Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:49:20.145Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

RECENT IMMIGRATION AND RACE

Continuity and Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2008

Milton Vickerman
Milton Vickerman*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of Virginia
*
Professor Milton Vickerman, Sociology Department, P.O. Box 400766, Cabell 546, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Contemporary immigration is affecting U.S. society in many ways, particularly with respect to racial dynamics. Three aspects of these dynamics stand out: the conceptualization of race, the meaning of assimilation, and racial relations between groups. Although contemporary immigration, being largely non-White, is challenging U.S. society's entrenched conceptualization of race as revolving around a Black/White framework, this framework is not being rapidly overturned. Instead, immigrants are increasing social complexity by both adapting to the Black/White dichotomy and seeking alternatives to it through multiculturalism. The conceptualization of race is pivotally important because it determines the shape of assimilation, and, consistent with growing immigration-driven complexity, no one model of assimilation dominates the society. Instead, Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism are competing for preeminence. Blacks, because of U.S. society's failure to completely absorb them, helped to originate multiculturalism, but immigration is strengthening the model's appeal. Blacks and immigrants are adapting to U.S. society by utilizing both Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism. Immigration, increasingly, is also influencing race relations because of its volume and character. Even though Black/White conflict remains unresolved, future race relations will go beyond this nexus to incorporate other groups in complex interactions, revolving around the formation of coalitions and conflict situations as groups pursue particular interests.

Keywords

AssimilationAnglo-ConformityBlack Middle ClassBlack/White DichotomyBlack ImmigrantsHispanicsMulticulturalism
Type
STATE OF THE ART
Information
Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , Spring 2007 , pp. 141 - 165
Copyright
Copyright © W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alba, Richard and Nee, Victor (1997). Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration. International Migration Review, 31(4): 826–874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Civil Rights Institute (1997). How America Voted on Proposition 209. ⟨http://www.acri.org/209votedemographics.html⟩ (accessed August 18, 2007).Google Scholar
Amissah, Charles K. (1996). Sub-Saharan Africans in the U.S. Labor Market: The Cost of Being Black. National Journal of Sociology, 10(1): 57–82.Google Scholar
Arthur, John (2000). Invisible Sojourners. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Basch, Linda (1987). The Politics of Caribbeanization: Vincentians and Grenadians in New York. In Sutton, Constance R. and Chaney, Elsa M. (Eds.), Caribbean Life in New York City: Sociocultural Dimensions, pp. 160–181. New York: Center for Migration Studies.Google Scholar
Bash, Harry H. (1979). Sociology, Race and Ethnicity: A Critique of American Ideological Intrusions upon Sociological Theory. New York: Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
Bashi, Vilna (2007). Survival of the Knitted. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Beinart, Peter (2007). Black Like Me. New Republic, February 5, p. 6.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D. (2001). Racial Attitudes and Relations. In Smelser, Neil, Wilson, William Julius, and Mitchell, Faith (Eds.), America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Vol. 1, pp. 264–301. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2004). From Bi-racial to Tri-racial: Towards a New System of Racial Classification in the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6): 931–950.Google Scholar
Borjas, George J. (1999). Heaven's Door. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bowen, Ezra (2001). Nakasone's World-Class Blunder. Time, June 24. ⟨http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,143333,00.html⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Capps, Randolph, Fix, Michael E., Passel, Jeffrey S., Ost, Jason, and Perez-Lopez, Dan (2003). A Profile of the Low Wage Immigrant Workforce, Brief No. 4. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. ⟨http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=310880⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Chevannes, Barry (1998), Rastafari and other African-Caribbean Worldviews. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cieply, Michael (2007). Films with Black Stars Seek to Break International Barriers. New York Times, February 28, B1.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sebastian (1980). Jah Music. London, UK: Heineman Educational Books.Google Scholar
Cose, Ellis (1992). A Nation of Strangers. New York: William Morrow and Company.Google Scholar
Daniels, Roger (1997). Not Like Us. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee.Google Scholar
Daniels, Roger (2002). Coming to America. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
De Crevecoeur, J. Hector St. John (1986). Letters from an American Farmer. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Dinnerstein, Leonard, Nichols, Roger L., and Reimers, David M. (1990). Natives and Strangers: Blacks, Indians, and Immigrants in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Doane, Ashley (1997). Dominant Group Ethnic Identity in the United States. Sociological Quarterly, 38(3): 375–397.Google Scholar
Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo (1997). Assimilation Differences among Africans in America. Social Forces, 76(2): 527–546.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903[1997]). The Souls of Black Folk. Blight, David W. and Gooding-Williams, Robert (Eds.). Boston, MA: Bedford Books.Google Scholar
