacarés actuales y fósiles de la Argentina. Libro de la Cruz Roja Argentina, 197–98.Google Scholar
Rusconi, C. 1933. Observaciones críticas sobre reptiles Terciarios de Paraná (Familia Alligatoridae). Revista de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba 20, 1–52.Google Scholar
Rusconi, C. 1935. Observaciones sobre los gaviales fósiles Argentinos. Annales de la Sociedad de Ciencias Argentina 119, 203–14.Google Scholar
Sáez, M. 1928. Sobre un yacaré de la Formación Paranense. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 106, 67–72.Google Scholar
Salas-Gismondi, R., Antoine, P. O., Baby, P., Brusset, S., Benammi, M., Espurt, N., De Franceschi, D., Pujos, F., Tejada, J. & Urbina, M. 2007. Middle Miocene crocodiles from the Fitzcarral Arch, Amazonian Peru. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8, 355–60.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Villagra, M. & Aguilera, O. 2006. Neogene Vertebrates from Urumaco, Falcon State, Venezuela: diversity and significance. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 (3), 213–20.Google Scholar
Scalabrini, P. 1887. Cartas científicas al General Eduardo Racedo. Paraná: Museo de la Provincia de Entre Ríos, Tipografía y Encuadernación La Velocidad. 209 pp.Google Scholar
Scheyer, T. M. & Moreno-Bernal, J. W. 2010. Fossil crocodylians from Venezuela in the context of South American faunas. In Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., Aguilera, O. A. & Carlini, A. A. (eds) Urumaco & Venezuelan Paleontology: The fossil record of the Northern Neotropics, 192–213. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. P. 1928. Notes on South American caimans. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 12, 205–31.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G. 1937. An ancient eusuchian crocodile from Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 965, 1–20.Google Scholar
Souza, R., Riff, D. & Souza-Filho, J. P. 2011. Descrição prévia de um novo espécime de Gryposuchus (Crocodylia: Gavialoidea) do Mioceno Superior do Estado do Acre. Ameghiniana 48(4), R93–R94.Google Scholar
Souza-Filho, J. P. 1998. Novas formas fósseis de Crocodylia (Alligatoridae e Gavialidae) da Formação Solimões, Cenozóicodo Estado do Acre-Brasil, representadas por materiais cranianose mandibulares. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.Google Scholar
Spix, J. B. 1825. Animalia nova sive Species novae lacertarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII–MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit Dr. J. B. de Spix. T. O. Weigel Lipsiae. 26 pp.Google Scholar
Uliana, M. A. & Biddle, K. T. 1988. Mesozoic–Cenozoic paleogeographic and geodynamic evolution of southern South America. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 18, 172–90.Google Scholar
Vélez-Juarbe, J., Brochu, C. A. & Santos, H. 2007. A gharial from the Oligocene of Puerto Rico: transoceanic dispersal in the history of anon-marine reptile. Proceedings of Royal Society B-Biological Science 274 (1615), 1245–54.Google Scholar
Vizcaíno, S. F., Cassini, G. H., Toledo, N. & Bargo, M. S. 2012. On the evolution of large size in mammalian herbivores of Cenozoic faunas of southern South America. In Patterson, B & Costa, L. (eds) Bones, Clones and Biomes: The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals, 76–101. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Whitaker, R. & Basu, D. 1983. The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus): a review. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 79 (3), 531–48.Google Scholar
Witmer, L. M. 1995. Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae. Journal of Morphology 225 (3), 269–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witmer, L. M., Ridgely, R. C., Dufeau, D. L. & Semones, M. C. 2008. Using CT to peer into the past: 3D visualization of the brain and ear regions of birds, crocodiles, and nonavian dinosaurs. In Endo, H. & Frey, R. (eds) Anatomical imaging: towards a new morphology, 67–87. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar