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A New Interpretation of History
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 July 2024
Extract
History, as most people understand it, is the product of an intense effort to describe in an objective way and in rigorous chronological order events which have occurred in past time. Before the Renaissance the historian compiled traditions, chronicles, and statements, with no concern to verify the correctness of his data; thus legend was mixed with truth in confused and picturesque narration. Now, however, the investigator, established as a judge of inquiry, begins research on a chosen subject within his competence by unleashing his critical judgment, rather like a hound on the trail of suppositions. He unearths documents and confronts them, weeding out the false from the authentic, subjects the most diverse witnesses to close comparison, and then with great patience, whether gifted or inept, he presents his thesis to the assembly of the learned. These, like a jury, either accept his conclusions, admit only a part of them, or reject them completely. Thus, from the time of the humanists who cleared the way up to the present day, an extraordinary legion of specialists, as patient as the ancient Benedictines are said to have been, have made efforts to clarify past events to establish the bases of an objective text of what has actually taken place. Hence the work of the great historian consisted in joining and fusing this labor into a homogeneous unit that would be the approximate reflection of the epoch under study.
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- Copyright © 1958 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie / International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP)
References
1. Ignacio Olagüe, La Decadencia espanola (4 vols.; Madrid: Mayfe, 1950).
2. We have studied this process in La Ley del movimiento acelerado en la evoluci6n ("Boletin de la Real Sociedad de Historia Natural" [volume in honor ofE. Hernández-Pacheco] [Mad rid, 1934]).
3. When the great historian Ibn-Khaldun, member of an Andalusian family which had emigrated in the fourteenth century to Tunisian lands, wrote: "A country dominated by the Arabs is a ruined country," he noted how many times the cause had produced the effect. "Consider," he continued further in his Prolegomena, "in all the countries conquered centuries ago by the Arabs, the civilization as well as the population has disappeared. The soil itself seems to have changed its nature. In our own day, Syria has been left destroyed, and Tunis and Morocco still suffer from the devastations committed by the Arabs." But we must dis tinguish two causes in his lamentations: the damages due to the modification of the landscape, which are blamed on the arrival of the nomads when they themselves, pursued by drought, were displaced, and the injuries caused by their presence, motivated by the shock of their barbarous customs compared with those of the agriculturist and the city dweller, whose culture was much more elevated.