Early, Gerald (1993). American Education and the Postmodernist Impulse. American Quarterly, 45(2): 220–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economist (2007). Where Black and Brown Collide. Economist, August 4, p. 26.Google Scholar
Elliott, Andrea (2006). A Muslim Leader in Brooklyn: Reconciling Two Worlds. New York Times, March 5, A1.Google Scholar
Elliott, Andrea (2007). Between Black and Immigrant Muslims, an Uneasy Alliance. New York Times, March 11, A1.Google Scholar
Engstrom, James D. (2001). Industry and Immigration in Dalton, Georgia. In Murphy, Arthur, Blanchard, Colleen, and Hill, Jennifer A. (Eds.), Latino Workers in the Contemporary South, pp. 44–55. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Feagin, Joe R. and Sikes, Melvin P. (1994). Living with Racism. Boston, MA: Beacon.Google Scholar
Fears, Daryl (2001). People of Color Who Never Felt They Were Black. Washington Post, December 26, A01.Google Scholar
Foerster, Amy (2004). Race, Identity, and Belonging: “Blackness” and the Struggle for Solidarity in a Multiethnic Labor Union. Social Problems, 51(3): 386–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, William (2003). “Rainbow Nation”: Mixed Race Marriages among States. Milken Institute Review, 4(3): 7–10. ⟨http://www.frey-demographer.org/⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Frey, William (2006). Immigration Goes Nationwide. In Immigration Policy: Federal Debates and Local Realities, p. 16. Washington DC:Metropolitan Policy Program, Brookings Institution,March 24. ⟨http://www.brookings.edu/metro/speeches/20060324_immigration.htm⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Frey, William and Myers, Dowell (2005). Racial Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas and Cities, 1990–2000: Patterns, Trends and Explanations (PSC Research Report 505-573). Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. ⟨http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs.html?ID=3199⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Gallup Poll (2007). Race Relations. ⟨http://www.galluppoll.com/content/default.aspx?ci=1687&pg=2⟩ (accessed August 14, 2007).Google Scholar
Geis, Sonya (2007). Column Creates Rumblings Along Racial Fault Lines. Washington Post, March 2, A02.Google Scholar
Gitlin, Todd (1995). The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why American is Racked by Culture Wars. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Glazer, Nathan (1997). We Are All Multiculturalists Now. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gleason, Philip (1980). American Identity and Americanization. In Thernstrom, Stephan, Orlov, Ann, and Handlin, Oscar (Eds.), Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, pp. 31–58. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, Vivien (2000). How Jamaica Changed the World's Music. CommonQuest, 4(3): 20–31.Google Scholar
Gordon, Milton (1964). Assimilation in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gossett, Thomas F. (1963). Race: The History of an Idea in America. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Green, C. and Wilson, B. (1990). Socio-Political Relations between African-Americans and African-Caribbeans in New York. In Irish, J. S. George and Riviers, E. W. (Bill) (Eds.), Political Behavior and Social Interaction among Caribbean and African American Residents in New York, pp. 125–138. New York: Caribbean Research Center.Google Scholar
Halter, Marilyn (2007). Africa: West. In Waters, Mary C. and Ueda, Reed (Eds.), The New Americans: A Guide to Immigration since 1965, pp. 283–294. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henke, Holger (2001). The West Indian Americans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Henriques, Fernando (1957). Jamaica: Land of Wood and Water. London, UK: MacGibbon and Kee.Google Scholar
Hersch, Joni (2006). Profiling the New Immigrant Worker: The Effects of Skin Color and Height. Vanderbilt Law and Economics Research Paper No. 07-02. Vanderbilt University Law School. ⟨http://ssrn.com/abstract=927038⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville (1958). The Myth of the Negro Past. Boston, MA: Beacon.Google Scholar
Higham, John (1975). Send These to Me. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hing, Bill Hong (2004). Defining America through Immigration Policy. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Hollinger, David A. (1995). Postethnic America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Holzer, Harry J. (2001). Racial Differences in Labor Market Outcomes among Men. In Smelser, Neil, Wilson, William Julius, and Mitchell, Faith (Eds.), America Becoming, Vol. 1, pp. 98–123. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, James H., Farrell, Walter C., and Guinn, Chandra (1997). Immigration Reform and the Browning of America: Tensions, Conflicts and Community Instability in Metropolitan Los Angeles. International Migration Review, 31(4): 1055–1095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kallen, Horace (1924). Culture and Democracy in the United States. New York: Boni and Liveright.Google Scholar
Kasinitz, Philip (1992). Caribbean New York. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kasinitz, Philip and Rosenberg, Jan (1996). Missing the Connection? Social Isolation and Employment on the Brooklyn Waterfront. Social Problems, 43(2): 180–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasinitz, Philip, Waters, Mary C., and Mollenkopf, John (2002). Becoming American/Becoming New Yorkers: Immigrant Incorporation in a Majority Minority City. International Migration Review, 36(4): 1020–1036.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Randall (1997). Race, Crime and the Law. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Kollehlon, Konia T. and Eule, Edward E. (2003). The Socioeconomic Attainment Patterns of Africans in the United States. International Migration Review, 37(4): 1163–1190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kusow, Abdi M. (2006). Migration and Racial Formations among Somali Immigrants in North America. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(3): 533–551.Google Scholar
Lacy, Karyn R. (2004). Black Spaces, Black Places: Strategic Assimilation and Identity Construction in Middle-Class Suburbia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6): 908–930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, Luke J. (2004). The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2003. Current Population Reports, P20–551. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.Google Scholar
LeDuff, Charlie (2001). At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die. In How Race is Lived in America, pp. 97–114. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Lee, Jennifer and Bean, Frank (2004). America's Changing Color Lines: Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Multi-Racial Identification. Annual Review of Sociology, 30: 221–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberson, Stanley (1980). A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants since 1880. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Nelson (2001). On the Back of Blacks? Immigrants and the Fortunes of African Americans. In Waldinger, Roger (Ed.), Strangers at the Gates: New Immigrants in Urban America, pp. 186–226. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. M. (1996). American Exceptionalism. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Logan, John R. and Deane, Glenn (2003). Black Diversity in Metropolitan America. Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research, University at Albany. ⟨http://web.archive.org/web/20040317091934/mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/Black_Diversity_final.pdf⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Los Angeles Times (1998). Los Angeles Times Poll, Study 5413/Exit Poll, California Primary Election. June 2, p. 1. ⟨http://www.latimesinteractive.com/pdfarchive/stat_sheets/la-timespoll413ss.pdf⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Lydersen, Kari (2006). Some Muslim Cabbies Refuse Fares Carrying Alcohol. Washington Post, October 26, A02.Google Scholar
Martin, Philip (1995). Proposition 187 in California. International Migration Review, 29(1): 255–263.Google Scholar
Martin, Philip and Midgley, Elizabeth (2006). Immigration: Shaping and Reshaping America, 2ed. Population Bulletin, 61(4): 1–28.Google Scholar
McBride, James (2007). Hip-Hop Planet. National Geographic, 211(4): 100–120.Google Scholar
McClain, Paula D. and Stewart, Joseph Jr. (1998). Can We All Get Along? Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
McCrum, Robert, Cran, William, and MacNeil, Robert (1986). The Story of English. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Model, Suzanne (1995). West Indian Prosperity: Fact of Fiction? Social Problems, 42(4): 535–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarro, Mireya (2007). Trying to Crack the Hot 100. New York Times, March 4, Section 9, p. 1.Google Scholar
Neal, Micki and Bohon, Stephanie A. (2003). The Dixie Diaspora: Attitudes toward Immigrants in Georgia. Sociological Spectrum, 23: 181–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neckerman, Kathryn M., Carter, Prudence, and Lee, Jennifer (1999). Segmented Assimilation and Minority Cultures of Mobility. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(6): 945–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nettleford, Rex (1972). Identity, Race and Protest in Jamaica. New York: William Morrow and Company.Google Scholar
OMB [Office of Management and Budget] (1994). Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. ⟨http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/notice_15.html⟩ (accessed August 14, 2007).Google Scholar
Onishi, Norimitsu (2001). Uneasy Bond Inside a Promised Land. New York Times, August 4, A4.Google Scholar
Park, Robert (1930). Assimilation, Social. In Seligman, Edwin R. A. and Johnson, Alvin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, pp. 281–283. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Park, Robert (1950). Race and Culture. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Passel, Jeffrey S. (2005). Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, March 21. ⟨http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/44.pdf⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Patterson, Orlando (1994). Ecumenical America: Global Culture and the American Cosmos. World Policy Journal, 11(2): 103–118.Google Scholar
Patterson, Orlando (2006). The Last Race Problem. New York Times, December 30, A23.Google Scholar
Perez, Evan and Dade, Corey (2007). An Immigration Raid Aids Blacks—For A Time. Wall Street Journal, January 17, A1.Google Scholar
Persons, Stow (1987). Ethnic Studies at Chicago, 1905–1945. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2007). Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream. ⟨http://pewresearch.org/pubs/483/muslim-americans⟩ (accessed August 17, 2007).Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro (1996). Immigrant America: A Portrait, 2ed.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro and Zhou, Min (1993). The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants. Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 530: 74–96.Google Scholar
Reeves, Tracy A. (2001). For Many, a Place of Comfort; Families Embrace Black Cultural Perspective in County. Washington Post, June 21, T07.Google Scholar
Reid, Ira De A (1939). The Negro Immigrant. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Reuter, Edward (1941). Handbook of Sociology. New York: Dryden Press.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Richard (2002). Brown. New York: Penguin Books.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, Reuel R. (2004). Race-Based Coalitions among Minority Groups: Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and African-Americans in New York City. Urban Affairs Review, 39(3): 283–317.Google Scholar
