Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:24:00.631Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Toward the Way Forward: The National Children's Disaster Mental Health Concept of Operations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2013

Abstract

Although increasing evidence suggests that children are at particular risk from disasters and evidence-based practices have been developed to triage and treat them effectively, no strategy or concept of operations linking best practices for disaster response is currently in place. To our knowledge, this report describes the first effort to address this critical gap and outlines a triage-driven children's disaster mental health incident response strategy for seamless preparedness, response, and recovery elements that can be used now. The national children's disaster mental health concept of operations (NCDMH CONOPS) details the essential elements needed for an interoperable, coordinated response for the mental health needs of children by local communities, counties, regions, and states to better meet the needs of children affected by disasters and terrorism incidents. This CONOPS for children proposes the use of an evidence-based, rapid triage system to provide a common data metric to incident response and recovery action and to rationally align limited resources to those at greater need in a population-based approach.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:174–181)

Type
Concepts in Disaster Medicine
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Norris, FH, Friedman, MJ, Watson, PJ, Byrne, CM, Diaz, E, Kaniasty, K.60,000 disaster victims speak, p I: an empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry. 2002;65 (3):207239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Cryder, CH, Kilmer, RP, Tedeschi, RG, Calhoun, LG.An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76 (1):6569.Google Scholar
3.Kilmer, RP, Gil-Rivas, V.Posttraumatic growth in young following disasters. Prev Res. 2008;15:1820.Google Scholar
4.Neria, Y, Nandi, A, Galea, S.Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2008;38 (4):467480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Yule, W, Bolton, D, Udwin, O, Boyle, S, O’Ryan, D, Nurrish, J.The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence, I: the incidence and course of PTSD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41 (4):503511.Google Scholar
6.Bolton, D, O’Ryan, D, Udwin, O, Boyle, S, Yule, W.The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence, II: general psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41 (4):513523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Shaw, JA, Applegate, B, Tanner, S, et alPsychological effects of Hurricane Andrew on an elementary school population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34 (9):11851192.Google Scholar
8.Shaw, JA, Applegate, B, Schorr, C.Twenty-one-month follow-up study of school-age children exposed to Hurricane Andrew. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35 (3):359364.Google Scholar
9.Hobfoll, S, Galai-Gat, T, Johnson, D, Watson, R.Terrorism. In: Dattilio F, Freeman A, eds. Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies in a Crisis Intervention. New York, New York: Guilford Press; 2007:428-455.Google Scholar
10.American Red Cross. Psychological First Aid Course: Helping Others in Times of Crises. Washington, DC: American Red Cross. Disaster Training Classes; 2006.Google Scholar
11.Brymer, M, Jacobs, A, Layne, C, et alPsychological First Aid: Field Operations Guide.2nd ed. Los Angeles, California: National Childhood Traumatic Stress Network; July 2006. www.nctsn.org and www.ncptsd.va.gov.Google Scholar
12.Schreiber, M, Gurwitch, R.Listen, Protect, and Connect: Psychological First Aid for Children and Parents. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles, School of Public Health; 2006.Google Scholar
13.Schreiber, M, Gurwitch, R, Wong, M.Listen, Protect, Connect—Model & Teach: Psychological First Aid (PFA) for Students and Teachers. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health; 2006.Google Scholar
14.Cohen, A, Mannarino, A, Gibson, L, Cozza, S, Brymer, M, Murray, L.Interventions for children and adolescents following disasters. In: Ritchie E, Watson P, Friedman M, eds. Interventions Following Mass Violence and Disasters. New York, New York: Guilford Press; 2006:227-256.Google Scholar
15.Cohen, JA, Jaycox, LH, Walker, DW, Mannarino, AP, Langley, AK, DuClos, JL.Treating traumatized children after Hurricane Katrina: Project Fleur-de lis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2009;12 (1):5564.Google Scholar
16.Jaycox, LH, Cohen, JA, Mannarino, AP, et alChildren's mental health care following Hurricane Katrina: a field trial of trauma-focused psychotherapies. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23 (2):223231.Google Scholar
17.King, ME, Schreiber, MD, Formanski, SE, Fleming, S, Bayleyegn, TM, Lemusu, SS.A brief report of surveillance of traumatic experiences and exposures after the earthquake-tsunami in American Samoa, 2009. Disaster Med Public Health Prep.2012; doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.11.Google Scholar
18.Schreiber, M.Learning from 9/11: toward a national model for children and families in mass casualty terrorism. In: Daneli Y, Dingman R, eds. On the Ground After September 11: Mental Health Responses and Practical Knowledge Gained. New York, New York: Haworth Press; 2005:605-609.Google Scholar
19.Pynoos, RS, Schreiber, MD, Steinberg, AM, Pfefferbaum, BJ.Impact of terrorism on children. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, eds. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Vol 2. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:3551-3564.Google Scholar
20.Thienkrua, W, Cardozo, BL, Chakkraband, MLS, et alThailand Post-Tsunami Mental Health Study Group. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among children in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand. JAMA. 2006;296 (5):549559.Google Scholar
21.Mace, SE, Sharieff, G, Bern, A, et alPediatric issues in disaster management, part 3: special healthcare needs patients and mental health issues. Am J Disaster Med. 2010;5 (5):261274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Gurwitch, RH, Kees, M, Becker, SM, Schreiber, M, Pfefferbaum, B, Diamond, D.When disaster strikes: responding to the needs of children. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2004;19 (1):2128.Google Scholar
23.Fairbrother, G, Stuber, J, Galea, S, Pfefferbaum, B, Fleischman, AR.Unmet need for counseling services by children in New York City after the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center: implications for pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2004;113 (5):13671374.Google Scholar
24.Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA Strategic Plan for FY 2011- 2014: February 2011. Hyattsville, Maryland: FEMA. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/strategic_plan11.pdf. Accessed April 13, 2012.Google Scholar
25.Kerschner, D.Strategies for Medical Surge Capacity. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; December 22,. 2011.Google Scholar
26.US Department of Health and Human Services. The National Health Security Strategy of the United States of America 2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2009.Google Scholar
27.Institute of Medicine. Guidance for Establishing Crisis Standards of Care for Use in Disaster Situations: A Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.Google Scholar
28.Abramson, D, Park, Y.Stehling-Ariza, Redlener I. Children as bellwethers of recovery: dysfunctional systems and the effects of parents, households, and neighborhoods on serious emotional disturbance in children after Hurricane Katrina. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2010;4:S17S27.Google Scholar
29.Zatzick, DF, Koepsell, T, Rivara, FP.Using target population specification, effect size, and reach to estimate and compare the population impact of two PTSD preventive interventions. Psychiatry. 2009;72 (4):346359.Google Scholar
30.Perez, J, Coady, J, DeJesus, E, McGuinness, K, Bondan, S.Operation unified assistance population-based programs: US Public Health Service and international team. Mil Med. 2006;1:S53S58.Google Scholar
31.Coady, J, Perez, J, Schreiber, M.The way forward: innovations in disaster mental health. Calif Psychol. 2007;40(2):41-44,24.Google Scholar
32. McGuinness, KM, Coady, JA, Perez, JT, Williams, NC, Mcintyre, DJ, Schreiber, MD.Public mental health: the role of population-based and macrosystems interventions in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. J Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2008;39 (1):5865.Google Scholar