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Assessing Subgroup Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Rescue Workers in Japan With the Impact of Event Scale–Revised

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2018

Yoshikazu Noda ,
Kenichi Asano ,
Eiji Shimizu  and
Yoshiyuki Hirano
Yoshikazu Noda*
Affiliation:
Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan Department of Nursing, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
Kenichi Asano
Affiliation:
Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Eiji Shimizu
Affiliation:
Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Yoshiyuki Hirano
Affiliation:
Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to Yoshikazu Noda, Department of Nursing, Teikyo University of Science 34-1 Senjumotomachi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0041, Japan (email: [email protected]).
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Abstract

Objective

We examined the impact of demographic confounding factors on responses to the Impact of Event Scale–Revised.

Methods

Participants were rescue workers aged 20 to 65 years who had responded during the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. A multiple indicators, multiple causes model was used to examine associations between covariates and latent factors or items in the Impact of Event Scale–Revised.

Results

Participants were recruited from April to August 2015. The model fit indices in the confirmatory factor analysis and the multiple indicators, multiple causes model suggested an acceptable model fit. Higher education and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale score were significantly associated with a decrease in intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Counseling was significantly associated with increased avoidance. In the direct path model using modification indices, counseling and early arrival were identified as significant covariates.

Conclusions

This study found that higher education and resilience reduced all 3 factors in the Impact of Event Scale–Revised and improved the symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Counseling and early arrival were also associated with improvement in certain items. However, counseling was also linked to increased avoidance and worsening psychophysiological reactions. Further research is recommended to clarify these relationships. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:309–318)

Keywords

disasterrescue workerImpact of Event Scale–Revisedmultiple indicatorsmultiple causes modelposttraumatic stress disorder
Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , April 2019 , pp. 309 - 318
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2018 

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