Sansone, Livio (2003). Blackness Without Ethnicity. New York: Palgrave McMillan.Google Scholar
Schuman, Howard, Steeh, Charlotte, Bobo, Lawrence, and Krysan, Maria (1997). Racial Attitudes in America, pp. 104–105. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Rogers (1988). The “American Creed” and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States. Western Political Quarterly, 41(2): 225–251.Google Scholar
Steele, Shelby (2002). The Age of White Guilt and the Disappearance of the Black Individual. Harper's Magazine, November 1. ⟨http://www.cir-usa.org/articles/156.html⟩ (accessed August 15, 2007).Google Scholar
Stepick, Alex, Grenier, Guillermo, Castro, Max, and Dunn, Marvin (2003). This Land is Our Land. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, Paul (2001). West Africans: Trading Places in New York. In Foner, Nancy (Ed.), New Immigrants in New York, pp. 229–250. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Swarns, Rachel (2006). A Racial Rift that Isn't Black and White. New York Times, October 3, A1.Google Scholar
Tafoya, Sonya (2004). Shades of Belonging. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, December 6. ⟨http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Thernstrom, Stephan and Thernstrom, Abigail (1997). America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Traub, James (1982). You Can Get it if You Really Want: If Racism is Such a Crushing Burden on Blacks, Why Have the West Indians Done So Well? Harpers, June, pp. 27–31.Google Scholar
Tuan, Mia (1998). Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Margery Austin (1991). Opportunities Denied, Opportunities Diminished: Racial Discrimination in Hiring. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.Google Scholar
Ungar, Sanford J. (1995). Fresh Blood. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). Table FG4: Married Couple Family Groups, by Presence of Own Children/1 In Specific Age Groups, and Age, Earnings, Education, and Race and Hispanic Origin/2 of Both Spouses (March). ⟨http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/p20-537/2000/tabFG4.pdf⟩ (accessed August 18, 2007).Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census (2004). The American Community—Blacks: 2004. ⟨http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-04.pdf⟩ (accessed August 17, 2007).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2003). Table 3: Nonimmigrants Admitted as Temporary Workers, Exchange Visitors and Intracountry Transferees by Region and Country of Citizenship; Fiscal Year 2003. In Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2003. ⟨http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2003/Table25D.xls⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2004). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2004. ⟨http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2004/Yearbook2004.pdf⟩ (accessed August 13, 2007).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2005). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2005. ⟨http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2005/OIS_2005_Yearbook.pdf⟩ (accessed August 13, 2007).Google Scholar
Vaca, Nicolas (2004). The Presumed Alliance. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Van den Berghe, Pierre (1967). Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Van den Berghe, Pierre (1997). Rehabilitaing Stereotypes. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20(1): 1–16.Google Scholar
Vickerman, Milton (1999). Crosscurrents: West Indian Immigrants and Race. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vickerman, Milton (2001). Tweaking a Monolith: The West Indian Immigrant Encounter with “Blackness.” In Foner, Nancy (Ed.) Islands in the City, pp. 237–256. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Vickerman, Milton (2007). Jamaica. In Waters, Mary C. and Ueda, Reed (Eds.), The New Americans: A Guide to Immigration Since 1965, pp. 479–490. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldinger, Roger (1996). Still the Promised City? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Waldinger, Roger (2003). Foreigners Transformed: International Migration and the Remaking of A Divided People. Diaspora, 12(2): 247–272.Google Scholar
Washington Post, Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvard University (2001). Race and Ethnicity in 2001: Attitudes, Perceptions, and Experiences. ⟨http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/loader.cfm?url≠commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=13839⟩ (accessed March 12, 2007).Google Scholar
Waters, Mary (1996). Ethnic and Racial Identities in Second Generation Black Immigrants in New York City. In Portes, Alejandro (Ed.), The New Second Generation, pp. 171–196. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Waters, Mary (1999). Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, Mary and Jimenez, Tomas R. (2005). Assessing Immigrant Assimilation: New Empirical and Theoretical Challenges. Annual Review of Sociology, 31: 105–125.Google Scholar
Weber, Max (1998). Ethnic Groups. In Hughey, Michael W. (Ed.), New Tribalisms: The Resurgence of Race and Ethnicity, pp. 17–30. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Eddie (1990). Japanese Bias, American Blacks. Washington Post, October 18, A23.Google Scholar
Wilson, William J. (1980). The Declining Significance of Race. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, William J. (1996). When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Zangwill, Israel (1909). The Melting Pot. New York: Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Zhou, Min (2004). Are Asian Americans Becoming “White”? Contexts, 3(1): 29–37.Google Scholar