Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:04:40.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

MIGRATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Bipluralism and the Western Democratic State

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2008

Gerald D. Jaynes*
Affiliation:
Department of Economics and Department of African American Studies, Yale University
*
Professor Gerald D. Jaynes, Yale University, Economics Administration, P.O. Box 208268, New Haven, CT 06520-8268. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The dawn of the twenty-first century confronts Western democracies with a racialized class problem. The globalization of capitalism—mass geographic movement of peoples, capital, and markets on scales unprecedented since the Atlantic slave trade—has brought poor migrants into affluent nations. Migrants' descendants are replicating conditions associated with poor Blacks. Affluent Western democracies are hurtling toward biplural stratification defined by a multiracial underclass. Racialized class stratification stems from economic policies. Capitalist democracies' edifice of social policies—sanctioning expectations of rising prosperity, welfare “safety nets” for minimal consumption, low-wage migration policies—erroneously assumed that jobs and wages would continuously grow to absorb expanding populations. Overuse of low-wage migration policies commodified work relations in low-skilled jobs. Acculturated to demand affluent living standards and egalitarian human relations, educationally deprived descendants of migrants find commodified work regimens repellent. Despite large populations of jobless natives, some maintain that affluent democracies need more migrants to do the jobs that natives won't do. But jobless youth are alienated and prone to agency, as riots in England, the United States, and, more recently, France and other areas of Europe suggest. To avert the solidification of biplural societies, social policy must slow rates of migration from low living-standard economies, expand minimum wages and income transfers to working-citizen households, and provide documented immigrants clear avenues to citizenship. This agenda is more likely to succeed in the United States, where minority voting strength is gathering considerable momentum.

Type
STATE OF THE DISCIPLINE
Copyright
Copyright © W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Above the Law (1994). Uncle Sam's Curse. In Uncle Sam's Curse. Los Angeles, CA: Ruthless.Google Scholar
Bean, Charles R. (1994). European Unemployment: A Survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 32(2): 573619.Google Scholar
Castles, Stephen (1985). The Guests Who Stayed—The Debate on “Foreigner's Policy” in the German Federal Republic. International Migration Review, 19(3): 517534.Google ScholarPubMed
Castles, Stephen (1986). The Guest Worker in Western Europe: An Obituary. International Migration Review, 20(4): 761778.Google ScholarPubMed
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham (1982). The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 70s Britain. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
The Clash (1982). Straight to Hell. Combat Rock. New York: Epic.Google Scholar
Doherty, Carroll (2006). Attitudes Toward Immigration in Red and Blue. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press.Google Scholar
Eurostat (2006). Around 25 Million Non-Nationals Living in EU25 Member States in 2004. May 19. Luxembourg: Eurostat Press Office.Google Scholar
Kalita, S. Mitra and Williams, Krissah (2006). Help Wanted as Immigration Faces Overhaul. Washington Post, March 27, A1.Google Scholar
Kitwood, Tom (1980). Disclosures to a Stranger: Adolescent Values in an Advanced Industrial Society. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Leiken, Robert S. (2005). Europe's Angry Muslims. Foreign Affairs, 84(4): 120135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, James M., Ollinger, Michael E., Nelson, Kenneth E., and Handy, Charles R. (1999). Consolidation in U.S. Meatpacking (Agricultural Economics Report No. 785). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus (1987). Growth and Slowdown in Advanced Capitalist Economies: Techniques of Qualitative Assessment. Journal of Economic Literature, 20(2): 649698.Google Scholar
Melvin, Don (2005). Other European Countries Fear French Insurrection Could Spread. Cox News Service, November 12.Google Scholar
Nickerson, Colin (2006). A Lesson in Immigration: Guest Worker Experiments Transformed Europe. Boston Globe, April 19.Google Scholar
Plato (1969). The Last Days of Socrates. Translated Tredennick, by Hugh. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Rist, Ray C. (1979). On the Education of Guest-Worker Children in Germany: Public Policies and Equal Educational Opportunity. Comparative Education Review, 23(3): 355369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, David O., Sidanius, Jim, and Bobo, Lawrence (Eds.) (2000). Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus (Eds.); Ephraim Fischoff (Trans.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar