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IX.—A Critical Examination of the Vittarieæ with a View to their Systematic Comparison

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2012

S. Williams
Affiliation:
Lecturer in Botany, Glasgow University.

Extract

The Vittarieæ, as described by Christensen, comprises five genera, viz. Vittaria, Monogramma, Antrophyum, Hecistopteris, and Anetium, all of which are epiphytic forms growing in the damp forests of the Old and New World Tropics. All of them possess creeping rhizomes on which the fronds are arranged more or less definitely in two rows on the dorsal surface. The fronds are simple in outline, with the exception of those of Hecistopteris which are dichotomously branched. The venation of the fronds is reticulate, except in Hecistopteris where there is an open, dichotomous system of veins, and in Monogramma, in some species of which the venation consists simply of a mid-rib. An interesting feature, which has proved to be valuable as a diagnostic character, is the presence of “spicule cells” in the epidermis of the fronds. These spicule cells are elongated cells containing spicules of silica, and their presence appears to be universal in the Vittarieæ. The sporangia are fairly constant in form through-out the group, but their distribution is extremely varied. The roots are characteristically provided with very numerous reddish-brown root hairs, a character shared with other epiphytic Ferns. The Gametophyte is divergent from the common cordate type in all cases where it has been investigated. Such are the main external characteristics of the group under consideration.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1927

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References

page 173 note * Christensen, Index Filicum, 1906.

page 173 note † Goebel, “Hecistopteris, eine verkannte Farngattung,” Flora, 1896.

page 174 note * Goebel, “Vittariaceen und Pleurogrammaceen,” Flora, 1924.

page 174 note † Benedict, , “The Genera of the Fern Tribe, Vittarieæ,” Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xxxviiiGoogle Scholar.

page 174 note ‡ Benedict, loc. cit., p. 166.

page 175 note * Benedict, , “A Revision of the Genus Vittaria,” Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xli, 1914Google Scholar.

page 175 note † Gwynne-Vaughan, , “Observations on the Anatomy of Solenostelic Ferns, Part II,” Ann. Bot., vol. xviiGoogle Scholar.

page 178 note * See Benedict, , “A Revision of the Genus Vittaria, J. E. Smith,” Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xli,Google Scholar and the older, but apparently less reliable, statements of Muller, Bot. Zeit., 1854.

page 180 note * Jeffrey, (Trans. Roy. Soc. London, B, vol. cxcv, p. 132)Google Scholar states that there was an internal endodermis in material from Buitenzorg. This was not the case in any of the material examined by me. Gwynne-Vaughan (loc. cit., p. 719) has also briefly described the anatomy of this species. Some of his specimens agreed with the above description; others he found to be typically dietyostelic, but he remarks that “it is quite possible that some of the specimens examined were wrongly named.”

page 183 note * This diagnosis is incorrect since there are lateral veins in a number of the species included under Eumonogramme. This inaccuracy is probably due to the difficulty with which the venation is made out in such extremely narrow fronds. It only appears clearly after treatment of the frond with Eau de Javelle and staining with safranin or, better still, with ammoniacal fuchsin.

page 183 note † Poirault, Ann. des Sc. Nat., 1893, p. 208.

page 192 note * Cf. the structure described as occurring occasionally in the mature rhizome and the account of Gwynne-Vaughan of the stele of Cheilanthes lendigera.

page 194 note * Gwynne-Vaughan, loc. cit., p. 720.

page 194 note † Tansley, Lectures on the Filicinean Vascular System.

page 194 note ‡ Jeffrey, , Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., B, vol. cxcv, 1903Google Scholar.

page 207 note * Schumann, “Die Acrosticheen und ihre Stellung im System der Farne,” Flora, N.P. 8.

page 207 note † Bower, F. O., Filicales, vol. i, p. 62Google Scholar.

page 208 note * Goebel, , Ann. Jard. Buit., vii, pp. 7887Google Scholar.

page 208 note † Britton, and Taylor, , Mems. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. viiiGoogle Scholar.

page 209 note * Bower, F. O., Filicales, vol. i, p. 124Google Scholaret seq.

page 209 note † Jeffrey, loc. cit., p. 143.

page 209 note ‡ Jeffrey, The Anatomy of the Woody Plant, p. 291.

page 211 note * For full discussions of the Size Factor the following should be consulted: Bower, F. O., “Size, a neglected Factor in Stelar Morphology,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xli;Google Scholar “The Relation of Size to the Elaboration of Form and Strncture of the Vascular Tracts in Primitive Plants,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xliii; Wardlaw, C. W., “Size in Relation to Internal Morphology,” No. 1, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. liii;Google Scholar No. 2, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. liv.

page 211 note † The dictyoxylic stele of V. elongata is slightly larger than the solenoxylic one of A. plantagineum, but it seems possible that the difference between these two is due to either an increase in the length of the leaf-gaps or the closer insertion of the leaves on the rhizome rather than to the operation of the Size Factor, for there is practically no difference between the ratios of surface to bulk in these two steles.

page 212 note * See works already cited and “Some Points in the Anatomy of Dicksonia,” Williams, S., Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlvGoogle Scholar.

page 212 note † Priestley and Radcliffe, “A Study of the Endodermis in the Filicineæ,” New Phyt., vol. xxiii. These writers distinguish between: (a) Primary Endodermis, with Casparian strip, and (b) Secondary Endodermis, with a suberin lamella.